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==Background==
==Background==
{{See also|Lost Cause of the Confederacy}}
{{See also|Lost Cause of the Confederacy}}
[[File:Confedarate monuments.png|thumb|right|300px|Number of Confederate monuments, schools and other iconography established by year. Most of these were put up either during the [[Jim Crow]] era or during the [[Civil Rights movement]], times of increased racial tension.<ref>[https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/whoseheritage_splc.pdf]</ref> The year 1911 saw the largest number constructed, which was the 50th anniversary of the Civil War.]]


Many of the Confederate monuments concerned were built in periods of racial conflict, such as when [[Jim Crow laws]] were being introduced in the late 19th century and at the start of the 20th century or during the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968)|Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.]]{{efn|Graham (2016) "Many of the treasured monuments that seem to offer a connection to the ''post-bellum'' South are actually much later, anachronistic constructions, and they tend to correlate closely with periods of fraught racial relations".<ref name="graham-theatlantic-2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/the-stubborn-persistence-of-confederate-monuments/479751/|title=Why Are There Still So Many Confederate Monuments?|last=Graham|first=David A.|date=April 26, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref>}}{{efn|Graham (2016) "A timeline of the genesis of the Confederate sites shows two notable spikes. One comes around the turn of the 20th century, just after ''Plessy v. Ferguson'', and just as many Southern states were establishing repressive race laws. The second runs from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s—the peak of the civil-rights movement."<ref name="nationalgeographic.com"/><ref name="graham-theatlantic-2016"/>}} The peak in construction of Civil War Monuments occurred between the late 1890s up to 1920, with a second, smaller peak in the late 1950s to mid 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/20160421/whose-heritage-public-symbols-confederacy|title=Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy|last=|first=|date=April 21, 2016|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=August 18, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref>
Many of the Confederate monuments concerned were built in periods of racial conflict, such as when [[Jim Crow laws]] were being introduced in the late 19th century and at the start of the 20th century or during the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968)|Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.]]{{efn|Graham (2016) "Many of the treasured monuments that seem to offer a connection to the ''post-bellum'' South are actually much later, anachronistic constructions, and they tend to correlate closely with periods of fraught racial relations".<ref name="graham-theatlantic-2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/the-stubborn-persistence-of-confederate-monuments/479751/|title=Why Are There Still So Many Confederate Monuments?|last=Graham|first=David A.|date=April 26, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref>}}{{efn|Graham (2016) "A timeline of the genesis of the Confederate sites shows two notable spikes. One comes around the turn of the 20th century, just after ''Plessy v. Ferguson'', and just as many Southern states were establishing repressive race laws. The second runs from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s—the peak of the civil-rights movement."<ref name="nationalgeographic.com"/><ref name="graham-theatlantic-2016"/>}} The peak in construction of Civil War Monuments occurred between the late 1890s up to 1920, with a second, smaller peak in the late 1950s to mid 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/20160421/whose-heritage-public-symbols-confederacy|title=Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy|last=|first=|date=April 21, 2016|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=August 18, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref>

Revision as of 02:44, 14 September 2017

The Robert E. Lee monument in New Orleans being lowered, May 19, 2017

In the wake of the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, several municipalities in the United States removed monuments and memorials dedicated to the Confederate States of America, which before the Civil War had supported the continuation and expansion of slavery. The momentum accelerated in August 2017 after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, turned violent.[1][2][3]

The removals were driven by the belief that the monuments glorify white supremacy and memorialize a government whose founding principle was the perpetuation and expansion of slavery.[4][5][6][7][8] Many of those who object to the removals claim that the artifacts are part of the cultural heritage of the United States.[citation needed] Historically, the vast majority of these Confederate monuments were built during the Jim Crow Era and Civil Rights Movement as a means of intimidating African Americans.[9][10] The monuments have thus become highly politicised; according to Eleanor Harvey, a senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and a scholar of Civil War history: "If white nationalists and neo-Nazis are now claiming this as part of their heritage, they have essentially co-opted those images and those statues beyond any capacity to neutralize them again".[4]

The removal of some Confederate symbols has inspired calls to the remove other monuments felt by some to be inappropriate today:[11]

Background

See also: Lost Cause of the Confederacy
Number of Confederate monuments, schools and other iconography established by year. Most of these were put up either during the Jim Crow era or during the Civil Rights movement, times of increased racial tension.[20] The year 1911 saw the largest number constructed, which was the 50th anniversary of the Civil War.

