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The '''list of Assyrian kings''' is compiled from the [[Assyria]]n King List, an ancient kingdom in northern [[Mesopotamia]] (modern northern [[Iraq]]) with information added from recent archaeological findings. The Assyrian King List includes regnal lengths that appear to have been based on now lost ''[[limmu]]'' lists (which list the names of [[eponym]]ous officials for each year). These regnal lengths accord well with [[list of Hittite kings|Hittite]], [[list of Babylonian kings|Babylonian]] and [[list of pharaohs|ancient Egyptian]] king lists and with the [[archaeological record]], and are considered reliable for the age.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=1.1 |last=Rowton |first=M.B. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn=0521070511 |pages=194–195 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7SOL7ypj7bAC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PPA194,M1}}</ref>
The '''list of Assyrian kings''' is compiled from the [[Assyria]]n King List, an ancient kingdom in northern [[Mesopotamia]] (modern northern [[Iraq]]) with information added from recent archaeological findings. The Assyrian King List includes regnal lengths that appear to have been based on now lost ''[[limmu]]'' lists (which list the names of [[eponym]]ous officials for each year). These regnal lengths accord well with [[list of Hittite kings|Hittite]], [[list of Babylonian kings|Babylonian]] and [[list of pharaohs|ancient Egyptian]] king lists and with the [[archaeological record]], and are considered reliable for the age.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=1.1 |last=Rowton |first=M.B. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn=0521070511 |pages=194–195 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7SOL7ypj7bAC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PPA194,M1}}</ref>


==The Assyrian King List==
==The Assyrian King Lists==

⚫
There are three extant versions of the King List, and two fragments. They date to the early first millennium BC—the oldest, List A, stopping at [[Tiglath-Pileser II]] (ca. 967–935 BC) and the youngest, List C, at [[Shalmaneser V]] (727–722 BC). Assyriologists believe the list was originally compiled to link [[Shamshi-Adad I]] (fl. ca. 1700 BC ([[short chronology|short]])), an [[Amorite]] who had conquered [[Assur]], to the native rulers of the land of Assur. Scribes then copied the List and added to it over time.<ref name="Reallexikon">{{cite book|last=Meissner
Prior to the discovery of [[cuneiform]] tablets listing ancient Assyrian kings, scholars before the 19th century only had access to two complete Assyrian king list's, one found in [[Eusebius of Caesarea]]'s [[Chronicon (Eusebius)|Chronicle]] (c. 325 AD), of which two editions exist<ref>One the standard the other a later Armenian translation.</ref> and secondly a list found in the ''Excerpta Latina Barbari'' (a Latin translation of a 5th or early 6th century Greek chronicle). An incomplete list of 16 Assyrian kings was also discovered in the literature of [[Sextus Julius Africanus]]. Other very fragmentary Assyrian king lists have come down to us written by the Greeks and Romans such as [[Ctesias of Cnidus]] (c. 400 BC) and the Roman authors [[Castor of Rhodes]] (1st century BC) and [[Cephalion]] (1st century AD).
|first=Bruno |title=Reallexikon der Assyriologie |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |year=1990 |volume=6 |pages=101–102 |isbn=3110100517 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OIeiZaIo91IC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PPA101,M1}}</ref>

===Fragmentary Greek and Roman Lists===
====Ctesias====

[[Ctesias of Cnidus|Ctesias]] as court physician to [[Artaxerxes II]], claimed to have access to the royal historical records. Ctesias' list of Assyrian kings was included in his ''Persica'', a work covering the history of Persia, but the first 3 books were dedicated to pre-Persian Assyria entitled "The History of the Assyrians". How much of Ctesias' king list is factual history is still debated, while most scholars agree large parts are fiction, it is generally agreed that there some historical truth based on the probability his list was rooted in transmitted oral tradition.<ref>"Ctesias' Persian History: Introduction, text, and translation", Jan P. Stronk, Wellem Verlag, 2010, pp.30-36.</ref><ref> [[Felix jacoby]] cf. FGrH 688 T 11, T 13, T 19, shows ancient authorities that considered the king list to be sensational, semi-fictional or unrealistic at the time.</ref> Classical scholar Robert Drews however has argued that Ctesias' list contains information from Babylonian tablets.<ref>Assyria in Classical Universal Histories, Robert Drews, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 14, H. 2 (Apr., 1965), pp. 129-142</ref>
Although Ctesias's entire work is lost, fragments of it are found preserved in [[Diodorus Siculus]], [[Nicolaus of Damascus]] and [[Photius]]. From these fragments it is known Ctesias dated the founding of the Assyria to c. 2166 BC, by king [[Ninus]], husband of Queen [[Semiramis]], and 30 further Assyrian kings followed for 1300 years in succession to [[Sardanapalus]] (c. 866 BC) <ref>Drews, 1965, p. 30.</ref> Ctesias' list of 30 successors from Ninus (and [[Semiramis]]) to Sandanapalus is lost.

