List of American women's firsts: Difference between revisions

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Traditional writings from the past have often left out the accomplishments of women; the same pattern of neglect repeated itself in even earlier American history. However, in the last half-century, there has been a significant amount of writing and research dedicated to balancing the American history curriculum, specifically on the basis of sex.

Contents
17th century 18th century 19th century: 1820s • 1830s • 1840s • 1850s • 1860s • 1870s • 1880s • 1890s 20th century: 1900s • 1910s • 1920s • 1930s • 1940s • 1950s • 1960s • 1970s • 1980s • 1990s 21st century: 2000s • 2010s See also References

17th century

1635

Anne Hutchinson was the first American woman to start a Protestant sect.^[1]

1640

Anne Bradstreet was the first poet in the British North American colonies to be published. ^[2]

1647

Margaret Brent was the first American woman to demand the right to vote.^[3]

1649

Mary Hammon and Goodwife Norman were charged with "lewd behavior upon a bed"; they are the first American women to be convicted of lesbian activity.^[4]

18th century

1750

Jane Colden was the first woman in America to win distinction as a botanist.^[5]

1756

Lydia Taft was the first woman to vote legally in Colonial America after her husband died and son left her; she was granted permission to vote through a Massachusetts town meeting.^[6]

1762

Ann Franklin was the first female newspaper editor in America.^[7]

1776

Margaret Corbin was the first woman to assume the role of soldier in the American Revolution and receive a pension for it.^[8]

1784

Hannah Adams was the first American woman to become a professional writer.^[1]

19th century

1800

Abigail Adams was the first wife of a president to live in the White House.^[9]

1808

Jane Aitken was the first American woman to print the bible in English.^[10]

1809

Mary Kies was the first woman to receive a U.S. patent.^[11]

1810s

1812

Lucy Brewer was the first American woman to join the United States Marine Corps.^[12]

1820s

1828

Sarah Hale was the first American woman to be a major women's magazine editor.^[13]

1830s

1835

Harriot Hunt was one of the first woman to practice medicine, "clearly the first to achieve a marked success".^[1]^[14]

1840s

1837

The first American convention held to advocate women's rights was the 1837 Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women held in 1837.^[15]^[16]

1840

The first petition for a law granting married women the right to own property was established in 1840.^[1]

1845

Lowell Female Labor Reform Association opened in 1845 as the first major labor union.^[17]

1846

Susan Bagley was the first woman in America to be a telegraph operator.^[14]

Frances Whitcher was the first significant female comic protagonist in America, and the "first best-selling woman humorist".^[18]^[19]

1848

Often called the first American convention held to advocate women's rights, the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention was actually preceded by the 1837 Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women.^[20]^[21]

1848

Astronomer Maria Mitchell was the first woman to be elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[22]

1849

Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to earn a medical degree in America.^[23]

1850s

1850

Harriet Tubman was the first American woman to run an underground railroad to help slaves escape. Some scholars label her the "Queen of the Underground Railroad".^[24]

1853

Antoinette Brown Blackwell was the first woman in America to be ordained as a minister;^[25] she was ordained by the Congregational Church.^[26]

1855

Anne McDowell was the first American woman to publish a newspaper completely run by women; it was circulated weekly and titled, "Women's Advocate".^[27]^[28]

New York Women's Hospital opened in 1855 as the first hospital solely devoted to ailments affiliated with women.^[29]

1860s

1865

Mary Surratt was the first woman hanged by the federal government; she was hanged for conspiring with John Wilkes Booth in the murder of President Abraham Lincoln.^[30]

1866

Mary Walker was the first woman in America to be a recipient of the Congressional Medal of Honor.^[31]

1866

Lucy Hobbs Taylor was the first woman in America to graduate from dental school.^[32]

1869

Arabella Mansfield was the first female lawyer in America; she was admitted to the Iowa bar in 1869. ^[33]

1870s

1870

Louisa Ann Swain was the first woman in the United States to vote in a general election. She cast her ballot on September 6th, 1870, in Laramie, Wyoming.^[34]^[35]

1870

Esther Hobart Morris was the first woman in America to serve as Justice of the Peace.^[36]

1870

Ada Kepley was the first woman to graduate from law school in America. ^[37]

1871

Frances Willard (suffragist) was the first American woman to be a college president. She also presided over the Women's Christian Temperance Union^[38]

1872

Victoria Woodhull was the first woman to run for United States President.^[39]

1876

Louise Blanchard Bethune was the first woman to work as a professional architect in America. ^[40]

1877

Helen Magill White was the first woman in America to earn the Ph.D. degree.^[14]

1878

Emma Abbott was the first American woman to form her own opera company.^[28]

1880s

1881

Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.^[41]

1887

Susanna Salter was the first woman to be elected to the office of mayor in the United States.^[42]

Phoebe Couzins was the first American woman to serve as a United States Marshal.^[43]

1890s

1891

Marie Owens, born in Canada, was hired as America's first female police officer, joining the Chicago Police Department. ^[44]

1892

The first women's basketball game was played at Smith College, and conducted by Senda Berenson.^[45]

1896

May Irwin was the first actress in America to kiss on screen, which she did in the film The Kiss (1896 film).^[46]

1899

Eleonora de Cisneros was the first American trained opera singer the Metropolitan Opera company hired.^[47]

20th century

1900

Margaret Abbott was the first American woman to win first place in an Olympic event. Specifically, she was the first American woman, and the second woman overall, to win first place at the Olympics in golf.^[48]

1905

May Sutton was the first American woman to win Wimbledon.^[49]

1907

Dorothy Tyler was the first known woman in America to be a jockey.^[50]

1908

The first Mother's Day (U.S.) was observed; Anna Jarvis is noted as the driving force for recognition of this holiday.^[51]

The first U.S. Navy nurses, known as the Sacred Twenty, were appointed; they were all women, and were the first women to formally serve in the U.S. Navy. ^[52]

Poet Julia Ward Howe was the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. ^[53]

1910s

1910

Alice Stebbins Wells was the first American-born woman to be sworn in as a police officer, which occurred in Los Angeles.^[54]

Florence Lawrence was America's first movie star.^[55]

1911

Harriet Quimby was the first woman to be licensed as an airplane pilot in America.^[56]

1912

Girl Guides of America (now Girl Scouts of the USA) was established as the first voluntary organization for girls.^[1]

1914

Caresse Crosby was the first woman to patent a brassiere.^[57]

1916

The first birth control clinic was opened by Margaret Sanger.^[58]^[59]

Jeannette Rankin was the first woman in America to be elected to Congress.^[60]

1917

Loretta Perfectus Walsh was the first woman to enlist in the United States Navy.^[61]

1918

Annette Adams was the first female United States attorney general, "...the highest judicial position any woman in the world had ever held".^[62]

Opha Mae Johnson was the first woman to enlist in the United States Marines.^[63]

Twin sisters Genevieve and Lucille Baker of the Naval Coastal Defense Reserve were the first uniformed women to serve in the U.S. Coast Guard.^[64]

Sara Teasdale was the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (for her work Love Songs.) ^[65]

1920s

1920

Marie Luhring was the first woman in America to become an automotive engineer.^[66]

1921

Edith Wharton was the first woman in America to win the Pulitzer Prize.^[67]

Margaret Gorman was the first "Miss America".^[68]^[69]

Alice Mary Robertson was the first woman to preside over the House of Representatives; however, she was opposed to women's suffrage.^[62]

Zona Gale was the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Drama (for Miss Lulu Bett.) ^[70]

1922

Rebecca Felton was sworn in as the first female Senator in the United States.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

1926

Gertrude Ederle was the first woman to swim across the English Channel.^[71]

1928

Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly across the Atlantic ocean.^[72]

Genevieve R. Cline was the first woman appointed as a United States federal judge.^[73]

1930s

1930

Ellen Church was the first female flight attendant in America. She suggested the idea of female nurses on board to Boeing Air Transport, claiming that if people felt safer they would fly more.^[74]