Many of the Confederate monuments concerned were built in periods of racial conflict, such as when Jim Crow laws were being introduced in the late 19th century and at the start of the 20th century or during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.[a][b] The peak in construction of Civil War Monuments occurred between the late 1890s up to 1920, with a second, smaller peak in the late 1950s to mid 1960s.[22]

Adam Goodheart, Civil War author and director of the Starr Center at Washington College, stated in National Geographic: "They’re 20th-century artifacts in the sense that a lot of it had to do with a vision of national unity that embraced Southerners as well as Northerners, but importantly still excluded black people."[4]

History of removals

The removals were marked by events in Louisiana and Virginia within the span of two years. In Louisiana, after the Charleston church shooting of 2015, the city of New Orleans removed its Confederate memorials two years later.[23] A few months later, in August 2017, a state of emergency was declared in Virginia after a Unite the Right rally against the removal of the Robert Edward Lee statue in Charlottesville turned violent.[24]

Other events followed across the United States. In Baltimore, for example, the city's Confederate statues were removed on the night of August 15–16, 2017. Mayor Catherine Pugh said that she ordered the overnight removals to preserve public safety.[25][26] Similarly, in Lexington, Kentucky, Mayor Jim Gray asked the city council on August 16, 2017 to approve the relocation of two statues from a courthouse.[27][28] A different event occurred in Durham, North Carolina, where several protesters toppled the Confederate Soldiers Monument outside the Old Durham County Courthouse on August 15, 2017. Eight activists were arrested in connection with the illegal action.[29]

Laws prohibiting removals

In Alabama (2017), Mississippi (2004), North Carolina (2015), South Carolina (2000), and Virginia (1902), state laws prohibit the removal or alteration of monuments. Attempts to repeal these laws have not yet (2017) been successful. Alabama's law, the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act, was passed in May 2017, North Carolina's law in 2015.[30]

The removal of the Confederate flag from the South Carolina capitol required a 2/3 vote of both houses of the legislature.[31]

Removed monuments

Alabama

  • Demopolis
    • Confederate Park. Renamed "Confederate Park" in 1923 at the request of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. A Confederate soldier statue was erected in 1910 at the intersection of North Main Avenue and West Capital Street adjacent to the Park. It was destroyed on July 16, 2016, when a policeman accidentally crashed his patrol car into the monument. The statue fell from its pedestal and was heavily damaged. In 2017, Demopolis city government voted 3–2 to move the damaged Confederate statue to a local museum and to install a new obelisk memorial that honors both the Union and the Confederate soldiers.[32][33]

California

District of Columbia

Florida

  • Bradenton
    • On August 22, 2017, the Manatee County Commission voted 4-3 to move the Confederate monument in front of the county courthouse to storage.[42] Removed on August 24, 2017. Statue broke while being removed by workers.[43]
  • Daytona Beach
    • On August 2017, the Daytona Beach city manager made the decision to remove three plaques from Riverfront Park that honored Confederate veterans.[44]
  • Gainesville
  • Orlando
    • Confederate "Johnny Reb" monument, Lake Eola Park. Erected at first at Magnolia Avenue in 1911 then moved to Lake Eola Park in 1917. Removed from the park to a private location in 2017.[47][47]
  • St. Petersburg
  • Tampa
    • In 1997, county commissioners removed the Confederate flag from the Hillsborough County seal. In a compromise, they voted to hang a version of the flag in the county center. Commissioners voted in 2015 to remove that flag. In 2007 the county stopped honoring Confederate History Month.
    • In June 2017, the Hillsborough County School Board started a review of how to change the name of Robert E. Lee Elementary School in east Tampa.[50]
    • The Hillsborough County Board of Commissioners in July 2017, voted to remove the Memoria in Aeterna (Eternal Memory) monument, erected in 1911 at Franklin and Lafayette Streets and moved to its current location, in front of the then-new county courthouse, in 1952.
  • Tallahassee
    • Flag of the Confederacy removed from Senate chambers and Senate letterhead. Decided to remove August 19, 2015,[51] new shield in place 2016.[52]
  • West Palm Beach
    • Confederate monument, Woodlawn Cemetery (1941). "The only one south of St. Augustine, likely the only Confederate statue in Palm Beach and Broward counties, said historian Janet DeVries, who leads cemetery tours at Woodlawn." Vandalized several times. Removed August 22, 2017. Placed in storage, since its owner, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, had not claimed it despite notification.[53] "Believed by local historians to be the last Confederate monument in Palm Beach County."[54][55]

