List of mosques in Indonesia: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Java: added garut mosque
Line 390: Line 390:
** [[:id:Masjid At Taqwa|At Taqwa Mosque]], Cirebon (1951)
** [[:id:Masjid At Taqwa|At Taqwa Mosque]], Cirebon (1951)
** Main Mosque of [[University of Indonesia]], [[Depok]] (1987).
** Main Mosque of [[University of Indonesia]], [[Depok]] (1987).
** [[:id:Mesjid Agung Garut|Great Mosque of Garut]], [[Garut]] (1998, replacing earlier the 1813 colonial-style mosque.)
** '''[[:id:Masjid Raya Bandung|Grand Mosque of Bandung]]''', [[Bandung]]
** '''[[:id:Masjid Raya Bandung|Grand Mosque of Bandung]]''', [[Bandung]]


<gallery>
<gallery>
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Moskee Cheribon TMnr 60005173.jpg|A mosque in Cirebon in the 1920s.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Moskee Cheribon TMnr 60005173.jpg|A mosque in Cirebon in the 1920s.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Moskee in Garoet TMnr 10016651.jpg|Great mosque of Garut in the 1920s
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Moskee in Garoet TMnr 10016651.jpg|The original building of the Great mosque of Garut in the 1920s.
File:Masjid UI.jpg|A modern mosque in [[University of Indonesia]] follows the language of the traditional multi-tiered roofs.
File:Masjid UI.jpg|A modern mosque in [[University of Indonesia]] follows the language of the traditional multi-tiered roofs.
</gallery>
</gallery>
Line 427: Line 428:
** [[:id:Al Akbar Mosque|Al Akbar Mosque]], [[Surabaya]]
** [[:id:Al Akbar Mosque|Al Akbar Mosque]], [[Surabaya]]
** [[:id:Masjid Ampel|Ampel Mosque]], [[Surabaya]]
** [[:id:Masjid Ampel|Ampel Mosque]], [[Surabaya]]
** [[Great Mosque of Malang]], [[Malang]]
** [[:id:Masjid Agung Malang|Great Mosque of Malang]], [[Malang]]
** [[:id:Masjid Miftahul Jannah|Miftahul Jannah Mosque]], Takerharjo, Solokuro, [[Lamongan]]
** [[:id:Masjid Miftahul Jannah|Miftahul Jannah Mosque]], Takerharjo, Solokuro, [[Lamongan]]


Revision as of 11:34, 6 January 2013

The unique minaret (also drum tower) of Kudus Mosque in Central Java was built in the 16th century following the Hindu-Buddhist style of the Majapahit era. In Indonesia, the previous Hindu-Buddhist and traditional architectural elements are preserved.

These are lists of mosques in Indonesia, based on

  • The completion year of the building.
  • The capacity of the building.
  • Grouped into regions

These lists only include notable mosques.

The Indonesian Mesjid Agung is translated as "Great Mosque", while Mesjid Raya is translated as "Grand Mosque".

Mesjid Keramat is translated as "Holy Mosque".

Mesjid Jami is translated as Jami Mosque, which refers to the mosque where the weekly Friday prayer take

History

Majapahit-styled tower and gates at the mosque of Kudus before the addition of the Persian-styled mosque in the 20th century.

Islam spread gradually in Indonesia from 12th century onwards, and especially during the 14th and 15th century. The advent of Islam did not lead to the introduction of a new building tradition, but saw the appropriation of existing architectural forms, which were reinterpreted to suit Muslim requirements.