====Castor of Rhodes and Cephalion====

In the 1st century BC, [[Castor of Rhodes]] compiled an Assyrian king list, similar to that of Ctesias'. However fragments only remain in mutilated form, but it is known from these fragments that Castor's Assyrian king list started with [[Belus (Assyrian)|Belus]], but like Ctesias' included [[Ninus]], also said to be the husband of [[Semiramis]]. However Ninus equates in Castor's list to the second king, not the first and is said to have ruled for 52 years. Castor further dated Belus to 2123 BC.<ref>"Ovid, Varro, and Castor of Rhodes: The Chronological Architecture of the 'Metamorphoses'", Thomas Cole, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 102, (2004), pp. 355-422.</ref> A fragment from [[Cephalion]], names Ninus' successor to be Ninyas, his son.

===Africanus' List===

A list of 16 Assyrian kings is found in [[Sextus Julius Africanus]]' ''Chronographiai'' (early 3rd century AD):<ref>Preserved by [[George Syncellus]], found in ''Cory's Ancient Fragments'', 1826, p. 70.</ref>

{{cquote|<center>Of the Assyrian Kings the 1st was Belus who reigned 55 years.</center>
<center>Ninus .. .. 52 years.</center>
<center>Semiramis .. .. 42.</center>
<center>Ninaus (Ninyas?) who is called Zamis the son of Ninus and Semiramis; he reigned 38 years.</center>
<center>Arius .. .. 30 years.</center>
<center>Aralius .. .. .. 40.</center>
<center>Xerxes .. .. .. 30.</center>
<center>Armamithres .. 38.</center>
<center>Belochos .. .. 35.</center>
<center>Balaeus .. .. .. 52.</center>
<center>Sethos .. .. .. 50.</center>
<center>Mamuthos .. .. 30.</center>
<center>Aschalius .. .. 28.</center>
<center>Sphaerus .. .. 22.</center>
<center>Mamulus .. .. 30.</center>
<center>Spartheos .. .. 42.</center>}}

===Eusebius' List===

[[Eusebius of Caesarea]]'s [[Chronicon (Eusebius)|Chronicle]] (c. 325 AD), contains a complete list of 36 Assyrian kings. [http://rbedrosian.com/euseb3.htm Eusebius' King List]

===''Excerpta Latina Barbari''===

A final list is found in the ''[[Excerpta Latina Barbari]]''. The list can be found in [[Joseph Justus Scaliger|Scaliger]]'s ''Thesaurus temporum'' (1606). The list dates [[Belus]], the first Assyrian king to c. 2206 BC.<ref>The Assyrian King list in the ''Excerpta Latina Barbari'' claims Belus ruled 1430 years before the first [[Olympiad]] (776 BC) thus dating him to 2206 BC.</ref>

===Cuneiform Sources===

⚫
There are three extant [[cuneiform]] tablet versions of the King List, and two fragments.<ref>For discussion of king lists, see Poebel, “Assyrian King List,” 71–90; IJ Gelb, “Two Assyrian King Lists,”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13 (1954): 209–30.</ref> They date to the early first millennium BC—the oldest, List A (8th century BC) stopping at [[Tiglath-Pileser II]] (ca. 967–935 BC) and the youngest, List C, at [[Shalmaneser V]] (727–722 BC). Assyriologists believe the list was originally compiled to link [[Shamshi-Adad I]] (fl. ca. 1700 BC ([[short chronology|short]])), an [[Amorite]] who had conquered [[Assur]], to the native rulers of the land of Assur. Scribes then copied the List and added to it over time.<ref name="Reallexikon">{{cite book|last=Meissner|first=Bruno |title=Reallexikon der Assyriologie |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |year=1990 |volume=6 |pages=101–102 |isbn=3110100517 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OIeiZaIo91IC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PPA101,M1}}</ref>