Georgia

Kansas

  • Wichita
    • Confederate Flag Bicentennial Memorial (1962, removed 2015). The Confederate battle flag had been displayed at the John S. Stevens Pavilion at Veterans Memorial Plaza near downtown since 1976, when it was placed there in a historical flag display as part of the nation’s bicentennial. The flag was removed July 2, 2015 by order of Mayor Jeff Longwell.[57]

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Missouri

Montana

New York

North Carolina

  • Reidsville
    • From 1910 to 2011, the monument stood in Reidsville's downtown area. In 2011, a motorist hit the monument, shattering the granite soldier which stood atop it. Placing the monument back in the center of town sparked a debate between local officials, neighbors and friends—which resulted in it being placed at its current site—the Greenview Cemetery.[72]
  • Chapel Hill
  • Durham

Ohio

South Carolina

The Confederate flag was raised over the South Carolina statehouse in 1962. In 2000 the legislature voted to remove it and replace it with a flag on a flagpole in front of the Capitol.[82] In 2015 the complete removal was approved by the required 2/3 majority of both houses of the Legislature.[83]

In 2017, the Confederate flag and pictures of Jackson and Lee were removed from the York County courthouse.[84]

Tennessee

Confederate Memorial Hall in 2006.
  • Nashville
    • Confederate Memorial Hall, Vanderbilt University, was renamed Memorial Hall on August 15, 2016. Since the building "was built on the back of a $50,000 donation from the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1933," the University returned to them its 2017 equivalent, $1.2 million.[85]

Texas

  • Austin
    • In March 2015, the University of Texas student body government resolved to move a statue of Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy during the Civil War, which stood on a pedestal next to the campus Clock Tower. The statue was removed on August 30, 2015, after an unsuccessful legal attempt to prevent it by the Sons of Confederate Veterans. It was moved to the Briscoe Center for American History.[86]
    • On August 20–21, 2017, the University of Texas removed three Confederate statues from the South Mall of the Austin campus. The statues are of Generals Robert E. Lee and Albert Sidney Johnston and Confederate Postmaster John H. Reagan. The statues were commissioned in 1916 and dedicated in 1933.[87][88][89]
  • Dallas
    • Robert E. Lee Statue located in Lee Park along Turtle Creek Boulevard was set to be removed on September 6, 2017 after the city council voted 13-1 to remove it. It was dedicated in 1936. A last minute restraining order stopped the removal, at least temporarily. [90] The following day, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit that had led to the stay.[91]
  • San Antonio
    • On September 1, 2017 the Confederate statue at Travis Park next to the Alamo was taken down after a 10-1 city council vote the night before to immediately take down the statue. It was dedicated in 1900.[92]

Virginia

Lee sculpture covered in tarp following the Unite the Right rally
  • Charlottesville
    • Lee Park, the setting for an equestrian statue of Robert Edward Lee, was renamed Emancipation Park on February 6, 2017.
    • On February 6, the Charlottesville City Council also voted to remove the equestrian statue of Lee. In April, the City Council voted to sell the statue. In May a six-month court injunction staying the removal was issued as a result of legal action by the Sons of Confederate Veterans and others. In June 2016 the pedestal had been spray painted with the words "Black Lives Matter",[93] and overnight between July 7 and 8, 2017, it was vandalized by being daubed in red paint.[94] On August 20, 2017, the City Council unanimously voted to shroud the statue, and that of Stonewall Jackson, in black. The Council "also decided to direct the city manager to take an administrative step that would make it easier to eventually remove the Jackson statue."[95] The statues were covered in black shrouds on August 23, 2017.[96]
    • On September 6, 2017, the city council voted to remove a statue of Confederate Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson from Emancipation Park.[97]
    • Jackson Park, named for Stonewall Jackson, was renamed Justice Park.[98]
  • Lexington
  • Lynchburg

