Silwan: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 31°46′12″N 35°14′13″E / 31.77°N 35.237°E / 31.77; 35.237
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In 1834, during a large-scale peasants' rebellion against [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]],<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-242896/Jerusalem#320040.hook Jerusalem (Israel)&nbsp;– Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> thousands of rebels infiltrated Jerusalem through ancient underground sewage channels leading to the farm fields of the village of Silwan.<ref>''Jerusalem in the 19th Century: The Old City'' Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, Part II, Chapter One: Ottoman Rule, pp. 90, 109, Yad Ben Zvi Institute & St. Martin's Press, New York, 1984</ref> A traveler to Palestine in 1883, T. Skinner, wrote that the olive groves near Silwan were a gathering place for Muslims on Fridays.<ref>''Jerusalem in the 19th Century: The Old City'' Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, Part II, Chapter Two: The Muslim Community, p. 133, Yad Ben Zvi Institute & St. Martin's Press, New York, 1984</ref>
In 1834, during a large-scale peasants' rebellion against [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]],<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-242896/Jerusalem#320040.hook Jerusalem (Israel)&nbsp;– Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> thousands of rebels infiltrated Jerusalem through ancient underground sewage channels leading to the farm fields of the village of Silwan.<ref>''Jerusalem in the 19th Century: The Old City'' Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, Part II, Chapter One: Ottoman Rule, pp. 90, 109, Yad Ben Zvi Institute & St. Martin's Press, New York, 1984</ref> A traveler to Palestine in 1883, T. Skinner, wrote that the olive groves near Silwan were a gathering place for Muslims on Fridays.<ref>''Jerusalem in the 19th Century: The Old City'' Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, Part II, Chapter Two: The Muslim Community, p. 133, Yad Ben Zvi Institute & St. Martin's Press, New York, 1984</ref>


In the mid-1850s, the villagers of Silwan were paid £100 annually by the Jews in an effort to prevent the desecration of graves on the Mount of Olives.<ref name="Har-El2004">{{cite book|author=Menashe Har-El|title=Golden Jerusalem|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9Z2cFY9iGqgC&pg=PA244|accessdate=14 October 2010|date=April 2004|publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd|isbn=9789652292544|page=244}}</ref> Jewish visitors to the [[Western Wall]] were also required to pay a tax to the inhabitants of Silwan, which by 1863 was 10,000 [[Piastre]]s.<ref name="Ye'or">{{cite book|authorlink=Bat Ye'or|title=Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n4kTdYgwQPkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2002|publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]]|isbn=9780838639429|page=86}}</ref>Nineteenth century travelers described the village as a robbers' lair.<ref>''This is Jerusalem'', Menashe Har-El, Jerusalem 1977, p.135</ref>
In the mid-1850s, the villagers of Silwan were paid £100 annually by the Jews in an effort to prevent the desecration of graves on the Mount of Olives.<ref name="Har-El2004">{{cite book|author=Menashe Har-El|title=Golden Jerusalem|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9Z2cFY9iGqgC&pg=PA244|accessdate=14 October 2010|date=April 2004|publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd|isbn=9789652292544|page=244}}</ref> Jewish visitors to the [[Western Wall]] were also required to pay a tax to the inhabitants of Silwan, which by 1863 was 10,000 [[Piastre]]s.<ref name="Ye'or">{{cite book|authorlink=Bat Ye'or|title=Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n4kTdYgwQPkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2002|publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]]|isbn=9780838639429|page=86}}</ref>Nineteenth century travelers described the village as a robbers' lair.<ref>''This is Jerusalem'', Menashe Har-El, Jerusalem 1977, p.135</ref>Charles Wilson wrote that "the houses and the streets of Siloam, if such they may be called, are filthy in the extreme.” Charles Warren depicted the population as a lawless set, credited with being the most unscrupulous ruffians in Palestine.” <ref>[http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=20&Issue=3&ArticleID=3 The Tombs of Silwan]</ref>


===Yemenite Jewish village===
===Yemenite Jewish village===

Revision as of 10:56, 16 March 2012

View of Silwan
Pool of Siloam

Silwan(Arabic: سلوان, Hebrew: כְּפַר הַשִּׁילוֹחַ Kefar ha-Shiloaḥ) is a predominantly Palestinian neighborhood on the outskirts of the Old City of Jerusalem. [1]Forty Jewish families are also living in the area.[2] Silwan is located in East Jerusalem,[3]

After 1948 Palestine War, the village was occupied by Jordan. Jordanian rule longed until the 1967 Six-Day War after which it was annexed by Israel. Silwan is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Jerusalem Municipality. The international community considers Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem as illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.[4]

In 2009, Silwan had a population of 31,000.[5]

Etymology

Siloam is an ancient Greek name derived from the ancient Hebrew name "Shiloah." The Arabic name "Silwan" is also derived from Siloam.