==List of Kings==
==List of Kings==

Revision as of 00:27, 16 September 2011

The list of Assyrian kings is compiled from the Assyrian King List, an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia (modern northern Iraq) with information added from recent archaeological findings. The Assyrian King List includes regnal lengths that appear to have been based on now lost limmu lists (which list the names of eponymous officials for each year). These regnal lengths accord well with Hittite, Babylonian and ancient Egyptian king lists and with the archaeological record, and are considered reliable for the age.[1]

The Assyrian King Lists

Prior to the discovery of cuneiform tablets listing ancient Assyrian kings, scholars before the 19th century only had access to two complete Assyrian king list's, one found in Eusebius of Caesarea's Chronicle (c. 325 AD), of which two editions exist[2] and secondly a list found in the Excerpta Latina Barbari (a Latin translation of a 5th or early 6th century Greek chronicle). An incomplete list of 16 Assyrian kings was also discovered in the literature of Sextus Julius Africanus. Other very fragmentary Assyrian king lists have come down to us written by the Greeks and Romans such as Ctesias of Cnidus (c. 400 BC) and the Roman authors Castor of Rhodes (1st century BC) and Cephalion (1st century AD).

Fragmentary Greek and Roman Lists

Ctesias

Ctesias as court physician to Artaxerxes II, claimed to have access to the royal historical records. Ctesias' list of Assyrian kings was included in his Persica, a work covering the history of Persia, but the first 3 books were dedicated to pre-Persian Assyria entitled "The History of the Assyrians". How much of Ctesias' king list is factual history is still debated, while most scholars agree large parts are fiction, it is generally agreed that there some historical truth based on the probability his list was rooted in transmitted oral tradition.[3][4] Classical scholar Robert Drews however has argued that Ctesias' list contains information from Babylonian tablets.[5] Although Ctesias's entire work is lost, fragments of it are found preserved in Diodorus Siculus, Nicolaus of Damascus and Photius. From these fragments it is known Ctesias dated the founding of the Assyria to c. 2166 BC, by king Ninus, husband of Queen Semiramis, and 30 further Assyrian kings followed for 1300 years in succession to Sardanapalus (c. 866 BC) [6] Ctesias' list of 30 successors from Ninus (and Semiramis) to Sandanapalus is lost.

Castor of Rhodes and Cephalion

In the 1st century BC, Castor of Rhodes compiled an Assyrian king list, similar to that of Ctesias'. However fragments only remain in mutilated form, but it is known from these fragments that Castor's Assyrian king list started with Belus, but like Ctesias' included Ninus, also said to be the husband of Semiramis. However Ninus equates in Castor's list to the second king, not the first and is said to have ruled for 52 years. Castor further dated Belus to 2123 BC.[7] A fragment from Cephalion, names Ninus' successor to be Ninyas, his son.

Africanus' List

A list of 16 Assyrian kings is found in Sextus Julius Africanus' Chronographiai (early 3rd century AD):[8]

Of the Assyrian Kings the 1st was Belus who reigned 55 years.
Ninus .. .. 52 years.
Semiramis .. .. 42.
Ninaus (Ninyas?) who is called Zamis the son of Ninus and Semiramis; he reigned 38 years.
Arius .. .. 30 years.
Aralius .. .. .. 40.
Xerxes .. .. .. 30.
Armamithres .. 38.
Belochos .. .. 35.
Balaeus .. .. .. 52.
Sethos .. .. .. 50.
Mamuthos .. .. 30.
Aschalius .. .. 28.
Sphaerus .. .. 22.
Mamulus .. .. 30.
Spartheos .. .. 42.

Eusebius' List

Eusebius of Caesarea's Chronicle (c. 325 AD), contains a complete list of 36 Assyrian kings. Eusebius' King List

Excerpta Latina Barbari

A final list is found in the Excerpta Latina Barbari. The list can be found in Scaliger's Thesaurus temporum (1606). The list dates Belus, the first Assyrian king to c. 2206 BC.[9]

Cuneiform Sources

There are three extant cuneiform tablet versions of the King List, and two fragments.[10] They date to the early first millennium BC—the oldest, List A (8th century BC) stopping at Tiglath-Pileser II (ca. 967–935 BC) and the youngest, List C, at Shalmaneser V (727–722 BC). Assyriologists believe the list was originally compiled to link Shamshi-Adad I (fl. ca. 1700 BC (short)), an Amorite who had conquered Assur, to the native rulers of the land of Assur. Scribes then copied the List and added to it over time.[11]

List of Kings

Early Period

No regnal lengths are given for kings before Erishum I.