1931

Jane Addams was the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize in Peace; she shared the prize with Nicholas Murray Butler.^[75]^[76]

1932

Hattie Caraway was the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate.^[77]

1933

Francis Perkins was the first woman to serve as a cabinet member, under Franklin Roosevelt, and as such the first woman to serve as Secretary of Labor. ^[78]^[79]^[80]^[81]

1934

Gertrude Atherton was the first woman to be president of the National Academy of Literature.^[82]

1938

Pearl S. Buck was the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.^[83]

1940s

1940s

Lois Fegan Farrell was the first female reporter to cover a professional hockey team in America.^[84]

1940

The first social security beneficiary was Ida May Fuller, she received check 00-000-001 in the amount of $22.54.^[85]

1942

Anna Leah Fox was the first woman to receive the Purple Heart, which she received for being wounded in the attack on Pearl Harbor.^[86]

1943

Nellie Neilson was the first woman to be president of the American Historical Association.^[87]

1944

Cordelia E Cook was the first woman to receive both the Bronze Star Medal and the Purple Heart.^[88]

Ann Baumgartner was the first woman to fly a jet aircraft, the Bell YP-59A on October 14, 1944.^[89]

1947

Gerty Cori was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; she shared the prize with Carl Ferdinand Cori and Bernardo Alberto Houssay.^[90]^[91] Although born in Prague, Gerty Cori is considered the first American woman to win a Nobel Prize in medicine.^[92] She had become a U.S. citizen in 1928.^[93]

1948

Esther McGowin Blake was the first woman in the U.S. Air Force. She enlisted in the first minute of the first hour of the first day regular Air Force duty was authorized for women on July 8th, 1948.^[94]

1949

Georgia Neese Clark was the first woman Treasurer of the United States, under President Harry Truman.^[95]

Eugenie Anderson was the first woman to be a United States Ambassador, under President Harry Truman.^[96]

Shirley Dinsdale was the first recipient of the Emmy Award.^[97]

Sara Christian is the first woman to compete in a major-league stock car race, competing in NASCAR's inaugural Strictly Stock (now Sprint Cup Series) event.^[98]

1950s

1951

Paula Ackerman was the first woman in America to perform rabbinical functions.^[99]

1953

Fae Adams was the first female to receive regular commission as a doctor in the United States Army.^[100]

Oveta Culp Hobby was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. ^[101]

1955

Betty Robbins, born in Greece, was the first female cantor (hazzan) in the 5,000 year old history of Judaism.^[102] She was appointed cantor of the reform ^[103] Temple Avodah in Oceanside, New York in 1955,^[104] when she was 31 and the Temple was without a cantor for the High Holidays.^[105]^[106]

1956

Tenley Albright was the first woman in America to win the Olympic gold medal in figure skating.^[107]

1960s

1963

Merry Lepper was the first American woman to run a marathon; she is recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations as having set a world best in the marathon on December 16th, 1963, with a time of 3:37:07 at the Western Hemisphere Marathon in Culver City, California.^[108]^[109]^[110]^{[nb 1]}

Maria Goeppert Mayer was the first American woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physics; she shared the prize with Eugene Paul Wigner and J. Hans D. Jensen.^[113]^[114] She was born in Poland, but became a U.S. citizen in 1933.^[114]^[115]

1964

Jerrie Mock was the first woman to fly solo around the world, which she did in a Cessna 180.^[116]^[117] The trip ended April 17th, 1964, in Columbus, Ohio,^[118] and took 29 days, 21 stopovers and almost 22,860 miles.^[119]

Carol Doda was the first woman in America to perform as a topless entertainer.

Isabel Benham was the first female partner in R.W. Pressprich & Co.’s 55-year history, which also made her the first female partner at any Wall Street bond house.^[120]^[121]

1965

Rachel Henderlite was the first woman ordained in the Presbyterian Church in the United States; she was ordained by the Hanover Presbytery in Virginia.^[122]^[123]

1966

Roberta Louise "Bobbi" Gibb was the first woman to run the entire Boston Marathon.^[124]

1967

Kathrine Switzer was the first woman to run the Boston Marathon as a numbered entry.^[125]

Muriel Siebert was the first female member of the New York Stock Exchange. ^[126]

1969

Carol Doda was the first woman in America to perform as a bottomless entertainer.^[127]

1970s

1970

Diane Crump was the first woman in America to ride in the Kentucky Derby, she placed fifteenth.^[128]

Patricia Palinkas was the first woman to play professionally in an American football game.^[129]

1972

Anna Mae Hays and Elizabeth P. Hoisington were the first women in the United States promoted to brigadier general.^[130]

Sally Priesand was ordained on June 3rd, 1972, by Glueck's successor as the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's president Rabbi Alfred Gottschalk at Plum Street Temple in Cincinnati,^[131] making her the first woman to be ordained as a rabbi in the United States and only the second woman ever to be formally ordained in the history of Judaism.^[132]

Katharine Graham was the first female Fortune 500 CEO, as CEO of the Washington Post company. ^[133]^[134]

1973

Shirley Muldowney was the first woman to receive a NHRA license to drive Top Fuel dragsters, the highest level of the drag racing sport.^[135]

1974

Jeannette Piccard was the first female ballon pilot licensed in the United States; she was also the first woman to ascend to the stratosphere.^[136]

Ella T. Grasso was the first woman to be elected a U.S. governor who was not the wife or widow of a governor; she was elected governor of Connecticut.^[137]

1975

Barbara Ostfeld-Horowitz was the first female cantor to be ordained in Reform Judaism in 1975.^[138]

Carla Hills was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. ^[139] ^[140]

1976

Shirley Black, aka Shirley Temple, was the first woman to be chief of protocol, which she was for President Gerald Ford.^[141]

Lucy Giovinco was the first female in America to win the AMF Bowling World Cup.^[142]

Women first began to attend the U.S. service academies. ^[143]

Shirley Muldowney was the first woman to win a NHRA national event.^[135]

1977

Janet Guthrie was the first woman to compete in the Indianapolis 500,^[144] and the first woman to lead a NASCAR Winston Cup Series (now Sprint Cup Seres) event.^[145]

Shirley Muldowney was the first woman to win a NHRA championship, in the Top Fuel category.^[135]

Barbara McClintock was the first woman to win an unshared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and since she was American, she was the first American woman to do so.^[146]

Juanita M. Kreps was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Commerce. ^[147]

1978

Janet Guthrie was the first woman to compete in the Daytona 500.^[144]

Marcia Frederick, at the age of fifteen, was the first woman in America to win Olympic gold in gymnastics.^[148]

Mary E. Clarke was the first woman to achieve the rank of major general in the United States Army.^[149]

1979

Susan B. Anthony was the first woman in America to be depicted on a coin.^[150]

Patricia R. Harris was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Health and Human Services. ^[151]

Shirley Hufstedler was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Education. ^[152]

1980s

1980

Women first graduated from the U.S. service academies. ^[153]

1981

Sandra Day O'Connor was the first woman to be a member on the United States Supreme Court.^[154]

1983

Sally Ride was the first American woman in space.^[155]

Elizabeth Dole was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Transportation. ^[156]

1984

Geraldine Ferraro was the first woman in America to run for vice president on a major-party platform.^[157]

Joan Benoit won the first women's Olympic marathon.^[158]

1985

Penny Harrington was appointed as Chief of Police, making her the first woman to lead a major-city police department.^[159]

1986

Ann Bancroft was the first woman to reach the North Pole by foot and dogsled, "...she became the first known woman to cross the ice to the North Pole."Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

1988

Shawna Robinson was the first woman to win a NASCAR-sanctioned stock car race, winning in the Charlotte/Daytona Dash Series at New Asheville Speedway.^[160]

1990s

1992

Manon Rhéaume was the first woman to play in a National Hockey League game; although she was Canadian, "She played goalie for the Tampa Bay Lightning..."^[161]

