Antonio Valverde y Cosío: Difference between revisions
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Therefore, Valverde went to North of New Mexico by try brake the French expansion, establishing a mission on the northeastern flank of the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]] and to set up a [[presidio]] in El Cuartelejo. In September, he start looking to French settlement (in his zones had a French expansion) with 600 men, but he never found them (although they arrived to Pawnee<ref name="History of the Centennial State"/>). In 1720, in Santa Fe, he went with a small group of explorers to explorer the areas to farther north on the Plains.<ref name="New Mexico Historian:Valverde y Cosio"/> On his return to [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], the governor sent a report to the [[viceroy]], [[Baltasar de Zúñiga, 1st Duke of Arión|Baltasar de Zúñiga]], in concluding that the French were preparing to enter New Mexico, gradually attracting the tribes with gifts and giveaways that included firearms. On January 10, 1720 the viceroy Zúñiga ordered the governor Valverde to establish a presidio in the Apache settlement of El Cuartelejo, and he launched another expedition in search of the French settlements among the Pawnee. |
Therefore, Valverde went to North of New Mexico by try brake the French expansion, establishing a mission on the northeastern flank of the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]] and to set up a [[presidio]] in El Cuartelejo. In September, he start looking to French settlement (in his zones had a French expansion) with 600 men, but he never found them (although they arrived to Pawnee<ref name="History of the Centennial State"/>). In 1720, in Santa Fe, he went with a small group of explorers to explorer the areas to farther north on the Plains.<ref name="New Mexico Historian:Valverde y Cosio"/> On his return to [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], the governor sent a report to the [[viceroy]], [[Baltasar de Zúñiga, 1st Duke of Arión|Baltasar de Zúñiga]], in concluding that the French were preparing to enter New Mexico, gradually attracting the tribes with gifts and giveaways that included firearms. On January 10, 1720 the viceroy Zúñiga ordered the governor Valverde to establish a presidio in the Apache settlement of El Cuartelejo, and he launched another expedition in search of the French settlements among the Pawnee. |
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The governor Valverde suggested the viceroy that the place located among the Native American peoples, the Jicarilla, was just 40 miles from Santa Fe and the place had cultivating fields. Yet, the Apaches of El Cuartelejo, allies of the Spanish, were at 130 miles of Santa Fe and they don't supplies as they could not adequately defend themselves, so the Spanish could help them and defend them against the enemies. The viceroy agreed to the suggestion. The Spanish troops fulfilled their orders and they entered in an unknown territory further north. In June 1720, |
The governor Valverde suggested the viceroy that the place located among the Native American peoples, the Jicarilla, was just 40 miles from Santa Fe and the place had cultivating fields. Yet, the Apaches of El Cuartelejo, allies of the Spanish, were at 130 miles of Santa Fe and they don't supplies as they could not adequately defend themselves, so the Spanish could help them and defend them against the enemies. The viceroy agreed to the suggestion. The Spanish troops fulfilled their orders and they entered in an unknown territory further north.<ref name="New Mexico Historian:Valverde y Cosio"/> In June 1720, Cosío directed a military expedition, the so-called [[Villasur expedition]], to check the growing French influence on the [[Great Plains]] of central North America and capture French traders that there were.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rene|last= Chartrand| page= 11|title=The Spanish Army in North America|publisher=Osrey Publishing|year= 2011 |ISBN= 978 1 84908 597 7}}</ref> The expedition was formed with 100 men, between them many [[Pueblo people|Pueblo Amerindians]], and traveled to the confluence of the [[Loup River|Loup]] and [[North Platte River]], in [[Nebraska]]. In New Mexico, the explorers were attacked by the Pawnees and Otos (who used some firearms in the attack). They killed many explorers.<ref name="New Mexico Historian:Valverde y Cosio"/> |
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Valverde y Cosío ended his mandate in New Mexico in 1721, when the [[viceroy]] of [[New Spain]] appointed [[Juan Estrada de Austria]] as the new governor of the province.<ref name="Banderas lejanas">Martínez Laínez, Fernando and Canales Torres, Carlos. Banderas lejanas: La exploración, conquista y defensa por parte de España del Territorio de los actuales Estados Unidos (Flags far: The exploration, conquest and defense by Spain of the Territory of the present United States). Page 228-229. Fourth edition: September 2009.</ref> |