Kings who Lived in Tents

This section shows marked similarities to the ancestors of the first Babylonian dynasty.[11]

Column-generating template families

The templates listed here are not interchangeable. For example, using {{col-float}} with {{col-end}} instead of {{col-float-end}} would leave a <div>...</div> open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.

Column templates
Type Family
Handles wiki
 table code?†
 Responsive/
Mobile suited 		Start template Column divider End template
Float "col-float" Yes Yes {{col-float}} {{col-float-break}} {{col-float-end}}
"columns-start" Yes Yes {{columns-start}} {{column}} {{columns-end}}
Columns "div col" Yes Yes {{div col}} – {{div col end}}
"columns-list" No Yes {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) – –
Flexbox "flex columns" No Yes {{flex columns}} – –
Table "col" Yes No {{col-begin}},
{{col-begin-fixed}} or
{{col-begin-small}} 		{{col-break}} or
{{col-2}} .. {{col-5}} 		{{col-end}}

† Can template handle the basic wiki markup {| | || |- |} used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>, <tr>...</tr>, etc.)—need to be used instead.

Kings whose Fathers are Known

These list the ancestors of Shamshi-Adad I.[11]

Column-generating template families

The templates listed here are not interchangeable. For example, using {{col-float}} with {{col-end}} instead of {{col-float-end}} would leave a <div>...</div> open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.

Column templates
Type Family
Handles wiki
 table code?†
 Responsive/
Mobile suited 		Start template Column divider End template
Float "col-float" Yes Yes {{col-float}} {{col-float-break}} {{col-float-end}}
"columns-start" Yes Yes {{columns-start}} {{column}} {{columns-end}}
Columns "div col" Yes Yes {{div col}} – {{div col end}}
"columns-list" No Yes {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) – –
Flexbox "flex columns" No Yes {{flex columns}} – –
Table "col" Yes No {{col-begin}},
{{col-begin-fixed}} or
{{col-begin-small}} 		{{col-break}} or
{{col-2}} .. {{col-5}} 		{{col-end}}

† Can template handle the basic wiki markup {| | || |- |} used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>, <tr>...</tr>, etc.)—need to be used instead.

Kings whose Eponyms are not Known

These are early rulers of Assur.[11]

Column-generating template families

The templates listed here are not interchangeable. For example, using {{col-float}} with {{col-end}} instead of {{col-float-end}} would leave a <div>...</div> open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.

Column templates
Type Family
Handles wiki
 table code?†
 Responsive/
Mobile suited 		Start template Column divider End template
Float "col-float" Yes Yes {{col-float}} {{col-float-break}} {{col-float-end}}
"columns-start" Yes Yes {{columns-start}} {{column}} {{columns-end}}
Columns "div col" Yes Yes {{div col}} – {{div col end}}
"columns-list" No Yes {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) – –
Flexbox "flex columns" No Yes {{flex columns}} – –
Table "col" Yes No {{col-begin}},
{{col-begin-fixed}} or
{{col-begin-small}} 		{{col-break}} or
{{col-2}} .. {{col-5}} 		{{col-end}}

† Can template handle the basic wiki markup {| | || |- |} used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>, <tr>...</tr>, etc.)—need to be used instead.

Old Assyrian Period

Damage to the tablets in all three extant King Lists before Enlil-nasir II (ca. 1420–1415 BC (short)) prevents the calculation of approximate regnal dates from Erishum I to this point. Additionally, three kings attested elsewhere from this period are not included in the standard King List. The remainder of the King List then has an unbroken chain of regnal lengths from Enlil-nasir II on. Disparities between the different versions of the King List for the reigns of Ashur-nadin-apli (ca. 1196–1194 BC (short)) and Ninurta-apal-Ekur (ca. 1182–1180 BC (short)) contribute to the debate over the chronology of the ancient Near East.[11][12]

