Wind power in the United States: Difference between revisions

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Driven by state renewable energy targets, fourteen states have installed over 1,000&nbsp;MW of wind, and a total of 37&nbsp;states now have installed at least some utility-scale wind power.<ref name=naw2010/> [[Wind power in Texas|Texas]], with 9,728&nbsp;MW of capacity, has the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state, followed by [[Wind power in Iowa|Iowa]] with 3,670&nbsp;MW.<ref name=awea_q4_09/> The [[Roscoe Wind Farm]] (780&nbsp;MW) in [[Wind power in Texas|Texas]] is the world's largest [[wind farm]].<ref name="webecoist.com">[http://webecoist.com/2009/04/10/9-of-the-worlds-most-amazing-wind-farms/ 9 of the World’s Most Amazing Wind Farms]</ref>
Driven by state renewable energy targets, fourteen states have installed over 1,000&nbsp;MW of wind, and a total of 37&nbsp;states now have installed at least some utility-scale wind power.<ref name=naw2010/> [[Wind power in Texas|Texas]], with 9,728&nbsp;MW of capacity, has the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state, followed by [[Wind power in Iowa|Iowa]] with 3,670&nbsp;MW.<ref name=awea_q4_09/> The [[Roscoe Wind Farm]] (780&nbsp;MW) in [[Wind power in Texas|Texas]] is the world's largest [[wind farm]].<ref name="webecoist.com">[http://webecoist.com/2009/04/10/9-of-the-worlds-most-amazing-wind-farms/ 9 of the World’s Most Amazing Wind Farms]</ref>


Wind power is a clean, domestic, renewable resource that can assist the U.S. in meeting energy, environmental, and economic challenges. The U.S. wind industry generates tens of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of economic activity. Much of this activity boosts economically depressed areas.<ref name=usdept/>
Wind power is a clean, domestic, renewable resource that can assist the U.S. in meeting energy, environmental, and economic challenges. The U.S. wind industry generates tens of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of economic activity.<ref name=usdept/> Wind projects boosted local tax bases, and revitalized the economy of rural communities by providing a steady income stream to farmers with wind turbines on their land.<ref name=nine>American Wind Energy Association (2009). [http://www.awea.org/publications/reports/AWEA-Annual-Wind-Report-2009.pdf Annual Wind Industry Report, Year Ending 2008] pp. 9–10.</ref> [[GE Energy]] is the largest domestic [[wind turbine]] manufacturer.<ref name=nine/>


==Overview==
==Overview==

Revision as of 00:26, 11 March 2011

Brazos Wind Ranch in Texas.
Part of the Biglow Canyon Wind Farm, with a turbine under construction
Landowners typically receive $3,000 to $5,000 per year in rental income from each wind turbine, while farmers continue to grow crops or graze cattle up to the foot of the turbines.[1]

At the end of 2010, the installed capacity of wind power in the United States was just over 40,000 megawatts (MW),[2][3] making it second in the world behind China. Wind power accounts for about 2% of the electricity generated in the United States.[4] There are currently 5,600 MW of projects under construction in 2011.[2]

Driven by state renewable energy targets, fourteen states have installed over 1,000 MW of wind, and a total of 37 states now have installed at least some utility-scale wind power.[5] Texas, with 9,728 MW of capacity, has the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state, followed by Iowa with 3,670 MW.[6] The Roscoe Wind Farm (780 MW) in Texas is the world's largest wind farm.[7]

Wind power is a clean, domestic, renewable resource that can assist the U.S. in meeting energy, environmental, and economic challenges. The U.S. wind industry generates tens of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of economic activity.[8] Wind projects boosted local tax bases, and revitalized the economy of rural communities by providing a steady income stream to farmers with wind turbines on their land.[1] GE Energy is the largest domestic wind turbine manufacturer.[1]

Overview

Map of available wind power over the United States. Color codes indicate wind power density class.

China has the largest installed capacity of wind power, followed by the United States.[2]

Wind power is growing rapidly worldwide and U.S. capacity has more than doubled in the past three years.[9]

As of 31 December 2010, the top five states with the most wind capacity installed are:[10]

Installed capacity growth

Over the last few years, wind power in the U.S. has generally been increasing rapidly. In 2010, however, new construction was about half of the previous year due to various factors.[10] The following table uses data from the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy to show the wind energy capacity growth in megawatts of the entire United States since 1999.[11][12] In 2008, installed capacity in the U.S. increased by 50% over the prior year. The world average growth rate that year was 28.8%.[13]

Year U.S. MW Change % Change
2010 40,180 5,317 15.25%
2009 34,863 9,453 37.20%
2008 25,410 8,503 50.29%
2007 16,907 5,332 46.06%
2006 11,575 2,428 26.54%
2005 9,147 2,424 36.06%
2004 6,723 373 5.87%
2003 6,350 1,663 35.48%
2002 4,687 455 10.75%
2001 4,232 1,693 66.68%
2000 2,539 67 2.71%
1999 2,472 N/A N/A
Image from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory showing wind power capacity in each state from 1999-2009