Wisconsin

  • Madison
    • Confederate Rest section of Forest Hill Cemetery. This section of the cemetery contains the remains of more than 100 Confederate soldiers who died as prisoners of war at nearby Camp Randall.
      • In 2015, a flag pole was removed from the section. The pole had been used to fly the Confederate flag for one week around Memorial Day.[102][103]
      • On August 17, 2017, a plaque dedicated to the buried confederate soldiers was removed on the order of Madison mayor Paul Soglin. A larger stone monument listing the names of the deceased was also ordered to be removed, but the removal was postponed until logistics could be worked out.[104][105][102]

Canada

A plaque in a Montreal Hudson's Bay Company store commemorating Jefferson Davis' brief stay in the city was installed by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1957; it was removed following the Charlottesville rally, under pressure from the public.[106][107]

Legal disputes

In August 2017, immediately after William A. Bell, the mayor of Birmingham, Alabama, draped a Confederate memorial with plastic and surrounded it with plywood with the rationale "This country should in no way tolerate the hatred that the KKK, neo-Nazis, fascists and other hate groups spew", Alabama Attorney General, Steve Marshall, sued Bell and the city for violating a state law that prohibits the "relocation, removal, alteration, or other disturbance of any monument on public property that has been in place for 40 years or more".[108]

Academic debate

According to historian Adam Goodheart, the statues were meant to be symbols of white supremacy and the rallying around them by white supremacists will likely hasten their demise.[109] Elijah Anderson, a professor of sociology at Yale University, said the statues "really impacts the psyche of black people."[110] Harold Holzer, the director of the Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College, agreed that the statues were designed to belittle African Americans.[111]

Eric Foner, a historian of the Civil War and biographer of Lincoln, argued that more statues of African-Americans like Nat Turner should be constructed.[110] Alfred Brophy, a professor of law at the University of Alabama, argued the removal of the Confederate statues "facilitates forgetting", although these statues were "re-inscribed images of white supremacy". Brophy also stated that the Lee statue in Charlottesville should be removed.[110]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials.

Further reading

  • Horwitz, Tony (August 16, 2017). "Is the Confederacy finally about to die for good?". The Washington Post.
  • Jacey Fortin, "Toppling Monuments, a Visual History," The New York Times, August 17, 2017[112]
  • "Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States. Here's a List". The New York Times.
  • Maggie Astor and Nicholas Fandos, "Confederate Leaders’ Descendants Say Statues Can Come Down," New York Times, August 17, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/us/confederate-monuments-stonewall-jackson-lee-davis.html?src=twr&_r=1
  • Vann R. Newkirk II, "Growing Up in the Shadow of the Confederacy. Memorials to the Lost Cause have always meant something sinister for the descendants of enslaved people," The Atlantic, August 22, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/growing-up-in-the-shadow-of-the-confederacy/537501/
  • Anne Applebaum, "Ukraine has finally removed all 1,320 Lenin statues. Our turn." Washington Post, August 25, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/ukraine-has-finally-removed-all-1320-lenin-statues-our-turn/2017/08/25/cd2d5b06-89ae-11e7-961d-2f373b3977ee_story.html?tid=pm_opinions_pop

Notes

  1. ^ Graham (2016) "Many of the treasured monuments that seem to offer a connection to the post-bellum South are actually much later, anachronistic constructions, and they tend to correlate closely with periods of fraught racial relations".[21]
  2. ^ Graham (2016) "A timeline of the genesis of the Confederate sites shows two notable spikes. One comes around the turn of the 20th century, just after Plessy v. Ferguson, and just as many Southern states were establishing repressive race laws. The second runs from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s—the peak of the civil-rights movement."[4][21]