Old Assyrian Period
King name Reigned[13][14] Notes[13][14]
Erishum I fl. ca. 1800 BC (short)
(30 or 40 years)		 "son of Ilu-shuma"; contemporary of Samu-la-El of Babylonia; said to have built the temple of Ashur
Ikunum (damaged text) "son of Ilushuma"
Sargon I (damaged text) "son of Ikunum"
Puzur-Ashur II (damaged text) "son of Sargon (I)"
Naram-Suen (Naram-Sin) (damaged text) "son of Puzur-Ashur (II)"
Erishum II (damaged text) "son of Naram-Suen"
Shamshi-Adad I fl. ca. 1700 BC (short)
(33 years)		 "son of (local ruler) Ila-kabkabu, went to Karduniash in the time of Naram-Suen. In the eponymy of Ibni-Adad, Shamshi-Adad went up from Karduniash. He took Ekallatum, where he stayed three years. In the eponymy of Atamar-Ishtar, Shamshi-Adad went up from Ekallatum. He ousted Erishum (II), son of Naram-Suen, from the throne and took it."; He was in turn conquered by Hammurabi of Babylon.
Ishme-Dagan I (40 years) "son of Shamshi-Adad (I)"
Mut-Ashkur (unknown) son of Ishme-Dagan I, married to a Hurrian queen; not included in the standard King List, but attested elswhere[15]
Remu... (unknown) included in the alternative King List fragment, last part of name lost; not included in the standard King List[15]
Asinum (unknown) grandson of Shamshi-Adad I, driven out by vice-regent Puzur-Sin because he was of Amorite extraction; not included in the standard King List, but attested in Puzur-Sin's inscription[15]
Seven usurpers:
Bel-bani (10 years) "son of Adasi"
Libaya (17 years) "son of Bel-bani"
Sharma-Adad I (12 years) "son of Libaya"
Iptar-Sin (12 years) "son of Sharma-Adad (I)"
Bazaya (28 years) "son of Iptar-Suen"
Lullaya (6 years) "son of a nobody"
Shu-Ninua (14 years) "son of Bazaya"
Sharma-Adad II (3 years) "son of Shu-Ninua"
Erishum III (13 years) "son of Shu-Ninua"
Shamshi-Adad II (6 years) "son of Erishum (III)"
Ishme-Dagan II (16 years) "son of Shamshi-Adad (II)"
Shamshi-Adad III (16 years) " son of (another) Ishme-Dagan, brother of Sharma-Adad (II), son of Shu-Ninua"
Ashur-nirari I (26 years) "son of Ishme-Dagan"
Puzur-Ashur III (24 or 14 years) "son of Ashur-nirari (I)"; contemporary of Burna-Buriash I of Babylonia[16]
Enlil-nasir I (13 years) "son of Puzur-Ashur (III)"
Nur-ili (12 years) "son Enlil-nasir (I)"
Ashur-shaduni (1 month) "son of Nur-ili"
Ashur-rabi I (damaged text) "son of Enlil-nasir (I), ousted him (Ashur-shaduni), (and) seized the throne"
Ashur-nadin-ahhe I (damaged text) "son of Ashur-rabi (I)"
Enlil-nasir II ca. 1420–1415 BC (short) "his (Ashur-nadin-ahhe I's) brother, ousted him"
Ashur-nirari II ca. 1414–1408 BC (short) "son of Enlil-nasir (II)"
Ashur-bel-nisheshu ca. 1407–1399 BC (short) "son of Ashur-nirari (II)"
Ashur-rim-nisheshu ca. 1398–1391 BC (short) "son of Ashur-bel-nisheshu"
Ashur-nadin-ahhe II ca. 1390–1381 BC (short) "son of Ashur-rim-nisheshu"

Middle Assyrian Period

The dates up to Ninurta-apal-Ekur (ca. 1182–1180 BC) are subject to debate, as some of the regnal lengths vary over the different versions of the King List. The dates given below are based on Assyrian King Lists B and C, which give only three years to Ashur-nadin-apli, and the same to Ninurta-apal-Ekur. (Assyrian King List A gives four years to Ashur-nadin-apli and 13 years to Ninurta-apal-Ekur.[17]) This timeframe is also subject to the overall debate about the chronology of the ancient Near East; the short (or low) chronology is used here.