Geography

Historically, Silwan was located on the eastern slope of the Kidron Valley, above the outlet of the Gihon Spring opposite the City of David. The villagers took advantage of the arable land in the Kidron Valley which was once part of King Solomon's Royal Gardens[citation needed] to grow vegetables for market in Jerusalem.[6] Nineteenth century travelers describe it as verdant and cultivated,[7][8] and perched on a steep, slippery scarp cut into hillside.[9][10]It now lies on on both sides of the Kidron Valley and runs alongside the eastern slopes of Jabel Mukaber.

History

Housing in Silwan built over ancient tombs

Biblical period

Biblical sources describe Shiloah area as "the waters of Shiloah go softly" (from the Gihon spring) (Isaiah 8:6) and "the Pool of Siloam" (Nehemiah 3:15) watering King Solomon's Royal Garden and later a staging area for Jewish pilgrims during the festivals of Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot wherein the spring-fed pools were used to wash and purify the supplicants who ascend the Great Staircase to the Temple Mount while singing hymns based on Psalms.

Talmudic sources describe Shiloah as the center of Eretz Israel (Zamib i 5). On Sukkot water was brought from the Pool of Siloam to the Temple and poured upon the altar (Suk v. 1.) and the priests also drank of this water (Ab. N. R. xxxv).

The village is built atop and around the necropolis of the Biblical kingdom.[11][12][13] The necropolis, or ancient cemetery, is an archaeological site of major significance. it contains fifty rock-cut tombs of distinguished calibre, assumed to be the burial places of the highest ranking officials of the Judean kingdom.[11] Tomb inscriptions are in Hebrew.[11] The "most famous" of the ancient rock-cut tombs in Silwan is finely carved the one known as the Tomb of Pharaoh's daughter.[11] Another notable tomb, called the Tomb of the Royal Steward is now incorporated into a modern-period house.[11] The ancient inscription informs us that it is the final resting place of ""...yahu who is over the house."[11] The first part of the Hebrew name is effaced, but it refers to a Judean royal steward or chamberlain.[11] It is now in the collection of the British Museum.[11]

All of the tombs were long since emptied, and their contents removed.[11] A great deal of destruction was done to the tombs over the centuries by quarrying and by their conversion for use as housing, both by monks in the Christian period, when some were used as churches, and later by Muslim villagers.[13] "When the Arab village was built; tombs were destroyed, incorporated in houses or turned into water cisterns and sewage dumps."[13]

Ottoman era

Local folklore indicates that the construction of Silwan originated with the arrival of the Rashidun Caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab. [citation needed] According to one resident, the Greek proprietors of Jerusalem were impressed by the humble majesty of the Caliph as he entered on foot while his servant rode in on camel, and presented him with the key to the city. The Caliph thereafter granted the wadi to "Khan Silowna," an agricultural community of cave dwellers living around the valley spring.[citation needed][14]Silwan is mentioned as "Sulwan" by the Arab writer and traveller al-Muqaddasi. In 985, he wrote "The village of Sulwan is a place on the outskirts of the city [Jerusalem]. Below the village of 'Ain Sulwan (Spring of Siloam), of fairly good water, which irrigates the large gardens which were given in bequest (Waqf) by the Khalif 'Othman ibn 'Affan for the poor of the city. Lower down than this, again, is Job's Well (Bir Ayyub). It is said that on the Night of 'Arafat the water of the holy well Zamzam, at Makkah, comes underground to the water of the Spring (of Siloam). The people hold a festival here on that evening."[15] In 1596, Ayn Silwan appeared in Ottoman tax registers.[16]

In 1834, during a large-scale peasants' rebellion against Ibrahim Pasha,[17] thousands of rebels infiltrated Jerusalem through ancient underground sewage channels leading to the farm fields of the village of Silwan.[18] A traveler to Palestine in 1883, T. Skinner, wrote that the olive groves near Silwan were a gathering place for Muslims on Fridays.[19]

