Lazistan Sanjak: Difference between revisions
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'''Lazistan''' ({{lang-lzz|ლაზონა}} / ''Lazona''{{efn-ua|"(neologism, since 1991)."}}, ლაზეთი / ''Lazeti'', ჭანეთი / ''Ç'aneti |
'''Lazistan''' ({{lang-lzz|ლაზონა}} / ''Lazona''{{efn-ua|"(neologism, since 1991)."}}, ლაზეთი / ''Lazeti'', ჭანეთი / ''Ç'aneti''; {{lang-ota|لازستان}}, ''Lazistān'') was the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] administrative name for the [[sanjak]], under [[Trebizond Vilayet]], comprising the [[Laz people|Laz]] or [[Laz language|Lazuri]]-speaking population on the southeastern shore of the [[Black Sea]]. It covered the land of contemporary [[Rize Province]] and the littoral of contemporary [[Artvin Province]]. |
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== History == |
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| ⚫ | After the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Siege of Trebizond (1461)|conquest of Trebizond Empire]] and later [[Lazia (Pontus)|Lazia]] (1547), then part of [[Principality of Guria]], region became its own distinctive area ([[sanjak]]) as part of [[eyalet]] of [[Trebizond Eyalet|Trabzon]], under the administration of a Governor who governed from the town of Rizaion ([[Rize]]). His title was "''Lazistan [[Mutasarrıf|Mutasserif]]"''; in other words "''Governor of Lazistan"''. The Lazistan sanjak was divided into [[kaza]]s, namely those of: [[Of, Turkey|Ofi]], [[Rize|Rizaion]], [[Pazar, Rize|Athena]] and [[Hopa]]. |
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In [[Ancient history|ancient times]], the region was a part of the [[Colchis]], later known as [[Lazica]]. weakened by [[Lazic War]], it fell to the [[Arab rule in Georgia|Muslim conquest]] in the 7th century. However [[Caliphate|Arab]] incursion into Lazica led by [[Marwan II]], was repelled by Lazic [[archon]] jointly with its [[Abasgoi|Abasgian]] and [[Principality of Iberia|Iberian]] allies in 736. In 8th century AD, through dynastic union [[Kingdom of Abkhazia]] acquired northeastern part of Lazica, whilst the former southwestern boundaries of Lazica constituted a part of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] province of [[Chaldia]]. |
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Not only the [[Pasha|Pashas]] (governors) of Trabzon until the 19th century, but real authority in many of the ''[[Kaza|cazas]]'' (districts) of each sanjak by the mid-17th century lay in the hands of relatively independent native Laz [[Derebey|derebeys]] ("valley-lords"), or feudal chiefs who exercised absolute authority in their own districts, carried on petty warfare with each other, did not owe allegiance to a superior and never paid contributions to the sultan. This state of insubordination was not really broken until the assertion of Ottoman authority during the reforms of the [[Osman Nuri Pasha|Osman Pasha]] in 1850s. |
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With the collapse of direct Byzantine rule in eastern Anatolia after the Crusader [[Fourth Crusade|Capture of Constantinople]] in 1204, the theme of Chaldia [[Georgian expedition to Chaldia|became]] part of newly formed [[Empire of Trebizond]]. In the eastern part of the new empire, was created autonomous coastal theme of [[Lazia (Pontus)|Greater Lazia]]. It contained lands between modern [[Of, Turkey|Of]], [[Rize]], [[Pazar, Rize|Pazar]] including [[Ardeşen]] and [[Arhavi]]-[[Hopa]] areas, the borders of this district remained basically identical over 300 years later. In April 1282; Georgians [[Siege of Trebizond (1282)|besieged the capital]] of Trebizond. Though the King of 'Iberian' and 'Lazian' tribes, [[David VI of Georgia|David VI]] failed to take the city, he occupied several provinces, and all the Trebizontine province of Lazia threw off its allegiance, and united itself with the new Georgian [[Kingdom of Imereti]]. |
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In 1547, Ottomans built coastal fortress of [[Gonio Fortress|Gonia]], which served as capital of Lazistan; then [[Batumi|Batum]] until it was acquired by the Russians in 1878, throughout the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]], thereafter, [[Rize]] became the capital of the sanjak. The Muslim Lazs living near the war zones in [[Batum Oblast|Batumi Oblast]] were subjected to ethnic cleansing; many Lazes living in Batumi fled to the Ottoman Empire, settling along the southern Black Sea coast to the east of [[Samsun]] and [[Marmara Region|Marmara region]]. |
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== History == |
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Region was remaining as part of principality of [[Principality of Guria|Guria]], the client state of [[Kingdom of Imereti|Imereti]], until 1551, when it was finally conquered by [[Ottoman Empire]]. Lazs were target of the Ottoman [[Islamization]] policy and gradually converted to [[Islam]]. The Ottomans fought for three centuries to destroy the Christian-Georgian consciousness of the Laz people; the [[Three Hundred Laz Martyrs|martyrdoms]] took place on Mt. Dudikvati ([[Literal translation|lit.]] “the place of beheading”) and on Mt. Papati ([[Literal translation|lit.]] “the place of the clergy”) respectively; The beheading of some three hundred Laz warriors on a single mountain between the years 1600 and 1620 and the martyrdom of the clergy at one local monastery.<ref>Zakaria Machitadze (2006). "Lives of the Georgian Saints". St. Herman Press, P.O. Box 70, Platina</ref> |