Early Islamic architecture

Early Islamic architecture resembles a Majapahit era candi or gates. Most of the early Islamic mosques can still be found in Java, and the architectural style follows the existing building tradition in Java, in which four central posts support a soaring pyramidal roofs. None of the earliest Islamic structures in Sumatra survives. The characteristic of Islamic architecture include multi-tiered roofs, ceremonial gateways, and a variety of decorative elements such as elaborate clay finials for roof peaks. The multi-tiered roofs are derived from the tiered meru roof found in Balinese temple.[1]

The oldest surviving Indonesian mosques are quiet large and in most cases were closely associated with palaces.[2] The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia is the Great Mosque of Demak which is the royal mosque of the Sultanate of Demak, although this is not the oldest Islamic structure. The oldest Islamic structure in Indonesia are parts of the royal palace in Sultanate of Cirebon, Cirebon. The palace complex contains a chronogram which can be read as the Saka equivalent of AD 1454. Early Islamic palaces retain many features of pre-Islamic architecture which is apparent in the gates or drum towers. The Kasepuhan palace was probably begun in the late pre-Islamic period, and continued to grow during the Hinduism-to-Islam transitional period. The complex contains clues to the stages of the process of the gradual changes as Islam become incorporated into Indonesian architecture. Two of the Hindu features adopted into Islam in Kasepuhan palace is the two types of gateways - the split portal (candi bentar) which provides access to the public audience pavilion and the lintel gate (paduraksa) which leads to the front court of the Kasepuhan palace.

Minarets was not originally an integral part in Indonesian mosque.[1] The Menara Kudus Mosque's tower was built in a Javanese Hindu brick temple style,[3] This tower is not used as a minaret, but as a place for bedug, a huge drum which is beaten to the summons to prayer in Indonesia. This tower is similar to the Drumtowers of Hindu Balinese temples called kul-kul, an integral components in Balinese temples. These suggest a continuation of an earlier Hindu-Buddhist period into the Islamic era in Indonesia.[1]

Intensive spice trade had strong influence on the Indonesian archipelago. As a result, the multi-storied roof architecture of mosques can be found from Aceh to Ambon.[4] The spread of Islam through the Indonesian archipelago can be divided into three distinct historical processes. In Sumatra, the establishment of early Islamic states reflected the emergence of new polities rather than the subjugation of existing kingdoms. In Java, Muslim rulers succeeded to the political power base of Hindu kings, although instead of eliminating the earlier ideology, they maintained a high degree of continuity with the past while extending their dominion. In eastern Indonesia (Borneo, Celebes, and Maluku) established rulers simply converted to Islam. These three distinct processes are reflected in the architecture of mosques in different part of the Indonesian Archipelago. In Sumatra, mosques do not occupy a significant position in terms of their spatial relation to the palace of the ruler; rather, provides the focus for a wider area which includes the palace complex. in Java, there is a strong relationship between mosque and the ruler's palace, even when they are located far away from each other. This is particularly significant in the case of Masjid Agung (Great Mosques) of Java which are situated within the palace complex. In eastern Indonesia, conversion to Islam simply involved the appropriation of existing religious buildings to serve as mosques.

See also explanations in the section By regions below.

Colonial period

Domes and pointed arches, a well-known features in central, south and southwest Asia did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century, when they were introduced by Dutch influence over local rulers. Indonesian scholars became familiar with the Near Eastern influence as they began to visit Islamic centers in Egypt and India.[4]

Post-independence

Al Azhar Mosque in Jakarta is influenced by the Near East more strongly than the vernacular style.

After the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia, many older mosques built in traditional style were renovated and small domes were added to their square hipped roofs. Probably it was built in imitation of similar modifications made to the main mosque in the regional capital nearby.[4]

Since the 1970s, the appropriateness of traditional buildings has been politically acknowledged, and some layered hipped forms have been reinstated. President Soeharto contributed to this trend during the 1980s by instigating the Amal Bakti Muslim Pancasila Foundation which subsidized the erection of small mosques in less prosperous communities. The standardized design of these mosques includes three hipped roofs above a square prayer hall, reminiscent of the Great Mosque of Demak.[4]

Today, mosque architecture in Indonesia breaks apart from the multi-tiered traditions of traditional Javanese mosque. Most mosques in Indonesia today follows the Near Eastern influence e.g. Persian, Arabic, or Turkish style architecture.

Oldest mosques in Indonesia

To be listed in this category, the mosque has to be inaugurated in the pre-independence period of Indonesia (roughly before the 1950s) and have not been substantially altered in later periods. Mosques which have undergone major alteration should not be placed in this table.