Mona Van Duyn was the first woman named US poet laureate. ^[162]

1993

Halli Reid was the first woman to swim across Lake Erie, swimming from Long Point, Ontario, to North East, Pennsylvania, in 17 hours.^[163]^[164]^[165]

Janet Reno was the first woman to serve as Attorney General of the United States under President Bill Clinton.^[166]

Hazel R. O'Leary was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Energy. ^[167]

1994

Judith Rodin was the first permanent female president of an Ivy League University (specifically, the University of Pennsylvania.) ^[168]

1997

Madeleine Albright, born in Prague, was the first woman to serve as Secretary of State; she served under President Bill Clinton.^[169]

Liz Heaston was the first woman to play and score in a college football game, kicking two extra points in the 1997 Linfield vs. Willamette football game.^[170]

1998

Julie Taymor was the first woman to win a Tony award for best director of a musical.^[171]^[172]

21st century

2001

Hillary Rodham Clinton was the first former First Lady of the United States to serve in the United States Senate; she served as a senator from New York.^[173]

Gale Norton was the first woman to serve as Secretary of the Interior. ^[174]

Ann Veneman was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Agriculture. ^[175]

2002

Melanie Wood was the first American woman and the second woman overall to be named a Putnam Fellow.^[176]

2005

Danica Patrick was the first woman to lead the Indianapolis 500.^[177]

2006

Effa Manley was the first woman elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.^[178]

2007

Nancy Pelosi was the first female Speaker of the United States House of Representatives; she is currently the highest ranking woman politician in American history.^[179]

2008

Danica Patrick was the first woman to win an IndyCar Series by winning the 2008 Indy Japan 300.^[180]

Sarah Palin was the first female vice presidential nominee of the Republican Party.^[181]

Ann E. Dunwoody was the first female four-star general in the U.S. Army.^[182]

2009

Hillary Rodham Clinton was the first former First Lady to serve in a President's Cabinet; she served as United States Secretary of State under President Barack Obama.

Kathryn Bigelow was the first woman to win the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing, for The Hurt Locker (2008).^[183]

Elinor Ostrom was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Economics, and since she was American, the first American woman to do so; she shared the prize with Oliver E. Williamson.^[184]

Janet Napolitano was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Homeland Security. ^[185]

2010

Kathryn Bigelow was the first woman to win the Academy Award for Best Director,^[183]^[186] the BAFTA Award for Best Direction,^[187] and the Critics' Choice Award for Best Director, all for The Hurt Locker (2008).^[188]

Jennifer Gorovitz was the first woman to lead a large Jewish federation in America (specifically, the Jewish Community Federation, based in San Francisco). ^[189]

2012

Janet Wolfenbarger was the first female four-star general in the U.S. Air Force.^[190]

2013

Danica Patrick was the first woman to win a pole in the 2013 Daytona 500.^[191]

Danica Patrick was the first woman to lead the Daytona 500.^[192]

On May 27, 2013 Brittney Griner was the third WNBA player to dunk and first to do it twice in one game.^[193]

Rosie Napravnik rode the filly Unlimited Budget to a 6th place finish in the 2013 Belmont, becoming the first woman to ride all three Triple Crown races in the same year.^[194]

Davie Jane Gilmour was the first woman to lead the Board of Directors for Little League.^[195]

United States Women’s National Team striker Abby Wambach was the all-time goal-scoring leader in international soccer competitions (men's or women's), with 159 goals.^[196]

Ashley Freiberg was the first woman to claim an overall GT3 Cup Challenge victory in North America, winning the Porsche IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge.^[197]

UFC 157, which took place in February, featured not only the first women’s fight in UFC history but also the first UFC event to be headlined by two female fighters (Ronda Rousey and Liz Carmouche).^[198]

On her fifth attempt and at age 64, Diana Nyad was the first person confirmed to swim from Cuba to Florida without the protection of a shark cage, swimming from Havana to Key West.^[199]

Rabbi Deborah Waxman was elected as the President of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College. As the President, she is believed to have been the first woman and first lesbian to lead a Jewish congregational union, and the first female rabbi and first lesbian to lead a Jewish seminary; RRC is both a congregational union and a seminary.^[200]^[201]^[202]

Julia Morgan was the first woman to receive the American Institute of Architects' Gold Medal, which she received posthumously.^[203]

Erika Schmidt was the first female director of the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis.^[204]

Caroline Kennedy was sworn in as the first female U.S. ambassador to Japan.^[205]^[206]

Mia Hamm was the first woman to be inducted into the World Football Hall of Fame in Pachuca, Mexico.^[207]

Marjorie Scardino joined the board of Twitter ^[208] as its first female director, after a controversy involving a lack of diversity on the Twitter board.^[209]

General Motors named Mary Barra as its first female CEO and the first female CEO of a major automaker.^[210]

Deborah Rutter was named as the first female president of the Kennedy Center.^[211]

Michelle Howard was confirmed by the Senate as the first female four-star admiral and the first female vice chief of naval operations in the U.S. Navy's history.^[212]

Jodi Eller was the first woman to complete the 1,515 mile Florida Circumnavigational Saltwater Paddling Trail. ^[213]

Tatyana McFadden, born in Russia, won the women's wheelchair divisions of the Boston, Chicago, London, and New York City marathons in 2013. This made her the first person - able-bodied or otherwise - to win four major marathons in the same year. She also set a new course record for the Chicago Marathon (1 hour, 42 minutes, 35 seconds). ^[214]^[215]^[216]^[217]^[218]

The American Council of the Blind (ACB) voted unanimously to elect Kim Charlson as its president, making her the first female president of a major national blindness consumer advocacy organization in the United States. ^[219]

2014

Janet Yellen was confirmed by the Senate as the first woman to lead the Federal Reserve. ^[220]

Megan Ellison was the first woman and the fourth person to receive two best picture Academy Award nominations in the same year, which she received for her work on “Her” and “American Hustle.” ^[221]

Heather P. Campion was named as the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation's first female CEO. ^[222]

Erin Hamlin was the first American of either gender to win a luge singles medal at a Winter Olympics; she won a bronze medal. ^[223]

The first women competed in ski jumping at the Olympics, including three American women- Lindsey Van, Jessica Jerome and Sarah Hendrickson.^[224]

Lauryn Williams was the first American woman to have won a medal in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games. ^[225] ^[226]

Jennifer Welter was the first woman non-kicker or placekick-holder to play in a men’s pro football game; she played running back for the Texas Revolution. ^[227]

Bibliography

Air Force (1978). Air Force Magazine. Air Force Association. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Kane, Joseph Nathan (1964). Famous first facts: a record of first happenings, discoveries and inventions in the United States. H. W. Wilson. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Notes

