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==History==
==History==
In the 1830s, France had several specialized agencies. Agence Havas was founded in 1835 by a [[Paris]]ian translator and [[Advertising agency|advertising agent]], [[Charles-Louis Havas]], to supply news about France to foreign customers. In the 1840s, Havas gradually incorporated other French agencies into his agency. Agence Havas evolved into [[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP).<ref>{{cite book |last=Broderick |first=James F. |authorlink= |coauthors=Darren W. Miller |editor= |others= |title=Consider the source: A Critical Guide to 100 Prominent News and Information Sites on the Web |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |year=2007 |publisher=Information Today, Inc. |location= |language= |isbn=0-910965-77-3 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=1 |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref> Two of his employees, [[Bernhard Wolff]] and [[Paul Reuter|Paul Julius Reuter]], later set up rival news agencies, [[Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau]] in 1849 in [[Berlin]] and [[Reuters]] in 1851 in [[London]] respectively. Wolffs was taken over by the Nazi regime in 1934, and Reuters continues to operate as a major international news agency today.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/25/us-reuters-baroness-idUSTRE50O1GV20090125 "Baroness Reuter, last link to news dynasty, dies"], ''Reuters'', January 25, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2013.</ref> In 1865, Reuter and Wolff signed agreements with Havas's sons, forming a cartel designating exclusive reporting zones for each of their agencies within Europe.<ref>[http://www.environmentalhistory.org/revcomm/timelines/ch7-telegraph/ "Ch 7 Telegraph"], ''Revolutions in Communication: Media history from Gutenberg to the digital age'' (2010). Retrieved February 12, 2013.</ref>
In the 1830s, France had several specialized agencies. Agence Havas was founded in 1835 by a [[Paris]]ian translator and [[Advertising agency|advertising agent]], [[Charles-Louis Havas]], to supply news about France to foreign customers. In the 1840s, Havas gradually incorporated other French agencies into his agency. Agence Havas evolved into [[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP).<ref>{{cite book |last=Broderick |first=James F. |authorlink= |coauthors=Darren W. Miller |editor= |others= |title=Consider the source: A Critical Guide to 100 Prominent News and Information Sites on the Web |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |year=2007 |publisher=Information Today, Inc. |location= |language= |isbn=0-910965-77-3 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=1 |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref> Two of his employees, [[Bernhard Wolff]] and [[Paul Reuter|Paul Julius Reuter]], later set up rival news agencies, [[Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau]] in 1849 in [[Berlin]] and [[Reuters]] in 1851 in [[London]] respectively. [[Guglielmo Stefani]] founded the [[Agenzia Stefani]], which became the most important press agency in [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy from the mid-19th century to World War II]], in [[Turin]] in 1853.


The development of the telegraph in the 1850s led to the creation of strong national agencies in England, Germany, Austria and the United States. But despite the efforts of governments, through telegraph laws of the in 1878 in France, inspired by the British [[Telegraph Act]] of 1869 which paved the way for the nationalisation of telegraph companies and their operations, the cost of telegraph remained high.
[[Guglielmo Stefani]] founded the [[Agenzia Stefani]], which became the most important press agency in [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy from the mid-19th century to World War II]], in [[Turin]] in 1853. In 1924, [[Benito Mussolini]] placed Agenzia Stefani under the direction of [[Manlio Morgagni]], who expanded the agency's reach significantly both within Italy and abroad. Agenzia Stefani was dissolved in 1945, and its technical structure and organization were transferred to the new [[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]] (ANSA).