The list is divided into two based on form: traditional mosques and eclectic mosques.

Traditional mosques

To be listed in this category, the architecture of the mosque has to show traditional style absent of Western or Middle-Eastern influence, such as the multi-tiered roofs.

Name Images Location Year Architectural style Remarks
Great Mosque of Demak
Demak, Central Java 1466, 1506[5] Javanese The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia[3]
Menara Kudus Mosque
Kudus, Central Java 1549[6] Majapahit-style (minaret), Persian architecture (mosque)
Mosque of Mantingan Mantingan, Jepara Regency, Central Java 1559 Javanese
Great Mosque of Banten
Banten, Banten 1560[7] Javanese
Tuo Kayu Mosque Jorong Kayu Jao, Solok Regency 1599[8][9] Minangkabau
Heritage Mosque of Banua Lawas
Banua Lawas, Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan 1625[10] Banjar Oldest mosque in Kalimantan.
Kiai Gede Mosque Kotawaringin Barat Regency, Central Kalimantan 1632[citation needed] Javanese The construction of the mosque was initiated by the Sultanate of Banjar[citation needed]
Jami Mosque of Sultan Nata Sintang, Sintang Regency 1672[11] Javanese
Sultan Ternate Mosque
Early 20th century picture of the Sultan Ternate Mosque
 Ternate, North Maluku 17th century[citation needed] Javanese The construction of the mosque was initiated by the Sultanate of Ternate[citation needed]
Sultan Suriansyah Mosque
Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan 1746[12] Javanese-Banjar Established in the 16th century, it is the oldest mosque in Borneo based on its year of establishment. The form of the building has been altered in the 18th century.
Yogyakarta Grand Mosque
Yogyakarta (city), Special Region of Yogyakarta 1773 Javanese The royal mosque of Yogyakarta Sultanate
Ganting Grand Mosque
Padang, West Sumatra 1805 Javanese Oldest mosque in Padang and one of the largest in the city.
Jami Mosque of Pontianak Pontianak, West Kalimantan 1821 (construction started)[13] Javanese The first mosque of West Kalimantan and the largest in the province.[13]
Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi
Sungai Penuh, Jambi 1902[14] Jambi vernacular

Eclectic mosques

To be listed in this category, the architecture of the mosque has to show prominent foreign features such as pointed arches and domes.

Name Images Location Year Architectural style Remarks
Great Mosque of Sumenep
Sumenep, East Java 1787[15] Mixed Chinese, Western, Javanese, Madurese A mosque that exemplify Portuguese characteristics, not different with mosques in Sri Lanka.
Grand Mosque of Riau Sultan Penyengat Island, Riau Islands 1844 (first built in 18th century, major alternation started in 1831)[16] Malay, Indian, Turkish[16] Reputedly the first mosque in Indonesia which employs a dome.[16]
Al-Osmani Mosque
Medan, North Sumatra 1872 (first wooden construction in 1854, alteration began in 1870) Moorish
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
Banda Aceh, Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam 1881 Indo Islamic, Moorish One of the oldest mosque in Aceh, the building survived the 2004 Tsunami
Palembang Grand Mosque
Palembang, South Sumatra 1893 (established in 1748; major renovations in 1893, 1916, 1950s, and 1970s; major expansion in 1990s) European, Malay, Chinese The royal mosque of Palembang Sultanate
Azizi Mosque
Tanjung Pura, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra 1902[17] Malay, Persian, Middle East, Chinese[17] The royal mosque of the Langkat Sultanate[17]
Medan Grand Mosque
Medan, North Sumatra 1906 Indo Islamic, Moorish The royal mosque of Deli Sultanate
Baiturrahim Mosque
Ulee Lheue, Banda Aceh 1922, 1993 (expanded) Moorish The building survives the 2004 Tsunami.

Largest mosques in Indonesia

Below is a list of large mosques of Indonesia. To be listed here, the building capacity of the mosque has to be at least 10,000 or more.