^ According to the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, the course for the Western Hemisphere Marathon was short in 1962 and 1963.^[111] The ARRS also notes the date of the race as December 14, 1963.^[111]^[112]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Read, Phyllis J., and Bernard Witlieb (1992). The Book of Women's Firsts: Breakthrough Achievements of Almost 1,000 American Women. New York, NY: Random House.
^ http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/books/Anne+Bradstreet-256449.html
^ Sallie Bingham Center for Women's History and Culture, and New York Public Library. The Woman's Athenaeum For the Intellectual, Industrial and Social Advancement of Women. New York: Woman's Athenaeum, 1912.
^ Alyson Publications (1990). The Alyson Almanac: A Treasury of Information for the Gay and Lesbian Community. Boston: Alyson Publications.
^ Humphrey, H. B (1961). Makers of North American Botany. New York: Ronald.
^ "Women in Politics." International women's democracy center. International Women, n.d. Web. 26 Apr 2012.http://www.iwdc.org/resources/timeline.htm
^ Hanaford, Phebe A (1882). Daughters of America; or, Women of the Century. Augusta, Me: True and Co.
^ Pennington, Reina (2003). Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
^ Wagoner, Jean Brown, and James J. Ponter (1992). Abigail Adams: Girl of Colonial Days. New York: Aladdin Books.
^ Metzger, Bruce Manning (2001). The Bible in Translation: Ancient and English Versions. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.
^ Schwabach, Aaron (2007). Intellectual Property A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
^ Lacy, Linda Cates (2004). We Are Marines!: World War I to the Present. [North Carolina]: Tar Heel Chapter, NC-1, Women Marines Association.
^ Burt, Olive Woolley(1960). First Woman Editor: Sarah J. Hale. New York: Julian Messner.
^ ^a ^b ^c James, Edward T., Janet Wilson James, and Paul S. Boyer (1971). Notable American Women, 1607-1950; A Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
^ Though it is popularly known as the first-ever women's rights convention, the Seneca Falls Convention was preceded by the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City, at which women's rights issues were debated, especially African-American women's rights.
• Gordon, Ann D.; Collier-Thomas, Bettye (1997). "Introduction". African American women and the vote, 1837–1965. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 2–9. ISBN 1-55849-059-0.
In June 1848, two male-organized conventions discussed the rights of women: The Conference of Badasht in Persia, at which Táhirih advocated women's rights and took off her veil; and the National Liberty Party Convention in New York at which presidential candidate Gerrit Smith established a party plank of women's suffrage after much debate.
^ The Seneca Falls Convention (Reason): American Treasures of the Library of Congress
^ James, Edward T., Janet Wilson James, and Paul S. Boyer(1971). Notable American Women, 1607-1950; A Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
^ Stevens, Peter F (1993). The Mayflower Murderer and Other Forgotten Firsts in American History. New York: Morrow.
^ Lauter, Paul, and Bruce-Novoa (1990). The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath.
^ Though it is popularly known as the first-ever women's rights convention, the Seneca Falls Convention was preceded by the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City, at which women's rights issues were debated, especially African-American women's rights.
• Gordon, Ann D.; Collier-Thomas, Bettye (1997). "Introduction". African American women and the vote, 1837–1965. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 2–9. ISBN 1-55849-059-0.
In June 1848, two male-organized conventions discussed the rights of women: The Conference of Badasht in Persia, at which Táhirih advocated women's rights and took off her veil; and the National Liberty Party Convention in New York at which presidential candidate Gerrit Smith established a party plank of women's suffrage after much debate.
^ The Seneca Falls Convention (Reason): American Treasures of the Library of Congress
^ http://www.sheisanastronomer.org/index.php/history/maria-mitchell
^ Robbins, Trina, Cynthia Martin, and Anne Timmons (2007). Elizabeth Blackwell: America's First Woman Doctor. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press.
^ Stein, R. Conrad (2010). Harriet Tubman: "on My Underground Railroad I Never Ran My Train Off the Track". Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers.
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[113] According to the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, the course for the Western Hemisphere Marathon was short in 1962 and 1963.^[111] The ARRS also notes the date of the race as December 14, 1963.^[111]^[112]

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[15] Though it is popularly known as the first-ever women's rights convention, the Seneca Falls Convention was preceded by the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City, at which women's rights issues were debated, especially African-American women's rights.
• Gordon, Ann D.; Collier-Thomas, Bettye (1997). "Introduction". African American women and the vote, 1837–1965. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 2–9. ISBN 1-55849-059-0.
In June 1848, two male-organized conventions discussed the rights of women: The Conference of Badasht in Persia, at which Táhirih advocated women's rights and took off her veil; and the National Liberty Party Convention in New York at which presidential candidate Gerrit Smith established a party plank of women's suffrage after much debate.

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• Gordon, Ann D.; Collier-Thomas, Bettye (1997). "Introduction". African American women and the vote, 1837–1965. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 2–9. ISBN 1-55849-059-0.
In June 1848, two male-organized conventions discussed the rights of women: The Conference of Badasht in Persia, at which Táhirih advocated women's rights and took off her veil; and the National Liberty Party Convention in New York at which presidential candidate Gerrit Smith established a party plank of women's suffrage after much debate.

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[206] ttp://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/11/caroline-kennedy-sworn-ambassador-japan/71532/

[207] ttp://japandailypress.com/caroline-kennedy-sworn-in-as-new-us-ambassador-to-japan-1339441/

[208] ttp://www.insideworldfootball.com/world-football/football-americas/concacaf-news/13621-hamm-is-first-woman-inductee-into-pachuca-world-football-hall-of-fame

[Twitter-209] "Thank you". Twitter. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[Wall_Street_Journal-210] "Curtain Is Rising on a Tech Premiere With (as Usual) a Mostly Male Cast". Retrieved 4 October 2013.

[211] ttp://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2013/12/10/gm-new-ceo/3950057/

[212] ttp://www.wjla.com/articles/2013/12/deborah-rutter-named-kennedy-center-president-is-first-woman-to-hold-job-97927.html

[213] ttp://www.navytimes.com/article/20131220/NEWS/312200019/Senate-confirms-Navy-s-first-female-4-star-VCNO

[214] ttp://miami.cbslocal.com/2014/01/11/first-woman-completes-1515-mile-saltwater-paddling-trail/

[215] ttp://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/22154417

[216] ttp://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/22238317

[217] ttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/14/tatyana-mcfadden-chicago-marathon_n_4097188.html

[218] ttp://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2013/11/03/new-york-city-marathon-boston-tribute/3413851/

[219] ttp://www.paralympic.org/news/tatyana-mcfadden-makes-history-chicago-marathon

[220] ttp://www.afb.org/afbpress/community.asp?AnnouncementID=1490

[221] ttp://www.nbcnews.com/business/senate-approves-yellen-fed-chair-2D11869412

[222] ttp://www.thewrap.com/oscar-nominations-megan-ellison-first-woman-score-2-best-picture-nods-year/

[223] ttp://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/jfk-library-foundation-names-female-ceo-22270123

[224] ttp://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/olympics/article/10439639/espnw-erin-hamlin-delivers-one-unpredictable-unforgettable-olympic-moments

[225] ttp://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/sochi/2014/02/11/womens-ski-jump-carina-vogt-wins-gold/5395533/

[226] ttp://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2014-02-19/sports/sfl-williams-silver-medal-bobsled-20140219_1_sochi-games-jamie-greubel-heather-moyse

[ESPN-227] "Lauryn Williams eyes Olympic history". ESPN. February 18, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.

[228] ttp://extramustard.si.com/2014/02/17/jen-welter-first-female-football-player/