In the mid-1850s, the villagers of Silwan were paid £100 annually by the Jews in an effort to prevent the desecration of graves on the Mount of Olives.[20] Jewish visitors to the Western Wall were also required to pay a tax to the inhabitants of Silwan, which by 1863 was 10,000 Piastres.[21]Nineteenth century travelers described the village as a robbers' lair.[22]Charles Wilson wrote that "the houses and the streets of Siloam, if such they may be called, are filthy in the extreme.” Charles Warren depicted the population as a lawless set, credited with being the most unscrupulous ruffians in Palestine.” [23]

Yemenite Jewish village

Housing units built on Silwan's barren hillside for poor Jews in the 1880s

In 1881–1882, a group of Jews arrived from Yemen as a result of messianic fervor.[24][25] Initially they were not accepted by the Jews of Jerusalem and lived in destitute conditions supported by the Christians of the Swedish-American colony, who called them Gadites.[26][24][25] By 1884 they had settled into new stone houses at the south end of the Arab village, built for them by a Jewish charity called Ezrat Niddahim.[27] Up to 200 Yemenite Jews lived in the newly built neighborhood, called Kfar Hashiloach (Hebrew: כפר השילוח) or the "Yemenite Village."[27] Construction costs were kept low by using the Shiloah spring as a water source instead of digging cisterns. An early 20th century travel guide writes: In the "village of Silwan, east of Kidron ... some of the fellah dwellings [are] old sepulchers hewn in the rocks. During late years a great extension of the village southward has sprung up, owing to the settlement here of a colony of poor Jews from Yemen, etc. many of whom have built homes on the steep hillside just above and east of Bir Eyyub."[28]

During the 1921 Jaffa riots, Jewish resident of Silwan were attacked, resulting in a few deaths and destroyed homes.[27][dubious – discuss] In the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine many of the Jewish residents fled or were forced out of Silwan,[citation needed] and in 1938, the remaining Yemenite Jews in Silwan were evacuated by the British authorities.[29][30][31] According to documents in the custodian office and real estate and project advancement expert Edmund Levy, the homes of the Yemenite Jews were occupied by Arab families without compensation.[32][33][34]

British Mandate

At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine, "Selwan (Kfar Hashiloah)" had a population of 1,699 Muslims, 153 Jews and 49 Christians.[35] In the same year, Baron Edmond de Rothschild bought several acres of land there and transferred it to the Palestine Jewish Colonization Association.[36] By the time of the 1931 census, Silwan had 630 occupied houses and a population of 2,553 Muslims, 124 Jews and 91 Christians (the last including the Latin, Greek and St. Stephens convents).[37]

The British Mandatory government began annexing parts of Silwan to the Jerusalem Municipality, a process completed by the final Jordanian annexation of remaining Silwan in 1952.

Silwan from Abu Tor, looking towards the separation barrier near the Old City

In the twentieth century, Silwan grew northward towards Jerusalem, expanding from a small farming village into an urban neighborhood. Modern Arab Silwan encompasses Old Silwan (generally to the south), the Yemenite village (to the north), and the once-vacant land between. Today Silwan follows the ridge of the southern peak of the Mount of Olives to the east of the Kidron Valley, from the ridge west of the Ophel up to the southern wall of the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif.

Jordanian era

After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Silwan was annexed by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, which expropriated land owned by the Jews.[38][39] It remained under Jordanian occupation until 1967, when Israel captured the Old City and surrounding region. Until then, the village had delegates in the Jerusalem City Council.

State of Israel

The City of David (Hebrew: Ir David), an archeological site believed to be the original site of Jerusalem, is located within Silwan.[40] Since Israel gained control over East Jerusalem in 1967, Jewish organizations have sought to re-establish a Jewish presence in Silwan. In 1987, the Permanent Representative of Jordan to the United Nations wrote to the Secretary-General to inform him of Israeli settlement activity; his letter noted that an Israeli company had taken over two Palestinian houses in the neighborhood of al-Bustan after evicting their occupants, claiming the houses were its property.[41] Wadi Hilweh, an area of Silwan close to the western wall of the Old City, and its neighborhood of al-Bustan, has been ever since a focus of Jewish settlement.