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Around 1914 Ottoman policy towards the Christian population shifted; state policy was since focused to the forceful migration of Christian [[Pontic Greeks|Pontic Greek]] and Laz population living in coastal areas to the Anatolian hinterland. In the 1920s Christian population of the [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] were expelled to [[Greece]]. |
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In 1917, after the [[Russian Revolution]], Lazs became citizents of [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]], and eventually became [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] citizens after the [[Red Army invasion of Georgia]] in 1921. Simultaneously, a [[Treaty of Moscow (1921)|treaty of friendship]] was signed in Moscow between [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] and the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]], whereby southern portions of former [[Batum Oblast|Batumi oblast]] - later known as [[Artvin]], was awarded to Turkey, which renounced its claims to Batumi. |
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The autonomous Lazistan sanjak existed until the end of the empire in 1923. the designation of the term of Lazistan was officially banned in 1926, by the [[Kemalism|Kemalists]].<ref>Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne. Ottoman Women Builders. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006. Print.</ref> Lazistan was divided between [[Rize Province|Rize]] and Artvin provinces. |
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== Population == |
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The Lazistan sanjak was the easternmost region of Ottoman Empire. The sanjak belonged to the [[Vilayet]] of [[Trebizond Vilayet|Trebizond]]. In 1878, the eastern portion of Lazistan (including [[Batumi]]) became part of the [[Batum Oblast]] of [[Russian Empire]]. After the occupation of the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]] by Kemalist Turkey and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik Russia]] (since 1922), the territory has been [[Red Army invasion of Georgia|divided]] between [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Turkey]] and the Russian SFSR. The sanjak and name was abolished by the new [[Turkey|Turkish Republic]] in 1926.<ref>Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne. Ottoman Women Builders. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006. Print.</ref> |
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The Ottomans fought for three centuries to [[Three Hundred Laz Martyrs|destroy]] the Christian-Georgian consciousness of the Laz people; the [[Three Hundred Laz Martyrs|martyrdoms]] took place on Mt. Dudikvati ([[Literal translation|lit.]] “the place of beheading”) and on Mt. Papati ([[Literal translation|lit.]] “the place of the clergy”) respectively; The beheading of some three hundred Laz warriors on a single mountain between the years 1600 and 1620 and the martyrdom of the clergy at one local monastery.<ref>Zakaria Machitadze (2006). "Lives of the Georgian Saints". St. Herman Press, P.O. Box 70, Platina</ref>. Local orthodox inhabitants, once subordinated to the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]], had to obey [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]]. Part of the native population were target of the Ottoman [[Islamization]] policy and gradually converted to [[Islam]], while the second part of the people who remained orthodox subordinated to the [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Church]], thus gradually becaming [[Pontic Greeks|Greeks]], the process known as [[Hellenization of Laz people]]. Lazs who were under the control of Constantinople, soon lost their language and self-identity as they became Greeks and learned Greek, especially [[Pontic Greek|Pontic dialect]] of [[Greek language]], although native language was preserved by Lazs who had become Muslims. |
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==Economy== |
==Economy== |
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Revision as of 21:29, 1 May 2018
| Lazistān Sancağı Lazistan Sanjak | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sanjak of Ottoman Empire | |||||||||||||
| 1551–1925 | |||||||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||||||
 Sanjak of Lazistan, 1914 | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Batumi (until 1878) Rize (1878–1925) | ||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
• 1873 | 7,000 km2 (2,700 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
• 1873 | 400,000 | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
• Ottoman annexation of southern Guria | 1551 | ||||||||||||
• Abolished by Republic of Turkey | 1925 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of |  Turkey Georgia | ||||||||||||
| Laz people |
|---|
 |
 |
Lazistan (Laz: ლაზონა / Lazona[A], ლაზეთი / Lazeti, ჭანეთი / Ç'aneti; Ottoman Turkish: لازستان, Lazistān) was the Ottoman administrative name for the sanjak, under Trebizond Vilayet, comprising the Laz or Lazuri-speaking population on the southeastern shore of the Black Sea. It covered the land of contemporary Rize Province and the littoral of contemporary Artvin Province.