In the United States, the judgment in ''[[Inter Ocean Publishing v. Associated Press]]'' facilitated competition by requiring agencies to accept all newspapers wishing to join. As a result of the increasing newspapers, the Associated Press was now challenged by the creation in 1907 of the [[United Press]] (association) and in 1909 of the [[International News Service]] by the [[Hearst group]]. Driven by the huge U.S. domestic market, boosted by the runaway success of radio, all three major agencies required the dismantling of the "cartel agencies" through the Agreement of 26 August 1927. They were concerned about the success of U.S. agencies from other European countries which sought to create national agencies after the First World War. Reuters had been weakened by war censorship, which promoted the creation of cooperative newspapers in the Commonwealth and national agencies in Asia, two of its strong areas. After the Second World War, the movement for the creation of national agencies accelerated, when accessing the independence of former colonies, the national agencies were operated by the State. Reuters, became cooperative, managed a breakthrough in finance, and helped to reduce the number of U.S. agencies from three to one, along with the internationalization of the Spanish [[EFE]] and the globalization of Agence France-Presse.

In 1924, [[Benito Mussolini]] placed Agenzia Stefani under the direction of [[Manlio Morgagni]], who expanded the agency's reach significantly both within Italy and abroad. Agenzia Stefani was dissolved in 1945, and its technical structure and organization were transferred to the new [[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]] (ANSA). Wolffs was taken over by the Nazi regime in 1934, and Reuters continues to operate as a major international news agency today.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/25/us-reuters-baroness-idUSTRE50O1GV20090125 "Baroness Reuter, last link to news dynasty, dies"], ''Reuters'', January 25, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2013.</ref> In 1865, Reuter and Wolff signed agreements with Havas's sons, forming a cartel designating exclusive reporting zones for each of their agencies within Europe.<ref>[http://www.environmentalhistory.org/revcomm/timelines/ch7-telegraph/ "Ch 7 Telegraph"], ''Revolutions in Communication: Media history from Gutenberg to the digital age'' (2010). Retrieved February 12, 2013.</ref>

Since the 1960s, the major agencies were provided with new opportunities in television and magazine, and news agencies delivered specialized production of images and photos, the demand for which is constantly increasing. In France, for example, they account for over two-thirds of national market.<ref name="SgDdai">« Statistiques d’entreprises des industries culturelles », par Valérie Deroin, Secrétariat général Délégation au développement et aux affaires internationales au sein du Département des études, de la prospective et des statistiques [http://www.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/content/.../Cchiffres08_4.pdf]</ref>


==Commercial services==
==Commercial services==

Revision as of 09:05, 29 January 2014

See also: List of news agencies
Reuters, Bonn 1988

A news agency is an organisation that gathers news reports and sells them to subscribing news organisations, such as newspapers, magazines, and radio and television broadcasters. A news agency may also be referred to as a wire service, newswire, or news service.

There are many news agencies around the world, but three are global news agency which have offices in most countries of the world and cover all areas of information: Associated Press, Reuters and Agence France-Presse. There are also dozens of national agencies, cooperative structure in Northern Europe and in the Anglo-Saxon countries.

History

In the 1830s, France had several specialized agencies. Agence Havas was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and advertising agent, Charles-Louis Havas, to supply news about France to foreign customers. In the 1840s, Havas gradually incorporated other French agencies into his agency. Agence Havas evolved into Agence France-Presse (AFP).[1] Two of his employees, Bernhard Wolff and Paul Julius Reuter, later set up rival news agencies, Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau in 1849 in Berlin and Reuters in 1851 in London respectively. Guglielmo Stefani founded the Agenzia Stefani, which became the most important press agency in Italy from the mid-19th century to World War II, in Turin in 1853.

The development of the telegraph in the 1850s led to the creation of strong national agencies in England, Germany, Austria and the United States. But despite the efforts of governments, through telegraph laws of the in 1878 in France, inspired by the British Telegraph Act of 1869 which paved the way for the nationalisation of telegraph companies and their operations, the cost of telegraph remained high.