Dates from 1179 to 912 BC, although less secure than dates from 911 BC onwards, are not subject to the chronology debate.[16]

Adad-nirari I (ca. 1295–1263 BC)
Middle Assyrian Period
King name Reigned[18][19][20] Notes[13][14]
Eriba-Adad I ca. 1380–1353 BC (short) "son of Ashur-bel-nisheshu"
Ashur-uballit I ca. 1353–1318 BC (short) "son of Eriba-Adad (I)"
Enlil-nirari ca. 1317–1308 BC (short) "son of Ashur-uballit"
Arik-den-ili ca. 1307–1296 BC (short) "son of Enlil-nirari"
Adad-nirari I ca. 1295–1264 BC (short) "son of Arik-den-ili"
Shalmaneser I ca. 1263–1234 BC (short) "son of Adad-nirari (I)"
Tukulti-Ninurta I ca. 1233–1197 BC (short) "son of Shalmaneser (I)"
Ashur-nadin-apli ca. 1196–1194 BC (short) "during the lifetime of Tukulti-ninurta (I), Ashur-nadin-apli, his son, seized the throne"
Ashur-nirari III ca. 1193–1188 BC (short) "son of Ashur-nadin-apli"
Enlil-kudurri-usur ca. 1187–1183 BC (short) "son of Tukulti-Ninurta (I)"
Ninurta-apal-Ekur ca. 1182–1180 BC (short) "son of Ila-Hadda, a descendant of Eriba-Adad (I), went to Karduniash. He came up from Karduniash (and) seized the throne."
Beginning with Ashur-Dan I, dates are consistent and not subject to middle/short chronology distinctions.
Ashur-Dan I ca. 1179–1133 BC "son of Ashur-nadin-apli"
Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur ca. 1133 BC "son of Ashur-dan (I), briefly"
Mutakkil-nusku ca. 1133 BC "his (Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur's) brother, fought him and took him to Karduniash. Mutakkil-Nusku held the throne briefly, then died."
Ashur-resh-ishi I ca. 1133–1115 BC "son of Mutakkil-Nusku"
Tiglath-Pileser I ca. 1115–1076 BC "son of Ashur-resh-ishi (I)"
Asharid-apal-Ekur ca. 1076–1074 BC "son of Tiglath-pileser (I)"
Ashur-bel-kala ca. 1074–1056 BC "son of Tiglath-pileser (I)"
Eriba-Adad II ca. 1056–1054 BC "son of Ashur-bel-kala"
Shamshi-Adad IV ca. 1054–1050 BC "son of Tiglath-pileser (I), came up from Karduniash. He ousted Eriba-Adad (II), son of Ashur-bel-kala, (and) seized the throne"
Ashur-nasir-pal I ca. 1050–1031 BC "son of Shamshi-Adad (IV)"
Shalmaneser II ca. 1031–1019 BC "son of Ashur-nasir-pal (I)"
Ashur-nirari IV ca. 1019–1013 BC "son of Shalmaneser (II)"
Ashur-rabi II ca. 1013–972 BC "son of Ashur-nasir-pal (I)"
Ashur-resh-ishi II ca. 972–967 BC "son of Ashur-rabi (II)"
Tiglath-Pileser II ca. 967–935 BC "son of Ashur-resh-ishi (II)"
Ashur-Dan II ca. 935–912 BC "son of Tiglath-Pileser (II)"

Neo-Assyrian Period

Neo-Assyrian Empire (824 & 671 BC)
Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BC)
Ashurbanipal (669–631 BC)

Synchronisms between the limmu lists and absolute dates known from Babylonian chronology provide good absolute dates for the years between 911 BC and 649 BC.

The dates for the very end of the Assyrian period are uncertain due to the lack of limmu lists after 649 BC. Some sources list Ashurbanipal's death in 631 BC, rather than 627 BC; Ashur-etil-ilani then reigns from 631 to 627, and Sin-shar-ishkun reigns until 612 BC, when he is known to have died in the sack of Nineveh.[16]