References

  1. ^ Schachar, Natalie (August 15, 2015). "Jindal seeks to block removal of Confederate monuments in New Orleans". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  2. ^ Kenning, Chris (August 15, 2017). "Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States". The New York Times.
  3. ^ "U.S. cities step up removal of Confederate statues, despite Virginia". Reuters. August 16, 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d "Why the U.S. Capitol Still Hosts Confederate Monuments". News.nationalgeographic.com. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  5. ^ "What Confederate Monument Builders Were Thinking". Bloomberg.com. August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  6. ^ "Confederate Statues Were Built To Further A 'White Supremacist Future'". NPR.org. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  7. ^ The History of Blaming 'Both Sides' and Why Language Matters, retrieved August 21, 2017
  8. ^ Drum, Kevin (August 15, 2017). "The real story behind all those Confederate statues". Mother Jones. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  9. ^ Parks, Miles (August 20, 2017). "Why Were Confederate Monuments Built? : NPR". NPR. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  10. ^ "Striking graphic reveals the construction of Confederate monuments peaked during the Jim Crow and civil rights eras". The Week. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  11. ^ Trip, Gabriel, "Far From Dixie, Outcry Grows Over a Wider Array of Monuments," Washington Post, August 25, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/25/us/monuments-confederacy-remove-rename.html
  12. ^ Lapin, Tamar; Musumeci, Natalie (September 12, 2017). "Christopher Columbus statue defaced in Central Park". New York Post. On the base of the statue the words "hate will not be tolerated" and "#somethingscoming" were added in white paint. The article cited contains a picture of the defaced monument.
  13. ^ Morton, Victor (September 12, 2017). "Black Lives Matter protesters deface Jefferson's statue at UVa. in Charlottesville". Washington Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  14. ^ {{cite web|url=http://news.yale.edu/2017/02/11/yale-change-college-s-name-honor-grace-murray-hopper-0%7Ctitle=Yale to change Calhoun College’s name to honor Grace Murray Hopper|date=February 11, 2017|website=YaleNews
  15. ^ Litten, Kevin (August 17, 2017). "Take Em Down NOLA wants more monuments removed". NOLA.com. Retrieved August 28, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  16. ^ Associated Press, "Philadelphia wants public’s opinion on fate of Rizzo statue," Washington Post, August 24, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/philadelphia-wants-publics-opinion-on-fate-of-rizzo-statue/2017/08/24/70535902-88f6-11e7-96a7-d178cf3524eb_storm.html
  17. ^ George F. Will, "Yale saves fragile students from a carving of a musket," Washington Post, August 30, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/yale-saves-fragile-students-from-a-carving-of-a-musket/2017/08/30/4e45b67e-8da7-11e7-91d5-ab4e4bb76a3a_story.html
  18. ^ {{cite-news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/09/07/science-journal-nature-ventures-into-racist-medical-atrocities-and-regrets-it/?hpid=hp_hp-morning-mix_mm-nature%3Ahomepage%2Fstory&utm_term=.cb3e33d1f907%7Clast=Hawkins%7Cfirst=Derek%7Cdate=September 7, 2017|publisher=Washington Post|title=Science journal Nature ventures into racist medical atrocities — and regrets itaccess-date=September 7, 2017
  19. ^ Brown, DeNeen L. (August 29, 2017). "A surgeon experimented on slave women without anesthesia. Now his statues are under attack". Washington Post. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  20. ^ [1]
  21. ^ a b Graham, David A. (April 26, 2016). "Why Are There Still So Many Confederate Monuments?". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 15, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  22. ^ "Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy". Southern Poverty Law Center. April 21, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  23. ^ Simon, Darran (May 19, 2017). "New Orleans removes Gen. Robert E. Lee statue". CNN. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  24. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Rosenthal, Brian M. (August 12, 2017). "Man Charged After White Nationalist Rally in Charlottesville Ends in Deadly Violence". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  25. ^ Fandos, Nicholas; Goldman, Russell (August 16, 2017). "Baltimore Removes Confederate Statues; Mayor Cites Public Safety". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  26. ^ "Confederate monuments taken down in Baltimore overnight". August 16, 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  27. ^ Suerth, Jessica (August 16, 2017). "Here are the Confederate memorials that will be removed after Charlottesville". CNN. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  28. ^ Holland, Jesse J. (August 15, 2017). "Deadly rally accelerates ongoing removal of Confederate statues across U.S.". The Chicago Tribune. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |urlhttp://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-confederate-statue-removal-20170815-story.html= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  29. ^ Janell Ross, Eight people charged for toppling Confederate statue in Durham as scores line up to confess, Washington Post (August 17, 2017).