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@@ Line 147: / Line 147: @@
 ::The first [[Mother's Day (U.S.)]] was observed; [[Anna Jarvis]] is noted as the driving force for recognition of this holiday.<ref>Sterling, Mary Ellen, and Dona Rice (1997). The 20th century. Huntington Beach, CA: Teacher Created Materials, Inc.</ref>
 ::The first U.S. Navy nurses, known as the [[Sacred Twenty]], were appointed; they were all women, and were the first women to formally serve in the U.S. Navy. <ref>http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/prs-tpic/nurses/nurses.htm</ref>
-::Poet [[Julia Ward Howe]] became the first woman elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]]. <ref>http://www.politico.com/story/2014/01/first-woman-elected-to-american-academy-of-arts-and-letters-jan-28-1908-102659.html#ixzz2rteFSFRv</ref>
+::Poet [[Julia Ward Howe]] was the first woman elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]]. <ref>http://www.politico.com/story/2014/01/first-woman-elected-to-american-academy-of-arts-and-letters-jan-28-1908-102659.html#ixzz2rteFSFRv</ref>
 === 1910s ===
@@ Line 156: / Line 156: @@
 *1911
 ::[[Harriet Quimby]] was the first woman to be licensed as an airplane pilot in America.<ref>Betz, Paul R., and Mark C. Carnes (2002). American national biography. Supplement. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>
 *1912
 ::[[Girl Guides of America]] (now Girl Scouts of the USA) was established as the first voluntary organization for girls.<ref name="Read, Phyllis J. 1992"/>
 *1914
 ::[[Caresse Crosby]] was the first woman to patent a brassiere.<ref>Shaw, Charles (2011). The Untold Stories of Excellence From a Life of Despair and Uncertainty to One That Offers Hope and a New Beginning. Xlibris Corp.</ref>
 *1916
 ::The first birth control clinic was opened by [[Margaret Sanger]].<ref>Whitelaw, Nancy (1994). Margaret Sanger: "every child a wanted child". New York: Dillon Press.</ref><ref>Sanger, Margaret (1938). Margaret Sanger an autobiography. New York: Norton.</ref>
 :: [[Jeannette Rankin]] was the first woman in America to be elected to Congress.<ref name="Schultz, Jeffrey D. 1999">Schultz, Jeffrey D., and Laura A. Van Assendelft (1999). Encyclopedia of women in American politics. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx Press.</ref>
 *1917
 ::[[Loretta Perfectus Walsh]] was the first woman to enlist in the United States Navy.<ref>Kane, Joseph Nathan (1981). Famous first facts: a record of first happenings, discoveries, and inventions in American history. New York: H.W. Wilson.</ref>
 *1918
 ::[[Annette Adams]] was the first female United States attorney general, "...the highest judicial position any woman in the world had ever held".<ref name="O'Dea, Suzanne 1999">O'Dea, Suzanne (1999). From suffrage to the Senate: an encyclopedia of American women in politics. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.</ref>
 ::[[Opha Mae Johnson]] was the first woman to enlist in the United States Marines.<ref>Lacy, Linda Cates (2004). We are Marines!: World War I to the present. [North Carolina]: Tar Heel Chapter, NC-1, Women Marines Association.</ref>
-:: Twin sisters Genevieve and Lucille Baker of the Naval Coastal Defense Reserve became the first uniformed women to serve in the U.S. Coast Guard.<ref>http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/womenchronology.asp</ref>
+:: Twin sisters Genevieve and Lucille Baker of the Naval Coastal Defense Reserve were the first uniformed women to serve in the U.S. Coast Guard.<ref>http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/womenchronology.asp</ref>
 ::[[Sara Teasdale]] was the first woman to win the [[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry]] (for her work ''Love Songs.'') <ref>{{cite web|url=http://bellefontainecemetery.org/timeline/sara-teasdale-1884-1933/ |title=Sara Teasdale 1884-1933 |publisher=Bellefontaine Cemetery |date= |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref>
@@ Line 179: / Line 174: @@
 *1920
 ::Marie Luhring was the first woman in America to become an automotive engineer.<ref>McCullough, Joan (1980). First of all: significant "firsts" by American women. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.</ref>
 *1921
 ::[[Edith Wharton]] was the first woman in America to win the Pulitzer Prize.<ref>Wharton, Edith (1928). The children. New York: D. Appleton and Co.</ref>
@@ Line 185: / Line 179: @@
 ::[[Alice Mary Robertson]] was the first woman to preside over the House of Representatives; however, she was opposed to women's suffrage.<ref name="O'Dea, Suzanne 1999"/>
 ::[[Zona Gale]] was the first woman to win the [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]] (for ''[[Miss Lulu Bett (play)|Miss Lulu Bett]]''.) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://minttheater.org/archive-miss-lulu-bett.php?tab=tab-1 |title=Miss Lulu Bett &#124; Archives &#124; Mint Theater Company |publisher=Minttheater.org |date= |accessdate=2013-09-05}}</ref>
 *1922
-::[[Rebecca Felton]] was sworn in as the first female Senator in the United States.<ref name="Schultz, Jeffrey D. 1999"/>
+::[[Rebecca Felton]] was sworn in as the first female Senator in the United States.<ref name="Schultz, Jeffrey D. 1999"/
 *1924
 ::[[Juliana R. Force]] - first woman to present [[folk art]] in an official public showing exhibition in America.
 *1925
 :: [[Nellie Tayloe Ross]] was the first woman in America to be elected governor, and the only one since that has served in Wyoming.<ref name="Gourley, Catherine 2008"/>
 *1926
 ::[[Gertrude Ederle]] was the first woman to swim across the English Channel.<ref>Adler, David A., and Terry Widener (2000). America's champion swimmer: Gertrude Ederle. San Diego: Harcourt.</ref>
 *1928
 ::[[Amelia Earhart]] was the first woman to fly across the Atlantic ocean.<ref>Van Pelt, Lori (2005). Amelia Earhart: the sky's no limit. New York: Forge.</ref>
@@ Line 210: / Line 199: @@
 ::[[Hattie Caraway]] was the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate.<ref>http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=c000138</ref>
 *1933
-::[[Francis Perkins]] was the first woman to serve as a cabinet member, under [[Franklin Roosevelt]], and therefore the first woman to serve as Secretary of Labor. <ref name="perkins_a">{{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0916FF3D5F147A93C7A8178ED85F418685F9|title=Frances Perkins, The First Woman In Cabinet, Is Dead|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=May 15, 1965|accessdate=November 9, 2008}}</ref><ref name="perkins_b">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/roosevelt-appoint-first-ever-female-cabinet-member|title=Roosevelt to Appoint First-Ever Female Cabinet Member|work=[[The Nation]]|first= Oswald G.|last=Villard|date=December 8, 2008|accessdate=February 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>Keller, Emily (2006). Frances Perkins: first woman cabinet member. Greensboro, N.C.: Morgan Reynolds Pub.</ref><ref>http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1278</ref>
+::[[Francis Perkins]] was the first woman to serve as a cabinet member, under [[Franklin Roosevelt]], and as such the first woman to serve as Secretary of Labor. <ref name="perkins_a">{{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0916FF3D5F147A93C7A8178ED85F418685F9|title=Frances Perkins, The First Woman In Cabinet, Is Dead|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=May 15, 1965|accessdate=November 9, 2008}}</ref><ref name="perkins_b">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/roosevelt-appoint-first-ever-female-cabinet-member|title=Roosevelt to Appoint First-Ever Female Cabinet Member|work=[[The Nation]]|first= Oswald G.|last=Villard|date=December 8, 2008|accessdate=February 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>Keller, Emily (2006). Frances Perkins: first woman cabinet member. Greensboro, N.C.: Morgan Reynolds Pub.</ref><ref>http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1278</ref>
 *1934
 ::[[Gertrude Atherton]] was the first woman to be president of the National Academy of Literature.<ref>Davis, Cynthia J., and Kathryn West (1996). Women writers in the United States: a timeline of literary, cultural, and social history. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>
@@ Line 243: / Line 232: @@
 *1953
 ::Fae Adams was the first female to receive regular commission as a doctor in the United States Army.<ref>Giele, Janet Zollinger, and Leslie F. Stebbins (2003). Women and equality in the workplace: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO.</ref>
+::[[Oveta Culp Hobby]] was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. <ref>http://www.humanitiestexas.org/news/articles/womens-history-month-oveta-culp-hobby-senator-kay-bailey-hutchison</ref>