Neo-Assyrian Period
King name Reigned[21][22][23] Notes[13][14]
Adad-nirari II 912–891 BC "son of Ashur-Dan (II)"
Tukulti-Ninurta II 891–884 BC "son of Adad-nirari (II)"
Ashur-nasir-pal II 884–859 BC "son of Tukulti-Ninurta (II)"
Shalmaneser III 859–824 BC "son of Ashur-nasir-pal (II)"
Shamshi-Adad V 824–811 BC "son of Shalmaneser (III)"
Shammu-ramat, regent, 811–808 BC
Adad-nirari III 811–783 BC "son of Shamshi-Adad (V)"
Shalmaneser IV 783–773 BC "son of Adad-nirari (III)"
Ashur-Dan III 773–755 BC "son of Shalmaneser (IV)"; solar eclipse 763 BC[16]
Ashur-nirari V 755–745 BC "son of Adad-nirari (III)"
Tiglath-Pileser III 745–727 BC "son of Ashur-nirari (V)"
Shalmaneser V 727–722 BC "son of Tiglath-Pileser (III)"
End of the document known as Assyrian King List; the following kings reigned after the list had been composed.
Sargon II 722–705 BC
Sennacherib 705–681 BC
Esarhaddon 681–669 BC
The dates of the last kings are not certain.
Ashurbanipal 669–between 631 and 627 BC
Ashur-etil-ilani ca. 631–627 BC
Sin-shumu-lishir 626 BC
Sin-shar-ishkun ca. 627–612 BC fall of Nineveh
In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes, Babylonians, and Scythians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran.
Ashur-uballit II 612 BC–ca. 608 BC Harran defeated by Cyaxares of Media and Nabopolassar of Babylonia

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Rowton, M.B. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 1.1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–195. ISBN 0521070511. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ One the standard the other a later Armenian translation.
  3. ^ "Ctesias' Persian History: Introduction, text, and translation", Jan P. Stronk, Wellem Verlag, 2010, pp.30-36.
  4. ^ Felix jacoby cf. FGrH 688 T 11, T 13, T 19, shows ancient authorities that considered the king list to be sensational, semi-fictional or unrealistic at the time.
  5. ^ Assyria in Classical Universal Histories, Robert Drews, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 14, H. 2 (Apr., 1965), pp. 129-142
  6. ^ Drews, 1965, p. 30.
  7. ^ "Ovid, Varro, and Castor of Rhodes: The Chronological Architecture of the 'Metamorphoses'", Thomas Cole, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 102, (2004), pp. 355-422.
  8. ^ Preserved by George Syncellus, found in Cory's Ancient Fragments, 1826, p. 70.
  9. ^ The Assyrian King list in the Excerpta Latina Barbari claims Belus ruled 1430 years before the first Olympiad (776 BC) thus dating him to 2206 BC.
  10. ^ For discussion of king lists, see Poebel, “Assyrian King List,” 71–90; IJ Gelb, “Two Assyrian King Lists,”Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13 (1954): 209–30.
  11. ^ a b c d e Meissner, Bruno (1990). Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Vol. 6. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 101–102. ISBN 3110100517.
  12. ^ Rowton, M.B. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 1.1. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN 0521070511. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ a b c d Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2004). Mesopotamian Chronicles. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 136–144. ISBN 1589830903. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 20 (help)
  14. ^ a b c d Lendering, Jona (31 March 2006). "Assyrian King List". Retrieved 2008-08-13.
  15. ^ a b c Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2004). Mesopotamian Chronicles. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 88. ISBN 1589830903.
  16. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference cambridge was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ For variants, see footnotes 49–56 in Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2004). Mesopotamian Chronicles. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 155. ISBN 1589830903. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 20 (help)
  18. ^ Comments on the Nassouhi Kinglist and the Assyrian Kinglist Tradition, J.A. Brinkman, Orientalia N.S 42, 1973
  19. ^ Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC, A.K. Grayson, University of Toronto Press, 1987, ISBN 0-8020-2605-2
  20. ^ The Chronology of Ancient Assyria Re-assessed, B. Newgrosh, JACF, vol. 08, pp. 78-106, 1999
  21. ^ Landscape and Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, T. J. Wilkinson, E. B. Wilkinson, J. Ur, M. Altaweel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, November 2005
  22. ^ [1] Neo-Assyrian Eponym List—Livius.org
  23. ^ [2] Empires and Exploitation: The Neo-Assyrian Empire, P Bedford, WA Perth, 2001

References

  • Ascalone, Enrico (2007). Mesopotamia: Assyrians, Sumerians, Babylonians (Dictionaries of Civilizations; 1). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520252667. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Grayson, Albert Kirk (1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. Locust Valley, N.Y. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Healy, Mark (1992). The Ancient Assyrians. ISBN 978-1-85532-163-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Leick, Gwendolyn (2003). Mesopotamia. ISBN 0140265740. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Lloyd, Seton (1984). The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: From the Old Stone Age to the Persian Conquest. ISBN 0500790094. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Nardon, Don (1998). Assyrian Empire. ISBN 1560063130. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

External links

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