History
After the Ottoman conquest of Trebizond Empire and later Lazia (1547), then part of Principality of Guria, region became its own distinctive area (sanjak) as part of eyalet of Trabzon, under the administration of a Governor who governed from the town of Rizaion (Rize). His title was "Lazistan Mutasserif"; in other words "Governor of Lazistan". The Lazistan sanjak was divided into kazas, namely those of: Ofi, Rizaion, Athena and Hopa.
Not only the Pashas (governors) of Trabzon until the 19th century, but real authority in many of the cazas (districts) of each sanjak by the mid-17th century lay in the hands of relatively independent native Laz derebeys ("valley-lords"), or feudal chiefs who exercised absolute authority in their own districts, carried on petty warfare with each other, did not owe allegiance to a superior and never paid contributions to the sultan. This state of insubordination was not really broken until the assertion of Ottoman authority during the reforms of the Osman Pasha in 1850s.
In 1547, Ottomans built coastal fortress of Gonia, which served as capital of Lazistan; then Batum until it was acquired by the Russians in 1878, throughout the Russo-Turkish War, thereafter, Rize became the capital of the sanjak. The Muslim Lazs living near the war zones in Batumi Oblast were subjected to ethnic cleansing; many Lazes living in Batumi fled to the Ottoman Empire, settling along the southern Black Sea coast to the east of Samsun and Marmara region.
Around 1914 Ottoman policy towards the Christian population shifted; state policy was since focused to the forceful migration of Christian Pontic Greek and Laz population living in coastal areas to the Anatolian hinterland. In the 1920s Christian population of the Pontus were expelled to Greece.
In 1917, after the Russian Revolution, Lazs became citizents of Democratic Republic of Georgia, and eventually became Soviet citizens after the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921. Simultaneously, a treaty of friendship was signed in Moscow between Soviet Russia and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, whereby southern portions of former Batumi oblast - later known as Artvin, was awarded to Turkey, which renounced its claims to Batumi.
The autonomous Lazistan sanjak existed until the end of the empire in 1923. the designation of the term of Lazistan was officially banned in 1926, by the Kemalists.[1] Lazistan was divided between Rize and Artvin provinces.
Population
The Ottomans fought for three centuries to destroy the Christian-Georgian consciousness of the Laz people; the martyrdoms took place on Mt. Dudikvati (lit. “the place of beheading”) and on Mt. Papati (lit. “the place of the clergy”) respectively; The beheading of some three hundred Laz warriors on a single mountain between the years 1600 and 1620 and the martyrdom of the clergy at one local monastery.[2]. Local orthodox inhabitants, once subordinated to the Georgian Orthodox Church, had to obey Patriarchate of Constantinople. Part of the native population were target of the Ottoman Islamization policy and gradually converted to Islam, while the second part of the people who remained orthodox subordinated to the Greek Church, thus gradually becaming Greeks, the process known as Hellenization of Laz people. Lazs who were under the control of Constantinople, soon lost their language and self-identity as they became Greeks and learned Greek, especially Pontic dialect of Greek language, although native language was preserved by Lazs who had become Muslims.
Economy
Historically, Lazistan was known for producing hazelnuts, which were exported to and from Trabzon.[3] Lazistan also produced zinc, producing over 1,700 tons in 1901.[4]
See also
Notes
- ^ "(neologism, since 1991)."
External links
Media related to Lazistan Sanjak at Wikimedia Commons- Lazuri Language http://www.alexandray.com/lazona/ by Arzu Barske
References
- ^ Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne. Ottoman Women Builders. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006. Print.
- ^ Zakaria Machitadze (2006). "Lives of the Georgian Saints". St. Herman Press, P.O. Box 70, Platina
- ^ Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 52.
- ^ Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 73.
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