 *1955
 :: [[Betty Robbins]], born in Greece, was the first female cantor ([[hazzan]]) in the 5,000 year old history of Judaism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishtimes.com/index.php/jewishtimes/judaism_101/jt/judaism_101/the_first_cantor/ |title=Baltimore Jewish Times|publisher=Jewishtimes.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-17}}</ref> She was appointed cantor of the [[Reform Judaism|reform]] <ref name=andre>{{cite news|last=Andres|first=Holly J.|title=Conservatice Female Cantor Fits In Religion|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/CONSERVATIVE+FEMALE+CANTOR+FITS+IN+RELIGION%3A+LINDA+RICH+FOLLOWS...-a0176008848|accessdate=2012-08-26|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]|date=2008-03-01}}</ref> Temple Avodah in [[Oceanside, New York]] in 1955,<ref name=wrwc>{{cite news|title=Religion: Woman Cantor|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,807498,00.html|accessdate=2012-08-26|newspaper=[[TIME Magazine]]|date=1955-08-15}}</ref>  when she was 31 and the Temple was without a cantor for the [[High Holidays]].<ref name=jwar>{{cite web|last=Robbins|first=Sandra|title=Betty Robbins|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/robbins-betty|publisher=Jewish Women's Archive|accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Woman Named Cantor|accessdate=8 March 2012|newspaper=The Portsmouth Times|date=4 August 1955|agency=AP|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5YlaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=c88MAAAAIBAJ&pg=2973,5464741&dq=betty-robbins+cantor&hl=en|location=Oceanside, New Jersey}}</ref>
@@ Line 302: / Line 292: @@
 ::[[Diane Crump]] was the first woman in America to ride in the Kentucky Derby, she placed fifteenth.<ref>Kleber, John E (2001). The encyclopedia of Louisville. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky.</ref>
 ::[[Patricia Palinkas]] was the first woman to play professionally in an [[American football]] game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1992-04-05/news/9204031063_1_palinkas-pat-fans|accessdate=August 25, 2011|date=April 5, 1992|title=Pat Parlinkas, The Only Woman To Play Professional Football|publisher=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|first1=Gary|last1=McKechnie|first2=Nancy|last2=Howell}}</ref>
 *1972
 ::[[Anna Mae Hays]] and [[Elizabeth P. Hoisington]] were the first women in the United States promoted to [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Matt Schudel |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/03/local/me-hoisington3 |title=Elizabeth P. Hoisington, 88; pioneering brigadier general led the Women's Army Corps - Los Angeles Times |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=2005-03-06 |accessdate=2013-09-05}}</ref>
 ::[[Sally Priesand]] was ordained on June 3rd, 1972, by Glueck's successor as the [[Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion]]'s president Rabbi [[Alfred Gottschalk (Rabbi)|Alfred Gottschalk]] at [[Plum Street Temple]] in Cincinnati,<ref name="Zola20">{{cite book | url= http://books.google.ch/books?id=_qkP-xe7Lp4C&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false| title=Women Rabbis: Exploration & Celebration: Papers Delivered at an Academic Conference Honoring Twenty Years of Women in the Rabbinate, 1972-1992 | publisher=Hebrew Union College Press | editor=Zola, Gary Phillip | year=1996 | page=20 | isbn=0-87820-214-5}}</ref> making her the first woman to be ordained as a rabbi in the United States and only the second woman ever to be formally ordained in the history of Judaism.<ref name=NYT1972>Blau, Eleanor. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20F11F83A5910738DDDAD0894DE405B828BF1D3 "1st Woman Rabbi in U.S. Ordained; She May Be Only the Second in History of Judaism"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 4, 1972. Retrieved September 17, 2009. "Sally J. Priesand was ordained at the Isaac M. Wise Temple here today, becoming the first woman rabbi in this country and it is believed, the second in the history of Judaism."</ref>
-::[[Katharine Graham]] became the first female [[Fortune 500]] CEO, as CEO of the Washington Post company. <ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=UD9TOvA3cy0C&pg=PT41&lpg=PT41&dq=%22first+female+fortune+500+ceo%22&source=bl&ots=cfgjlRTP0W&sig=W6cZM3JeLRg4wyEimAihlf9UxRo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BJIOU_G4OMT80wGAqIGgBg&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22first%20female%20fortune%20500%20ceo%22&f=false</ref><ref>http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/firsts-us-women</ref>
+::[[Katharine Graham]] was the first female [[Fortune 500]] CEO, as CEO of the Washington Post company. <ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=UD9TOvA3cy0C&pg=PT41&lpg=PT41&dq=%22first+female+fortune+500+ceo%22&source=bl&ots=cfgjlRTP0W&sig=W6cZM3JeLRg4wyEimAihlf9UxRo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BJIOU_G4OMT80wGAqIGgBg&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22first%20female%20fortune%20500%20ceo%22&f=false</ref><ref>http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/firsts-us-women</ref>
 *1973
 ::[[Shirley Muldowney]] was the first woman to receive a [[National Hot Rod Association|NHRA]] license to drive [[Top Fuel]] dragsters, the highest level of the [[drag racing]] sport.<ref name=TFL>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotrod.com/whereitbegan/hrdp_0904_shirley_muldowney_interview/top_fuel_license_championship.html |title=In Their Own Words: Shirley Muldowney / Top Fuel License |publisher=''Hot Rod Magazine'' |author=Bill McGuire |accessdate=December 19, 2009}}</ref>
 *1974
 ::[[Jeannette Piccard]] was the first female ballon pilot licensed in the United States; she was also the first woman to ascend to the stratosphere.<ref>Shayler, David, and Ian A. Moule (2005). Women in space: -- following Valentina. Chichester, UK: Praxis Pub.</ref>
 ::[[Ella T. Grasso]] was the first woman to be elected a U.S. governor who was not the wife or widow of a governor; she was elected governor of Connecticut.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/06/nyregion/ex-gov-grasso-of-connecticut-dead-of-cancer.html</ref>
 *1975
 ::[[Barbara Ostfeld-Horowitz]] was the first female cantor to be ordained in Reform Judaism in 1975.<ref name="jwa.org">http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/cantors-american-jewish-women</ref>
+::[[Carla Anderson Hills|Carla Hills]] was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. <ref>http://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial/oralhistory/carla-hills/</ref> <ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=Ni0inG4e0AoC&pg=PA172&lpg=PA172&dq=%22first+woman+%22+%22secretary+of+housing+and+urban+development%22+carla&source=bl&ots=PErjvMoMnv&sig=3paWxfXngnuX8DwzeU6OabQDzWE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UuQPU8zoDsH30gGcg4GYBQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22first%20woman%20%22%20%22secretary%20of%20housing%20and%20urban%20development%22%20carla&f=false</ref>
 *1976
 :: Shirley Black, aka [[Shirley Temple]], was the first woman to be chief of protocol, which she was for President [[Gerald Ford]].<ref>Hightower-Langston, Donna (2002). A to Z of American women leaders and activists. New York: Facts on File.</ref>
@@ Line 323: / Line 309: @@
 :: Women first began to attend the U.S. service academies. <ref>http://www.womensmemorial.org/H%26C/History/milacad.html</ref>
 :: [[Shirley Muldowney]] was the first woman to win a NHRA national event.<ref name="TFL"/>
 *1977
 ::[[Janet Guthrie]] was the first woman to compete in the Indianapolis 500,<ref name="Guthrie">{{cite web|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/052806/pro_052806116.shtml|title=Guthrie wonders why more women haven't followed her|date=May 28, 2006|work=[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]]|accessdate=2013-07-16|location=Lubbock, TX}}</ref> and the first woman to lead a [[NASCAR]] [[Winston Cup Series]] (now Sprint Cup Seres) event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressherald.com/news/Daytona-crash-exposes-risks-to-fans.html?pageType=mobile&id=1|title=Jimmie Johnson wins Daytona 500|date=February 24, 2013|work=[[Portland Press Herald]]|accessdate=2013-07-17|location=Portland, ME}}</ref>
 ::[[Shirley Muldowney]] was the first woman to win a NHRA championship, in the Top Fuel category.<ref name="TFL"/>
 ::[[Barbara McClintock]] was the first woman to win an unshared [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]], and since she was American, she was the first American woman to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/18/women-nobel-prize-winners-science-award_n_3541686.html#slide=2600376 |title=Women Nobel Prize Winners: 16 Women Who Defied Odds To Win Science's Top Award (PHOTOS) |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-05}}</ref>