Name Images Building capacity Area Year Location Remarks
Istiqlal Mosque
120,000 93,200 m2,[18] 10,000 m2 (building)[18] 1975 Central Jakarta, Jakarta A national mosque and the largest mosque in Southeast Asia.
Great Mosque of Surabaya 59,000[19] 18,800 m2 (building) 2000 Surabaya, East Java A national mosque and the second largest mosque in Indonesia.
Al-Markaz Al-Islami Mosque 50,000 10,000 m2, 6,932 (building) m2[20] 2005 Makassar, South Celebes
Mosque of Samarinda Islamic Center
File:IslamicCenter1.jpg
 40,000[21] 2008 Samarinda, East Kalimantan
Dian Al-Mahri Mosque 20,000 500,000 m2, 8,000 m2 (building) Depok, West Java
Grand mosque of West Sumatra
File:Masjid Raya Sumatera Barat.JPG
 20,000 (estimated) not yet completed Padang, West Sumatra

0°55′26″S 100°21′44″E / 0.92380°S 100.3623°E / -0.92380; 100.3623 (Grand mosque of West Sumatra)

Great Mosque of Central Java
File:Mesjid Agung Semarang 2009.jpg
 16,000[22] 10,000 m2, 7,669 m2 (building)[22] 2006 Semarang, Central Java Largest mosque in Central Java
Palembang Grand Mosque
15,000[23] 29,305 m2, 7,512 m2 (building)[23] 1893 (established in 1748, major renovations in 1893, 1916, 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s) Palembang, South Sumatra The royal mosque of Palembang Sultanate
Sabilal Muhtadin Grand Mosque
File:Sabilal Muhtadin.JPG
 15,000[24] 100.000 m2, 5,250 m2 (building)[24] 1979[citation needed] Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan Largest mosque in South Kalimantan.[citation needed]
Grand Mosque of Bandung
12,412[25] 23,448 m2, building: 8,575 m2[25] 1812, 2003 (renovated to current form) Bandung, West Java Originally built in Sundanese-Javanese style in 1812, renovated to present condition in 2001-2003
Grand Mosque of Makassar
10,000[26] 10,500 m2, 1,700 m2[26] 1949, 1999 (renovated to current form) Makassar, South Sulawesi The main mosque of South Sulawesi.

By regions

There are 239,497 registered mosques in Indonesia (2012).[27] To be included in this list, the mosque has to be a landmark of particular region, and most importantly, historically notable.

Mosques in bold have been listed in the table above.

Java

The mosque of Demak, the oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia, shows the typical Javanese architecture for mosque with its multi-tiered roof, a style which will be emulated across the Indonesian archipelago.

The earliest mosques in Java were built from the mid-fifteen century onwards, although there is an earlier reference to mosques in the fourteenth century Majapahit capital.

Most of the earliest mosques in Java typically include multi-tiered roof. A serambi (roofed porch) attached to the front of the mosque. The minimum number of tiers is two whilst the maximum is five. The top of the roof is decorated with a clay decoration called the mustoko or memolo. Sometimes the roof tiers represent a division into separate floors each of which is used for a different function: the lower floor for prayer, middle floor for study, and top floor for the call to prayer.[5] Minarets were not introduced into Java until the nineteenth century so that in a one-storeyed mosque, the call to prayer is made from the attached serambi. The highest roof tier is supported by four main pillars, called soko guru. In several of the oldest mosques, one of these pillars is made of wooden splinters held together by metal bands (the significant of which is unknown).

Inside the mosque there is a mihrab in the qibla wall and a wooden minbar. The mihrab niche is made of brick and are highly decorated with deep wood-carving derived from the pre-Islamic art of the area.[5] The enclosure walls are fairly low and decorated with inset bowls and plates from China, Vietnam and elsewhere. In the middle of the east side there is a monumental gate. Some mosques, such as the mosque in Yogyakarta, is further enclosed by a moat.[5]

Other characteristics of these early mosques are a peristyle, courtyard, and gates.[28]