In the United States, the judgment in Inter Ocean Publishing v. Associated Press facilitated competition by requiring agencies to accept all newspapers wishing to join. As a result of the increasing newspapers, the Associated Press was now challenged by the creation in 1907 of the United Press (association) and in 1909 of the International News Service by the Hearst group. Driven by the huge U.S. domestic market, boosted by the runaway success of radio, all three major agencies required the dismantling of the "cartel agencies" through the Agreement of 26 August 1927. They were concerned about the success of U.S. agencies from other European countries which sought to create national agencies after the First World War. Reuters had been weakened by war censorship, which promoted the creation of cooperative newspapers in the Commonwealth and national agencies in Asia, two of its strong areas. After the Second World War, the movement for the creation of national agencies accelerated, when accessing the independence of former colonies, the national agencies were operated by the State. Reuters, became cooperative, managed a breakthrough in finance, and helped to reduce the number of U.S. agencies from three to one, along with the internationalization of the Spanish EFE and the globalization of Agence France-Presse.

In 1924, Benito Mussolini placed Agenzia Stefani under the direction of Manlio Morgagni, who expanded the agency's reach significantly both within Italy and abroad. Agenzia Stefani was dissolved in 1945, and its technical structure and organization were transferred to the new Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata (ANSA). Wolffs was taken over by the Nazi regime in 1934, and Reuters continues to operate as a major international news agency today.[2] In 1865, Reuter and Wolff signed agreements with Havas's sons, forming a cartel designating exclusive reporting zones for each of their agencies within Europe.[3]

Since the 1960s, the major agencies were provided with new opportunities in television and magazine, and news agencies delivered specialized production of images and photos, the demand for which is constantly increasing. In France, for example, they account for over two-thirds of national market.[4]

Commercial services

News agencies can be corporations that sell news (e.g. Press Association, Thomson Reuters and United Press International). Other agencies work cooperatively with large media companies, generating their news centrally and sharing local news stories the major news agencies may choose to pick up and redistribute (i.e. Associated Press (AP), Agence France-Presse (AFP) or American Press Agency (APA)).

Governments may also control news agencies: China (Xinhua), Russia (ITAR-TASS) and other countries also have government-funded news agencies which also use information from other agencies as well.[5]

Commercial newswire services charge businesses to distribute their news (e.g. Business Wire, the Hugin Group, GlobeNewswire, Marketwire, PR Newswire, PR Web, PR NewsChannel, Pressat, CisionWire, and ABN Newswire).

The major news agencies generally prepare hard news stories and feature articles that can be used by other news organizations with little or no modification, and then sell them to other news organizations. They provide these articles in bulk electronically through wire services (originally they used telegraphy; today they frequently use the Internet). Corporations, individuals, analysts, and intelligence agencies may also subscribe.

News sources, collectively, described as alternative media provide reporting which emphasizes a self-defined "non-corporate view" as a contrast to the points of view expressed in corporate media and government-generated news releases. Internet-based alternative news agencies form one component of these sources.

Associations

There are several different associations of news agencies. EANA is the European Alliance of Press Agencies, while the OANA is an association of news agencies of the Asia-Pacific region.

Major news agencies

^ This is the new list replacing the old one. Feel free to add the remaining agencies in alphabetical order.


Commercial newswire services

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to News agencies.

References and notes

  1. ^ Broderick, James F. (2007). Consider the source: A Critical Guide to 100 Prominent News and Information Sites on the Web. Information Today, Inc. p. 1. ISBN 0-910965-77-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |origmonth=, |chapterurl=, and |origdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Baroness Reuter, last link to news dynasty, dies", Reuters, January 25, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  3. ^ "Ch 7 Telegraph", Revolutions in Communication: Media history from Gutenberg to the digital age (2010). Retrieved February 12, 2013.
  4. ^ « Statistiques d’entreprises des industries culturelles », par Valérie Deroin, Secrétariat général Délégation au développement et aux affaires internationales au sein du Département des études, de la prospective et des statistiques [1]
  5. ^ Boyd-Barrett, Oliver, ed. (2010). News Agencies in the Turbulent Era of the Internet. Generalitat de Catalunya. ISBN 978-84-393-8303-1
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