+::[[Juanita M. Kreps]] was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Commerce. <ref>http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/08/local/la-me-juanita-kreps-20100708</ref>
 *1978
 ::[[Janet Guthrie]] was the first woman to compete in the [[Daytona 500]].<ref name="Guthrie"/>
 ::[[Marcia Frederick]], at the age of fifteen, was the first woman in America to win Olympic gold in gymnastics.<ref>Miller, Ernestine G (2002). Making her mark: firsts and milestones in women's sports. Chicago: Contemporary Books.</ref>
 ::[[Mary E. Clarke]] was the first woman to achieve the rank of [[Major general (United States)|major general]] in the United States Army.{{sfn|Air Force|1978|p=37, vol 61 '' US Army has promoted its first woman to the rank of major general. Wearing two stars is Mary Clarke, former Commander of the discontinued Woman's Army Corps''}}
 *1979
 ::[[Susan B. Anthony]] was the first woman in America to be depicted on a coin.<ref>Richards, Caroline Cowles, and Kerry A. Graves (2000). A nineteenth-century schoolgirl: the diary of Caroline Cowles Richards, 1852-1855. Mankato, Minn: Blue Earth Books.</ref>
+::[[Patricia Roberts Harris|Patricia R. Harris]] was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Health and Human Services. <ref>http://www.nwpc.org/statistics</ref>
+::[[Shirley Hufstedler]] was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Education. <ref>http://www.nwpc.org/statistics</ref>
 === 1980s ===
@@ Line 342: / Line 328: @@
 *1981
 ::[[Sandra Day O'Connor]] was the first woman to be a member on the United States Supreme Court.<ref>Biskupic, Joan, and Sandra Day O'Connor (2005). Sandra Day O'Connor: how the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice. New York: ECCO.</ref>
 *1983
 ::[[Sally Ride]] was the first American woman in space.<ref>Riddolls, Tom (2011). Sally Ride: the first American woman in space. St. Catharines, Ont: Crabtree Pub. Co.</ref>
+::[[Elizabeth Dole]] was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Transportation. <ref>http://www.nwpc.org/statistics</ref>
 *1984
 ::[[Geraldine Ferraro]] was the first woman in America to run for vice president on a major-party platform.<ref>Hutchison, Kay Bailey (2006). American heroines: the spirited women who shaped our country. New York: Harper.</ref>
 ::[[Joan Benoit]] won the first women's Olympic marathon.<ref>Cooper, Pamela (1998). The American marathon. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.</ref>
 *1985
 ::[[Penny Harrington]]  was appointed as Chief of Police, making her the first woman to lead a major-city police department.<ref>http://www.thenextwomen.com/2013/03/04/penny-harrington-usa-s-1st-female-chief-police</ref>
 *1986
-::[[Ann Bancroft]] was the first woman to reach the North Pole by foot and dogsled, "...she became the first known woman to cross the ice to the North Pole."<ref>Roberts, Kate (2007). Minnesota 150: the people, places, and things that shape our state. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 9.</ref>
+::[[Ann Bancroft]] was the first woman to reach the North Pole by foot and dogsled, "...she became the first known woman to cross the ice to the North Pole."<ref>Roberts, Kate (2007). Minnesota 150: the people, places, and things that shape our state. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 9.</ref
 *1987
 ::[[Aretha Franklin]] was the first woman inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].<ref>http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-inducts-first-woman</ref>
 *1988
 ::[[Shawna Robinson]] was the first woman to win a [[NASCAR]]-sanctioned [[stock car racing|stock car race]]<!--Stated as such but is likely the first ''touring series'' event, vis-a-vis weekly competition at local tracks?-->, winning in the [[Charlotte/Daytona Dash Series]] at [[New Asheville Speedway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-06-11/sports/sp-4254_1_shawna-robinson|title=Shawna Robinson Becomes First Woman to Win a NASCAR Race|date=June 18, 1988|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=2013-06-17|location=Los Angeles, CA}}</ref>
@@ Line 369: / Line 350: @@
 ::[[Halli Reid]] was the first woman to swim across [[Lake Erie]], swimming from Long Point, Ontario, to North East, Pennsylvania, in 17 hours.<ref name="goerie1">{{cite web|last=Martin |first=Jim |url=http://www.goerie.com/article/20120604/NEWS02/306049958/What's-in-a-name%3A-Halli-Reid-Park |title=What's in a name: Halli Reid Park |work=Erie Times |date=4 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="philly1">{{cite web|author=VICTOR FERNANDES, The Associated Press |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/wires/ap/news/nation/20130813_ap_b109698b03e842d4b01bcd7b9278730c.html |title=First woman to swim Lake Erie looks back |work=Philadelphia Daily News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reprints.goerie.com/mycapture/enlarge.asp?image=48343726&event=1690112&CategoryID=60316 |title=Twenty-Year Anniverary of Halli Reid's Swim Across Lake Erie – People |publisher=Reprints.goerie.com}}</ref>
 ::[[Janet Reno]] was the first woman to serve as Attorney General of the United States under President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref name="nbclearn">{{cite web|last=Couric |first=Katie |url=http://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/flatview?cuecard=4604 |title=First Woman Attorney General Janet Reno=archives.nbclearn.com}}</ref>
+::[[Hazel R. O'Leary]] was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Energy. <ref>http://www.nwpc.org/statistics</ref>
 *1994
-::[[Judith Rodin]] became the first permanent female president of an Ivy League University (specifically, the [[University of Pennsylvania]].) <ref>http://www.upenn.edu/president/about-presidency/history-presidency#rodin</ref>
+::[[Judith Rodin]] was the first permanent female president of an Ivy League University (specifically, the [[University of Pennsylvania]].) <ref>http://www.upenn.edu/president/about-presidency/history-presidency#rodin</ref>
 *1997
-::[[Madeleine Albright]], born in Prague, was the first woman in America to serve as United States Secretary of State; she served under President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>Kramer, Barbara (2000). Madeleine Albright: first woman Secretary of State. Springfield, N.J.: Enslow Publishers.</ref>
+::[[Madeleine Albright]], born in Prague, was the first woman to serve as Secretary of State; she served under President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>Kramer, Barbara (2000). Madeleine Albright: first woman Secretary of State. Springfield, N.J.: Enslow Publishers.</ref>
 ::[[Liz Heaston]] was the first woman to play and score in a [[college football]] game, kicking two extra points in the [[1997 Linfield vs. Willamette football game]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/20/sports/woman-kicks-extra-points.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 20, 2011|date=October 20, 1997|title=Woman Kicks Extra Points}}</ref>
 *1998
@@ Line 380: / Line 362: @@
 *2001
 ::[[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] was the first former [[First Lady of the United States]] to serve in the [[United States Senate]]; she served as a senator from New York.<ref name="wnyc news">{{cite web|last=Fertig/Bernstein |first=Beth/Andrea |url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/86135-hillary-clinton-becomes-first-first-lady-to-be-elected-senator/ |title=Hillary Clinton Becomes First 'First Lady' To Be Elected Senator=http://www.wnyc.org/}}</ref>
+::[[Gale Norton]] was the first woman to serve as Secretary of the Interior. <ref>http://www.nwpc.org/statistics</ref>
+::[[Ann Veneman]] was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Agriculture. <ref>http://www.nwpc.org/statistics</ref>
 *2002
 ::[[Melanie Wood]] was the first American woman and the second woman overall to be named a [[Putnam Fellow]].<ref>http://www.awm-math.org/biographies/contest/LeenaShah2007.html</ref>
@@ Line 396: / Line 380: @@
 ::[[Kathryn Bigelow]] was the first woman to win the [[Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film|Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing]], for ''[[The Hurt Locker]]'' (2008).<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/printArticle.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=340344&version=1&template_id=43&parent_id=19 |title=First woman to win top Guild’s award |publisher=Gulf Times |date=2010-01-31 |accessdate=2010-07-10}}</ref>