See also Early Islamic architecture in Java

  • 19th century lithograph of the Great Mosque of Banten.
    19th century lithograph of the Great Mosque of Banten.
  • A mosque in Cirebon in the 1920s.
    A mosque in Cirebon in the 1920s.
  • The original building of the Great mosque of Garut in the 1920s.
    The original building of the Great mosque of Garut in the 1920s.
  • A modern mosque in University of Indonesia follows the language of the traditional multi-tiered roofs.
    A modern mosque in University of Indonesia follows the language of the traditional multi-tiered roofs.
  • A mosque in Pati, taken in early 20th century.
    A mosque in Pati, taken in early 20th century.
  • The minaret of the Kudus Mosque.
    The minaret of the Kudus Mosque.
  • A 20th century photograph of a mosque in Surabaya.
    A 20th century photograph of a mosque in Surabaya.

Sumatra

Similar to the mosques of Java, Sumatran mosques share many of the attributes of Javanese mosque, although it is unfortunate that none of the earliest Islamic structures in Sumatra survived.[1]

The 17th century Jami Mosque of Indrapuri in Aceh stands on a former Hindu temple of Indrapuri.

In Aceh, royal mosque was a center of armed resistance to the Dutch in the 1870s, and therefore was destroyed in battle. Early prints show it as a structure with wide hipped roofs similar to those of a mosque still standing in the 17th century citadel of Sultan Iskandar Muda.

Traditionally, the architectural style of mosques in West Sumatra are characterized with three- or five-tiered roofs with the characteristic Minangkabau 'horned' roof profile. The roof is supported on ranks of concentric columns, often focusing on a towering central support which reaches the apex of the building. Some mosques are built on islands in artificial ponds. Traditional Minangkabau woodcarvings may be implemented in the facade.[4]

  • Ancient mosque of Indrapuri built above a Hindu candi in 17th century.
    Ancient mosque of Indrapuri built above a Hindu candi in 17th century.
  • A mosque in Samalanga showing the traditional Javanese multi-tiered roofs.
    A mosque in Samalanga showing the traditional Javanese multi-tiered roofs.
  • The Great Mosque of Meulaboh, finished in 1999. The mosque survives the Boxing Day Tsunami.
    The Great Mosque of Meulaboh, finished in 1999. The mosque survives the Boxing Day Tsunami.
  • Typical Minangkabau mosque in a West Sumatran village.
    Typical Minangkabau mosque in a West Sumatran village.
  • Jami Mosque of Taluak in Agam Regency of West Sumatra.
    Jami Mosque of Taluak in Agam Regency of West Sumatra.
  • Ikhsaniyyah Mosque.
    Ikhsaniyyah Mosque.
  • Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi.
    Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi.
  • Akbar At-Taqwa Grand Mosque, the main mosque of Bengkulu.
    Akbar At-Taqwa Grand Mosque, the main mosque of Bengkulu.

Borneo

A typical Banjarese mosque with its steep peak roof and stilts.

The kingdom of Banjar in South Kalimantan was the first Hindu Kingdom in Borneo to convert into Islam after its influence from the Sultanate of Demak. The architectural style shares similarities with the mosques of the Demak sultanates, especially the Great Mosque of Demak. During the course history, the Banjar develops its own architectural style. One of the main characteristic of Banjar mosque is the three- or five-tiered roof with steep top roof, compared to the relatively low-angled roof of Javanese mosque. Other characteristic is the absent of serambi (roofed porch) in Banjarese mosques, a traditional feature in Javanese mosques. The Banjarese mosque style is similar with the mosques of West Sumatra and are possibly related to other examples from peninsular Malaysia.[4]

Other characteristics are the employment of stilts in some mosques, a separate roof on the mihrab, the peaks of the roof are decorated with finials called pataka (the mustoko/memolo of Demak Sultanates) made of Borneo ironwood, ornaments on the corner of the roofs called jamang, and fences within the perimeter of the mosque area called kandang rasi. Other differences with the mosques of Java is that the Banjarese mosques contains no serambi (roofed porch), a traditional feature in Javanese mosques.

Banjar-style mosques can be found in Banjarmasin and Pontianak. The mosque Masjid Tinggi in Bagan Serai, Malaysia, is a Banjar-style mosque.