The Ir David Foundation and the Ateret Cohanim organizations are promoting resettlement of Jews in the neighborhood in cooperation with the Committee for the Renewal of the Yemenite Village in Shiloah.[40][42][43] In 2003, Ateret Cohanim built a seven-story apartment building known as Beit Yehonatan (named for Jonathan Pollard) without a permit. In 2007, the courts ordered the eviction of the residents,[44] but the building was approved retroactively.[45] In 2008 a plan was submitted for a building complex including a synagogue, 10 apartments, a kindergarten, a library and underground parking for 100 cars in a location 200 meters from the Old City walls. [46]

Jewish property acquisition

In the 1980s, some properties in Silwan were declared absentee property. The suspicion arose that a number of claims filed by Jewish organizations were accepted by the Custodian without any site visits or follow-up.[47] Property in Silwan has been purchased by Jews through indirect sales, some by invoking the Absentee Property Law. [48] In other cases, the Jewish National Fund signed protected tenant agreements that enabled construction to proceed without a tender process.[49]

In December 2011, a board member of the Jewish National Fund's US fundraising arm resigned in protest after a 20-year legal process came to a head with an order for the eviction of a Palestinian family from a JNF-owned home. The home had been acquired via the Absentee Property Law.[50][51][52]. Several days before the order was carried out, JNF announced it would be delayed.[53]

As of 2004, more than 50 Jewish families live in the area,[54] some in homes acquired from Arabs who claim they did not know they were selling their home to Jews,[55] some in Beit Yehonatan.

Rabbis for Human Rights accused Elad of creating a "method of expelling citizens from their properties, appropriating public areas, enclosing these lands with fences and guards, and banning the entrance of the local residents...under the protection of a private security force."[56]

Housing demolition & construction permits

In 2005, the Israeli government planned to demolish 88 Arab homes in al-Bustan neighborhood built without permits[57] but they were not found illegal in a municipal court.[58]

According the State Comptroller’s report, there were 130 illegal structures in Silwan in 2009, a tenfold increase since 1967. When enforcement of the building code began in al-Bustan in 1995, thirty illegal structures were found, mostly old residential buildings.[59] By 2004, the number of illegal structures rose to 80. The municipality launched legal proceedings against 43 and demolished 10, but these were soon replaced by new buildings.[59]

The group Ir Amim argues that the illegal construction is due to insufficient granting of permits by the Jerusalem municipality. They say that under Israeli administration, fewer than 20 permits, mainly minor, were issued for this part of Silwan, and that as a result, most building in this part of Silwan and the whole neighbourhood generally lack permits.[60]In 2010, Ir Amim's petition to halt a municipal zoning plan for the Wadi Hilweh area was rejected. The plan does not call for demolition of illegal construction, but rather regulates where construction may continue. The group said that the plan favored the interests of Elad and the neighborhood's Jewish residents, while Elad said that the plan allotted only 15 percent of construction to Jews versus 85 percent to Arab residents. The mukhtar of Silwan objected to Ir Amim's petition against the plan. “We have said that there are good aspects of the plan and there are bad aspects of the plan, we’re still working it all out. But to come and say that the whole plan is bad, and to ask that it be done away with, then what have you accomplished? Nothing.”[61]

Environmental projects

Silwan has expanded onto designated greenspace on the floor of the Kidron Valley. A redevelopment plan proposed by Jerusalem mayor Barkat calls for the establishment of a park to be called the Garden of the King.[62] UN Special Rapporteur Richard Falk said of the plan that "international law does not allow Israel to bulldoze Palestinian homes to make space for the mayor’s project to build a garden, or anything else." [63]

Archaeology

The ridge to the west of Silwan, known as the City of David, is believed to be the original Bronze Age and Iron Age site of Jerusalem. Archaeological exploration began in the 19th-century. Vacant during most of the Ottoman period, Jewish and Arab settlement began in the late 19th-century.[64] Islamic-era skeletons discovered in the course of excavations have disappeared.[65] ElAd was accused of excavating on Palestinian property[66] and beginning its work on the City of David tunnels before receiving a permit from the Jerusalem municipality.[67]

In 2007, archaeologists unearthed a 2,000-year-old mansion that may have belonged to Queen Helene of Adiabene under a parking lot. The building includes storerooms, living quarters and ritual baths. [68]

In April 2008, the Israeli High Court temporarily halted excavations.[69][70]