 ::[[Elinor Ostrom]] was the first woman to win the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]], and since she was American, the first American woman to do so; she shared the prize with [[Oliver E. Williamson]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Langer |first=Emily |url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-06-13/national/35462850_1_elinor-ostrom-nobel-prize-pastures |title=Elinor Ostrom, first woman to receive Nobel Prize in economics, dies at 78 - Washington Post |publisher=Articles.washingtonpost.com |date=2012-06-13 |accessdate=2013-09-05}}</ref>
+::[[Janet Napolitano]] was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Homeland Security. <ref>http://www.nwpc.org/statistics</ref>
 *2010
 ::[[Kathryn Bigelow]] was the first woman to win the [[Academy Award for Best Director]],<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/35752337/ |title=‘Hurt Locker’ wins best picture, director |publisher=Today.msnbc.msn.com |date=2010-03-08 |accessdate=2010-07-10}}</ref>  the [[BAFTA Award for Best Direction]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Reuters |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/2010/02/21/2010-02-21_kathryn_bigelow_wins_best_director_bafta_for_hurt_locker_over_james_camerons_ava.html |title=Kathryn Bigelow wins best director BAFTA for 'Hurt Locker' over James Cameron's 'Avatar' |publisher=NY Daily News |date=2010-02-21 |accessdate=2010-07-10 | location=New York}}</ref> and the [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards|Critics' Choice Award]] for Best Director, all for  ''[[The Hurt Locker]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/2010/01/15/2010-01-15_critics_choice_awards_2010_kathryn_bigelow_makes_history_as_first_female_to_win_.html |title=Critic's Choice Awards 2010: Sandra Bullock, Meryl Streep kiss; Kathryn Bigelow is Best Director |publisher=NY Daily News |date=2010-01-16 |accessdate=2010-07-10 | location=New York | first=Soraya | last=Roberts}}</ref>
-::[[Jennifer Gorovitz]] became the first woman to lead a large Jewish federation in America (specifically, the [[Jewish Community Federation]], based in San Francisco). <ref>http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/70548/stepping-down-jennifer-gorovitz-first-woman-to-lead-major-federation-resign/</reF>
+::[[Jennifer Gorovitz]] was the first woman to lead a large Jewish federation in America (specifically, the [[Jewish Community Federation]], based in San Francisco). <ref>http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/70548/stepping-down-jennifer-gorovitz-first-woman-to-lead-major-federation-resign/</reF>
 *2012
 ::[[Janet Wolfenbarger]] was the first female four-star general in the U.S. Air Force.<ref>http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/janet-wolfenbarger-air-forces-first-female-four-star-takes-material-command/</ref>
@@ Line 421: / Line 406: @@
 ::[[Deborah Rutter]] was named as the first female president of the [[Kennedy Center]].<ref>http://www.wjla.com/articles/2013/12/deborah-rutter-named-kennedy-center-president-is-first-woman-to-hold-job-97927.html</ref>
 ::[[Michelle Howard]] was confirmed by the Senate as the first female four-star admiral and the first female vice chief of naval operations in the U.S. Navy's history.<ref>http://www.navytimes.com/article/20131220/NEWS/312200019/Senate-confirms-Navy-s-first-female-4-star-VCNO</ref>
-::Jodi Eller became the first woman to complete the 1,515 mile Florida Circumnavigational Saltwater Paddling Trail. <ref>http://miami.cbslocal.com/2014/01/11/first-woman-completes-1515-mile-saltwater-paddling-trail/</ref>
+::Jodi Eller was the first woman to complete the 1,515 mile Florida Circumnavigational Saltwater Paddling Trail. <ref>http://miami.cbslocal.com/2014/01/11/first-woman-completes-1515-mile-saltwater-paddling-trail/</ref>
 ::[[Tatyana McFadden]], born in Russia, won the women's wheelchair divisions of the Boston, Chicago, London, and New York City marathons in 2013. This made her the first person - able-bodied or otherwise - to win four major marathons in the same year. She also set a new course record for the Chicago Marathon (1 hour, 42 minutes, 35 seconds). <ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/22154417</ref><ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/22238317</ref><ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/14/tatyana-mcfadden-chicago-marathon_n_4097188.html</ref><ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2013/11/03/new-york-city-marathon-boston-tribute/3413851/</ref><ref>http://www.paralympic.org/news/tatyana-mcfadden-makes-history-chicago-marathon</ref>
 ::The [[American Council of the Blind]] (ACB) voted unanimously to elect [[Kim Charlson]] as its president, making her the first female president of a major national blindness consumer advocacy organization in the United States. <ref>http://www.afb.org/afbpress/community.asp?AnnouncementID=1490</ref>
 *2014
 ::[[Janet Yellen]] was confirmed by the Senate as the first woman to lead the [[Federal Reserve]]. <ref>http://www.nbcnews.com/business/senate-approves-yellen-fed-chair-2D11869412</ref>
-::[[Megan Ellison]] became the first woman and the fourth person to receive two best picture Academy Award nominations in the same year, which she received for her work on “Her” and “American Hustle.” <ref>http://www.thewrap.com/oscar-nominations-megan-ellison-first-woman-score-2-best-picture-nods-year/</ref>
+::[[Megan Ellison]] was the first woman and the fourth person to receive two best picture Academy Award nominations in the same year, which she received for her work on “Her” and “American Hustle.” <ref>http://www.thewrap.com/oscar-nominations-megan-ellison-first-woman-score-2-best-picture-nods-year/</ref>
 ::[[Heather P. Campion]] was named as the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation's first female CEO. <ref>http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/jfk-library-foundation-names-female-ceo-22270123</ref>
-::[[Erin Hamlin]] became the first American of either gender to win a [[luge]] singles medal at a [[Winter Olympics]]; she won a bronze medal. <ref>http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/olympics/article/10439639/espnw-erin-hamlin-delivers-one-unpredictable-unforgettable-olympic-moments</reF>
+::[[Erin Hamlin]] was the first American of either gender to win a [[luge]] singles medal at a [[Winter Olympics]]; she won a bronze medal. <ref>http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/olympics/article/10439639/espnw-erin-hamlin-delivers-one-unpredictable-unforgettable-olympic-moments</reF>
 ::The first women competed in [[ski jumping]] at the Olympics, including three American women- [[Lindsey Van]], [[Jessica Jerome]] and [[Sarah Hendrickson]].<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/sochi/2014/02/11/womens-ski-jump-carina-vogt-wins-gold/5395533/</ref>
-::[[Lauryn Williams]] became the first American woman to [[List of people who have competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games|have won a medal in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games]]. <ref>http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2014-02-19/sports/sfl-williams-silver-medal-bobsled-20140219_1_sochi-games-jamie-greubel-heather-moyse</ref> <ref name=ESPN>{{cite news|title=Lauryn Williams eyes Olympic history|url=http://espn.go.com/olympics/winter/2014/bobsled/story/_/id/10476343/2014-sochi-games-usa-1-leads-olympic-women-bobsled-sochi-usa-2-third|accessdate=February 19, 2014|newspaper=[[ESPN]]|date=February 18, 2014}}</ref>
+::[[Lauryn Williams]] was the first American woman to [[List of people who have competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games|have won a medal in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games]]. <ref>http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2014-02-19/sports/sfl-williams-silver-medal-bobsled-20140219_1_sochi-games-jamie-greubel-heather-moyse</ref> <ref name=ESPN>{{cite news|title=Lauryn Williams eyes Olympic history|url=http://espn.go.com/olympics/winter/2014/bobsled/story/_/id/10476343/2014-sochi-games-usa-1-leads-olympic-women-bobsled-sochi-usa-2-third|accessdate=February 19, 2014|newspaper=[[ESPN]]|date=February 18, 2014}}</ref>
-::[[Jennifer Welter]] became the first woman non-kicker or placekick-holder to play in a men’s pro football game; she played running back for the Texas Revolution. <reF>http://extramustard.si.com/2014/02/17/jen-welter-first-female-football-player/</ref>
+::[[Jennifer Welter]] was the first woman non-kicker or placekick-holder to play in a men’s pro football game; she played running back for the Texas Revolution. <reF>http://extramustard.si.com/2014/02/17/jen-welter-first-female-football-player/</ref>
 == See also ==