  • A Banjarese mosque by the river in Banjarmasin.
    A Banjarese mosque by the river in Banjarmasin.
  • The original building of Al-Karomah Great Mosque.
    The original building of Al-Karomah Great Mosque.
  • Jami Mosque of Datu Abulung shows the typical Banjarese style with its steep roof and top roof ornament.
    Jami Mosque of Datu Abulung shows the typical Banjarese style with its steep roof and top roof ornament.

Celebes

  • Masjid Gowa (1920s)
    Masjid Gowa (1920s)

Lesser Sunda Islands

  • An early 20th century photograph of a mosque in Bima.
    An early 20th century photograph of a mosque in Bima.

Maluku and Papua

Islam came to Maluku in the late 15th century via Java, with the strongest impact was felt in the spice islands of Ternate and Tidore. Features in the oldest mosque in the islands, such as the Sultan's Mosque of Ternate, immitates feature in the oldest Javanese mosques.[4] However, mosques in Maluku lack a peristyle, terrace, courtyard and gate, but retain the multi-tiered roof and centralized ground plan of Javanese mosques.[1]

  • Papua

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
  2. ^ Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
  3. ^ a b Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
  5. ^ a b c d Petersen, Andrew (2002). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. pp. 131–134. ISBN 0203203879, 9780203203873. Retrieved January 6, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  6. ^ Turner, Peter (November 1995). Java. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 78–79. ISBN 0-86442-314-4.
  7. ^ Backshall, Stephen (2003). Rough Guide to Indonesia 2. Rough Guides. p. 134. ISBN 1858289912, 9781858289915. Retrieved January 6, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  8. ^ "Masjid Kayu Jao Dijadikan Destinasi Wisata Religius". Media Indonesia. 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
  9. ^ "Masjid Kayu Jao yang Berusia 412 Tahun". Harian Haluan. 2011-09-19. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  10. ^ Asnan Haroen (February 21, 2009). "Masjid Pusaka Tabalong Jadi Saksi Sejarah". Kaltim Post (in Indonesian). Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  11. ^ zal (2010). "Masjid Sultan Nata". Dinas Budaya dan Pariwisata Kalimantan Barat. Dinas Budaya dan Pariwisata Kalimantan Barat. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  12. ^ According to conversion of inscription in the door, which mentions the Hijri Year 1159, which is 1746 civil year.
  13. ^ a b "Masjid Jami Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre dan 27th ISLAND. duniamasjid.com. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  14. ^ Watson, C. W. (1992). [lucy.ukc.ac.uk/csacpub/watson/chap1.html Property and Inheritance in Kerinci, Central Sumatra]. Canterbury: CSAC Monographs. ISBN 0 904938 19 0. Retrieved January 1, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  15. ^ Iskandar Zulkarnaen (2003). Sejarah Sumenep (in Indonesian). Sumenep: Dinas Pariwisata dan kebudayaan kabupaten Sumenep.
  16. ^ a b c Athonul Afif (July 2008). "Masjid Sultan Riau di Pulau Penyengat". Wisata Melayu. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  17. ^ a b c Noor Faddli Marh (November 2008). "Masjid Azizi Langkat". Wisata Melayu. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  18. ^ a b www.istiqlal.or.id Istiqlal Official Site
  19. ^ "Masjid Al-Akbar". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  20. ^ "Masjid Al-Markaz Al-Islami". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  21. ^ "Masjid Islamic Senter Samarinda". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  22. ^ a b "Masjid Agung Jawa Tengah". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  23. ^ a b "Masjid Agung Palembang". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  24. ^ a b "Masjid Raya Sabilal Muhtadin". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  25. ^ a b "Masjid Raya Bandung". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  26. ^ a b "Masjid Raya Makassar". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  27. ^ Fenny Melisa (June 3, 2012). "Pertumbuhan Masjid di Indonesia Rendah". Republika. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  28. ^ Miksic, John (1996). Ancient History. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 981-3018-26-7.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mosques_in_Indonesia&oldid=531603955"