Valverde y Cosío ended his mandate in New Mexico in 1721, when the [[viceroy]] of [[New Spain]] appointed [[Juan Estrada de Austria]] as the new governor of the province.<ref name="Banderas lejanas">Martínez Laínez, Fernando and Canales Torres, Carlos. Banderas lejanas: La exploración, conquista y defensa por parte de España del Territorio de los actuales Estados Unidos (Flags far: The exploration, conquest and defense by Spain of the Territory of the present United States). Page 228-229. Fourth edition: September 2009.</ref> |
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Revision as of 13:36, 5 December 2015
 | This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (December 2015) |
Antonio Valverde y Cosío | |
|---|---|
| 38th Spanish Governor of New Mexico (Acting) | |
| In office 1716–1716 | |
| Preceded by | Félix Martínez |
| Succeeded by | Juan Páez Hurtado |
| 40th Spanish Governor of New Mexico (Interim) | |
| In office 1718–1721 | |
| Preceded by | Juan Páez Hurtado |
| Succeeded by | Juan Estrada de Austria |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1670 Villapresente, Cantabria, Spain |
| Died | December 1728 El Paso, Texas |
| Profession | Political and military |
Antonio Valverde y Cosío (born 1670 - died 1728) was a prominent entrepreneur and Spanish soldier who served as interim governor of New Mexico in 1716 and 1718 - 1721. His politics was based, in large part, on stopping the French invasion of New Mexico.
Biography
Early life
Antonio Valverde y Cosío was born around 1670 at Villapresente, Cantabria, Spain.[1] He was son of Antonio Velarde and Juana de Velarde y Cosío. [1][2] Valverde emigrated to New Spain attracted by various business interests that had in the region. Thus, he began working in Sombrerete, Zacatecas, (México), as there was discovered rich minerals in 1646. Over time, he and their associates created an important business in the area. The success of their partnership grew throughout the next twentyfour years. In 1693, Diego de Vargas, governor of New Mexico, recruited settlers and soldiers from Sombrerete. Thus, Valverde decided to join himself to group and eventually reached the position of secretary of Vargas.
From June 1694 till July 1697, he served as soldier in New Mexico to impose Spanish authority there and restore the region's Hispanic population. Over the next two years (1694–96), he and Vargas participated in the war against the Puebloan peoples, who had rebelled against Spanish sovereignty since 1980, because the maladministration of Juan Francisco Treviño (who subjected them and tortured them). He had a bloody fight with Taos and Picuris. In December 1695, Valverde was promoted as captain of the presidio.
He participated in many battles in 1696: So, he participated in the assault on the Mesa at Acoma; and, in early June this year, he began a new military campaign against the Tewa, who had promoted a Native American revolt formed for Tewas and some Tiwas, Keres, and Jemez. In that year, Valverde suffered a serious illness, so Vargas gave him permission to traveled to Mexico City to get treatment for their disease. In July 1697 Pedro Rodríguez Cubero replaced to Vargas as governor. Rodríguez Cubero presented complaints against Vargas and Antonio Valverde de Cosío. However, as Valverde was in this moment in Spain, those allegations affected him not, while Vargas was imprisoned for several years. Valverde shared with Juan Bautista de Saldúa the captaincy of the Presidio El Paso, having that position for the remainder of his life.[1] Also, in 1699,[3] he became in the alcalde mayor of El Paso.[1][3]
He developed the more lucrative fields of New Mexico, producing wine, and having his own farm, a hacienda (in San Antonio de Padua) and the downriver from El Paso. In addition, he controlled much of the economy of El Paso and trade and business of whole New Mexico's territory. In 1705, he become in Lieutenant general serving to governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés. In 1708, he also was named regidor de primer voto (councilman) and alguacil mayor of the city council of Santa Fe.[1]
Two years after, in 1710, Cosío attain the General rank.[3] In 1712 and 1714 he fight against the Suma Indians and Apaches, who had rebelled against the Spanish.[1]
Government from New Mexico