References

  1. ^ Meron Benvenisti, 'Shady Dealings in Silwan,'. Ir Amim for an Equitable and Stable Jerusalem, May, 2009 p.5.
  2. ^ Shimi Friedman, 'Adversity in a Snowball Fight: Jewish Childhood in the Muslim village of Sillwan,' in Drew Chappell (ed.) Children under construction: critical essays on play as curriculum, Peter Lang Publishing 2010, pp.259-276, pp.260-261.
  3. ^ Archaeology and the struggle for Jerusalem BBC News. 5 February 2010
  4. ^ "The Geneva Convention". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  5. ^ Meron Benvenisti, 'Shady Dealings in Silwan,' Ir Amim for an Equitable and Stable Jerusalem, May, 2009.
  6. ^ Cyclopaedia of Biblical , Theological and Ecclesistical Literature, John McClintock, Harper and Brothers, 1889, p. 745
  7. ^ Handbook to the Mediterranean: Its Cities, Coasts and Islands, Robert Lambert Playfair, John Murray, Albemarle Street, London, 1892, p. 70.
  8. ^ Biblical Geography and History, Charles Foster Kent , 1911 , p. 219
  9. ^ The Holy Land and the Bible: A Book of Scripture Illustrations, Cunningham Geikie , 1888 , New York, James Pott & Co. Publishers p.558
  10. ^ A photograph of the village taken between 1853 and 1857 by James Graham can be found on page 35 of Picturing Jerusalem; James Graham and Mendel Diness, Photographers, Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 2007.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i [1]"Silwan, Jerusalem: The Survey of the Iron Age Necropolis," David Ussishkin, Tel Aviv University webpage.
  12. ^ Bible Encyclopedia entry: Siloam International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.
  13. ^ a b c The Necropolis from the Time of the Kingdom of Judah at Silwan, Jerusalem, David Ussishkin, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 33, No. 2 (May, 1970), pp. 33-46,
  14. ^ Jeffrey Yas."(Re)designing the City of David: Landscape, Narrative and Archaeology in Silwan"; Jerusalem Quarterly, Winter 2000, Issue 7
  15. ^ Muk., 171. Quoted in Guy le Strange: Palestine under the Moslems, 1890, p. 221.
  16. ^ Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. p. 114.
  17. ^ Jerusalem (Israel) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  18. ^ Jerusalem in the 19th Century: The Old City Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, Part II, Chapter One: Ottoman Rule, pp. 90, 109, Yad Ben Zvi Institute & St. Martin's Press, New York, 1984
  19. ^ Jerusalem in the 19th Century: The Old City Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, Part II, Chapter Two: The Muslim Community, p. 133, Yad Ben Zvi Institute & St. Martin's Press, New York, 1984
  20. ^ Menashe Har-El (April 2004). Golden Jerusalem. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. p. 244. ISBN 9789652292544. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  21. ^ Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 2002. p. 86. ISBN 9780838639429.
  22. ^ This is Jerusalem, Menashe Har-El, Jerusalem 1977, p.135
  23. ^ The Tombs of Silwan
  24. ^ a b Tudor Parfitt (1997). The road to redemption: the Jews of the Yemen, 1900-1950. Brill's series in Jewish Studies, vol 17. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 53.
  25. ^ a b Nini, Yehuda. The Jews of the Yemen, 1800-1914. Taylor & Francis. pp. 205–207. ISBN 9783718650415. Cite error: The named reference "nini" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  26. ^ Messianism, Holiness, Charisma, and Community: The American-Swedish Colony in Jerusalem, 1881–1933, Yaakov Ariel and Ruth Kark , Church History, Vol. 65, No. 4 (Dec., 1996), p. 645
  27. ^ a b c Man, Nadav (01.09.10). "Behind the lens of Hannah and Efraim Degani – part 7". Ynet. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ Cook's Handbook for Palestine and Syria, Thomas Cook Ltd., 1907, p. 105
  29. ^ Friedland, Roger; Hecht, Roger (2000). To Rule Jerusalem. University of California Press. p. 436. ISBN 9780520220928.
  30. ^ Shragai, Nadav (January 4, 2004). "11 Jewish families move into J'lem neighborhood of Silwan". Haaretz.
  31. ^ Palestine Post, August 15, 1938, p. 2
  32. ^ Documents show Arabs illegally obtained Jewish homes in Silwan, Bill Hutman, Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
  33. ^ [2], Nissan Ratzlav-Katz, Arutz Sheva. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  34. ^ WHO OWNS THE LAND?, Gail Lichtman, Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