  30. ^ Nicholas Fandos, Richard Faussey, and Alan Blinder, "Charlottesville Violence Spurs New Resistance to Confederate Symbols", New York Tines, August 16, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/16/us/charlottesville-violence-spurs-new-resistance-to-confederate-symbols.html
  31. ^ Amanda Holpuch, "Confederate flag removed from South Carolina capitol in victory for activists," The Guardian, 10 July 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/10/confederate-flag-south-carolina-statehouse
  32. ^ Edgemon, Erin (July 16, 2016). "Alabama police officer crashes into Confederate Monument while on patrol". AL.com. Retrieved August 16, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  33. ^ Montgomery, David (August 6, 2017). "A car crash topples a Confederate statue — and forces a Southern town to confront its past". The Week. Retrieved August 16, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  34. ^ Epstein, Jennifer Rice (July 19, 2016). "Long Beach to Rename Three Schools". The Grunion. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  35. ^ Harvey, Steve (May 29, 2010). "Southern California does indeed have a Civil War history". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 11, 2017. So will Hollywood Forever Cemetery, where the Long Beach chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy maintains a Confederate monument.
  36. ^ FOX. "Confederate monument at Hollywood Forever Cemetery to be removed". KTTV. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  37. ^ Magee, Maureen (May 23, 2016). "Robert E. Lee school name changed". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  38. ^ "J. D. Highway". Rootsweb.ancestry.com. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  39. ^ Christopher Ward (June 1, 2013). "Christopher Ward on Twitter: "This morning we removed plaque in @HortonPlazaPark honoring Jefferson Davis. Monuments to bigotry have no place in #SanDiego - or anywhere!"". Twitter.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  40. ^ Matt Ford, "The Statues of Unliberty. Eight Confederate leaders are honored with sculptures in the halls of Congress," The Atlantic, August 14, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/confederate-statues-congress/536760/
  41. ^ Boorstein, Michelle (September 6, 2017). "Washington National Cathedral to remove stained glass windows honoring Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  42. ^ Morse, Hannah. "Commission votes to move Confederate monument from courthouse". Bradenton Herald. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  43. ^ http://www.bradenton.com/news/local/article169053722.html . Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  44. ^ Spring, Mike (August 18, 2017). "Daytona Beach: Confederate plaques removed from Riverfront Park". WFTV 9 ABC. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
  45. ^ Tinker, Cleveland. "County votes to offer 'Old Joe' to United Daughters of Confederacy". Gainesville Sun. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  46. ^ "Confederate statue removed from downtown Gainesville". gainesville.com.
  47. ^ a b Kelly, Jason (July 4, 2017). "Watch: Crews remove Confederate statue from Lake Eola Park". Wftv.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  48. ^ Frago, Charlie (August 15, 2017). "Kriseman removes Confederate marker from St. Pete's waterfront". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 16, 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  49. ^ "St. Pete Mayor Orders Removal Of Confederate Marker". WUSF. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  50. ^ Contorno, Steve (June 16, 2017). "For Tampa's Confederate monument, racist history clouds claims of heritage". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  51. ^ Associated Press, "Florida Senate plans to remove Confederate flag from seal", Sun-Sentinel, October 19, 2015.
  52. ^ "Flsenate Archive: Information Center > About the Legislature". archive.flsenate.gov. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  53. ^ Maxine Bentzai, "Confederate Monument Removed from Cemetery in West Palm Beach," 'Sun-Sentinel, August 22, 2017.
  54. ^ Lisa J. Hunash, "Confederate statue to be removed from West Palm Beach cemetery," Sun-Sentinel, August 21, 2017.
  55. ^ http://www.wptv.com/news/region-c-palm-beach-county/west-palm-beach/confederate-monument-removal-begins-in-west-palm-beach . Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  56. ^ a b Roll, Nick (August 28, 2017). "Confederate Round-Up". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
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  61. ^ Jaschik, Scott (August 21, 2017). "Off the Pedestal". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
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External links

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