He was appointed acting governor of New Mexico in 1716 replacing to Félix Martínez, governor of this territory. After being replaced in the same year by Juan Paez Hurtado, he regained the government of the Spanish province in 1718.[1][4] His politically was based in cope of French invasion of the Great Plains on New Mexico’s eastern and northeastern fringe. In 1719 Spain and France joined forces to cope with the Comanches and Utes, as Valverde y Cosío led a column of Spanish troops (60 soldiers from Santa Fe and 45 Spanish settlers[5]) and auxiliary Amerindian tribes[4][5] (of which, 465 were Pueblo warriors and other 165 were Apaches[5]) to punish the Comanches,[5] Upon reaching the Arkansas River, south the Colorado, the Apaches of El Cuartelejo spoke to Cosío of the French presence in the plains. One of the Apaches also said him that the French build two villages in the Pawnee Amerindian lands, to west of the Missouri River, "as big as Taos" in New Mexico. He also said that the French were arming the Amerindians and they dedicated themselves to insult the Spanish.[4]
Therefore, Valverde went to North of New Mexico by try brake the French expansion, establishing a mission on the northeastern flank of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and to set up a presidio in El Cuartelejo. In September, he start looking to French settlement (in his zones had a French expansion) with 600 men, but he never found them (although they arrived to Pawnee[5]). In 1720, in Santa Fe, he went with a small group of explorers to explorer the areas to farther north on the Plains.[1] On his return to Santa Fe, the governor sent a report to the viceroy, Baltasar de Zúñiga, in concluding that the French were preparing to enter New Mexico, gradually attracting the tribes with gifts and giveaways that included firearms. On January 10, 1720 the viceroy Zúñiga ordered the governor Valverde to establish a presidio in the Apache settlement of El Cuartelejo, and he launched another expedition in search of the French settlements among the Pawnee.
The governor Valverde suggested the viceroy that the place located among the Native American peoples, the Jicarilla, was just 40 miles from Santa Fe and the place had cultivating fields. Yet, the Apaches of El Cuartelejo, allies of the Spanish, were at 130 miles of Santa Fe and they don't supplies as they could not adequately defend themselves, so the Spanish could help them and defend them against the enemies. The viceroy agreed to the suggestion. The Spanish troops fulfilled their orders and they entered in an unknown territory further north.[1] In June 1720, Cosío directed a military expedition, the so-called Villasur expedition, to check the growing French influence on the Great Plains of central North America and capture French traders that there were.[6] The expedition was formed with 100 men, between them many Pueblo Amerindians, and traveled to the confluence of the Loup and North Platte River, in Nebraska. In New Mexico, the explorers were attacked by the Pawnees and Otos (who used some firearms in the attack). They killed many explorers.[1]
Valverde y Cosío ended his mandate in New Mexico in 1721, when the viceroy of New Spain appointed Juan Estrada de Austria as the new governor of the province.[4]
Last years
Valverde was accused of having facilitated the murder of his explorers with the expedition of Villasur, giving this a fine of 200 pesos. However, the prosecution took place after 7 years of research on the subject and Valverde had again become rancher in El Paso, city where he lived until his last days.[1] Antonio Cosío died on December 15, 1728 in El Paso, Texas.[2] He was buried in the mission at Guadalupe del Paso.[1]
Personal life
Although Cosío never married, he had several children: Antonia , María Rosa, Juana, and Antonio de Valverde. He also was the uncle of Juan Domingo Bustamante, future governor of Spanish New Mexico. He was perhaps the wealthiest man in New Mexico, having the hacienda San Antonio de Padua which had large wheat fields, a flour mill, a vineyard and a farm (comprising sheep and cattle, hundreds of horses and mules, hogs and goats). He also had 9 black and mulato slaves, and more of 30 Apache and farm laborers.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m New Mexico Office of the State Historian: Antonio de Valverde Cosio. Posted by Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
- ^ a b Valverde y Cosío. Genealogies. consulted in may 07, 2011, to 13:09 pm.
- ^ a b c Naylor, Thomas H.; Hadley, Diana; Mardith K. Schuetz-Miller (editors; 1997). The Presidio And Militia On The Northern Frontier of New Spain, Volume 2; part 2. The Central Corridor and the Texas Corridor, 1570-1700. Page 242. The University of Arizona Press.
- ^ a b c d Martínez Laínez, Fernando and Canales Torres, Carlos. Banderas lejanas: La exploración, conquista y defensa por parte de España del Territorio de los actuales Estados Unidos (Flags far: The exploration, conquest and defense by Spain of the Territory of the present United States). Page 228-229. Fourth edition: September 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Abbot, Carlos (2013). Colorado: A History of the Centennial State, Fifth Edition. University Press of Colorado.
- ^ Chartrand, Rene (2011). The Spanish Army in North America. Osrey Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978 1 84908 597 7.