  35. ^ J. B. Barron, ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. Table VII.
  36. ^ Zionist Organization of America; Jewish Agency for Israel. Economic Dept (1997). Israel yearbook and almanac. IBRT Translation/Documentation Ltd. p. 102. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  37. ^ E. Mills, ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. p. 43.
  38. ^ Fischbach, Michael R. (2000). State, Society, and Land in Jordan. Brill Publishers. p. 193. ISBN 9789004119123.
  39. ^ Terra Incognita: East Jerusalem's lost years, Seth Frantzman, Jerusalem Post Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  40. ^ a b Bronner, Yigal (1 May 2008). "Archaeologists for hire". The Guardian.
  41. ^ "Letter dated 16 October 1987 from the Permanent Representative of Jordan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General" UN General Assembly Security Council
  42. ^ 11 Jewish families move into J'lem neighborhood of Silwan – Haaretz – Israel News
  43. ^ The Guardian
  44. ^ Meron Rapoport "The battle over settling Silwan simmers" Haaretz, June 12, 2007
  45. ^ "Jerusalem Approves ‘Beit Yehonatan’ in Shiloach" Arutz Sheva, October 15, 2007
  46. ^ Akiva Eldar."Plan to put synagogue in heart of East Jerusalem likely to be approved"; Haaretz, May 20, 2008
  47. ^ Meron Rapoport.Land lords; Haaretz, January 20, 2005
  48. ^ Joel Greenburg."Settlers Move Into 4 Homes in East Jerusalem"; New York Times, June 9, 1998
  49. ^ Meron Rapoport."The republic of Elad"; Haaretz, April 23, 2006 [retrieved 27-05-2010]
  50. ^ Haaretz and Nir Hasson (2011-12-14). "JNF board member resigns to protest eviction of East Jerusalem Palestinian family". Haaretz. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  51. ^ Nir Hasson (2011-11-11). "Palestinian family given two weeks to vacate East Jerusalem home". Haaretz. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  52. ^ Seth Morrison (2011-12-13). "JNF Board Member Quits Over Evictions". The Forward. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  53. ^ Nir Hasson (2011-11-27). "JNF delays eviction of Palestinian family from East Jerusalem home". Haaretz. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  54. ^ "Settlement Timeline". Foundation for Middle East Peace. July–August 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  55. ^ Rapoport, Meron (2006-06-09). "The Maraga tapes". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2006-06-16. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  56. ^ RHR statement
  57. ^ publisher=Ha'aretz "Jerusalem demolitions may spark repeat of 1996 riots". 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2009-03-10. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing pipe in: |url= (help)
  58. ^ "Jerusalem Municipality plans to demolish 88 homes in Silwan"; Al Ayyam Newspaper, June 1, 2005
  59. ^ a b Illegal structures in Silwan multiply by ten in last 43 yrs
  60. ^ "City of David- Silwan". Ir Amim. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
  61. ^ Abe, Selig (2010-05-03). "Court rejects NGO petition to halt Silwan planning scheme". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
  62. ^ [3] Gan Hamelech residents wary of Barkat’s redevelopment plan, Abe Selig, Feb. 16, 2010, Jerusalem Post.
  63. ^ Demolitions, new settlements in East Jerusalem could amount to war crimes – UN expert 29 June 2010. UN News Centre
  64. ^ A photograph of the vacant ridge taken between 1853 and 1857 by James Grahm can be found on page 31 of Picturing Jerusalem; James Graham and Mendel Diness, Photographers, Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 2007.
  65. ^ Meron Rapaport."Islamic-era skeletons 'disappeared' from Elad-sponsored dig" Haaretz, June 1, 2008
  66. ^ Haaretz on Rabbis for Human Rights arrest
  67. ^ Meron Rapoport."City of David tunnel excavation proceeds without proper permit"; Haaretz, February 5th, 2007
  68. ^ Israeli archaeologists find 2,000-year-old mansion linked to historic queen
  69. ^ "Israeli Supreme Court Intervenes in Silwan". Rabbis for Human Rights. 2008-03-23. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  70. ^ "Israeli High Court orders an end to excavations in Silwan"; IMEMC, March 18, 2008

External links

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31°46′12″N 35°14′13″E / 31.77°N 35.237°E / 31.77; 35.237

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