Wind power by state

Driven by state renewable energy targets, fourteen states have installed over 1,000 MW of wind, and a total of 37 states now have installed at least some utility-scale wind power.[5] Much of the new wind power capacity is being built in the Great Plains and Midwest regions of the United States, which have a favorable combination of characteristics: ample wind resources, an extensive rail and highway network for shipping outsized turbine components, flat topography which both improves the wind and makes turbine components easier to ship, and broad acceptance from local farmers and ranchers. New development in some locations, however, is being limited by lack of additional capacity to transmit power to locations where it can be used.[14] Other areas seeing wind development include the Pacific Northwest, and Northeast.

Texas

Main article: Wind power in Texas

In 2010 Texas surpassed the 10,000 MW mark with the addition of over 600 MW of generating capacity.[10] Wind power in Texas consists of many wind farms with a total installed capacity of 10,085 MW.[6][10] Some of the larger wind farms in Texas include the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, Sweetwater Wind Farm, King Mountain Wind Farm, Roscoe Wind Farm, Desert Sky Wind Farm, Woodward Mt. I & II, and Brazos Wind Ranch.[15]

The Roscoe Wind Farm in Roscoe, Texas is the world's largest wind farm with 627 wind turbines and a total installed capacity of 781.5 MW, which surpasses the nearby 735.5 MW Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center. It is located about 200 miles (320 km) west of Fort Worth and the wind farm area spans parts of four Texas counties.[16][17]

Expansion of wind power capacity will help Texas meet its renewable energy goal of 5,000 MW of new power from renewable sources by 2015.[18] On October 28, 2010, strong winds pushed wind power to 25% of the electrical generation in Texas.[5]

Iowa

Hancock County Wind Energy Center in Hancock County, Iowa.
Main article: Wind power in Iowa

In 2009, Iowa became the first state to have more than 10% of its total generated electricity come from wind power. The proportion of wind generated electricity was 14.2%, the highest of any state.[19] At the end of 2009, the installed capacity for wind power in Iowa was 3670 megawatts (MW), a bit more than 10% of the total wind capacity in the U.S.[20] It has been estimated that in 2010, the percentage generated by wind will increase to between 17 and 20 percent.[21]

California

Main article: Wind power in California

Wind power in California has been an area of considerable activity for many years. California was the first U.S. state where large wind farms were developed, beginning in the early 1980s.[22] By 1995, California produced 30 percent of the entire world's wind-generated electricity.[23] In 2004, California produced 4,258 million kilowatt-hours of electricity, roughly 1.5 percent of the total energy consumed by the state.[23]

More than 13,000 of California's wind turbines, or 95 percent of all of California's wind output, are located in three primary regions: Altamont Pass Wind Farm (east of San Francisco); Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm (south east of Bakersfield), and San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm (near Palm Springs, east of Los Angeles).[23]

Minnesota

Fenton wind farm at sunrise
Main article: Wind power in Minnesota

At the end of 2008, the installed capacity for wind power in Minnesota was 1,754 megawatts (MW), and wind farms provided more than 7 per cent of the electricity used in the state.[24] Wind farms in Minnesota include the Buffalo Ridge Wind Farm (225 MW) and the Fenton Wind Farm (205.5 MW). The 201 MW Nobles Wind Farm is due to be commissioned in 2010.[25]

Kansas

Kansas has high potential capacity for wind power, second behind Texas. The most recent estimates are that Kansas has a potential for 950 GW of wind power capacity yet has only about 1,000 MW installed. Kansas could generate 3,900 TW·h of electricity each year which represents nearly all the electricity generated from coal, natural gas and nuclear combined in the United States in 2008.[26]

Largest wind farms

Further information: List of wind farms in the United States

As of 30 June 2010, these are the ten largest wind farms in the United States:

Project Capacity (MW) State
Roscoe Wind Farm 781[27] Texas
Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center 736 Texas
Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm 690 California
Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662 Texas
San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm 619 California
Fowler Ridge Wind Farm 600 Indiana
Sweetwater Wind Farm 585[28] Texas
Altamont Pass Wind Farm 576[29] California
Buffalo Gap Wind Farm 524 Texas
Meadow Lake Wind Farm 500[30] Indiana

The Roscoe Wind Farm in Texas is the world's largest wind farm at 781.5 megawatt (MW) capacity. It consists of 627 wind turbines manufactured by General Electric, Mitsubishi, and Siemens. It surpassed the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in 2009. The project spans four Texas counties and covers an area the size of Manhattan.[31][32]

The Fowler Ridge Wind Farm in Benton County, Indiana has generating capacity of 600 MW total. The first phase of the project, consisted of 222 wind turbines installed 400 MW of capacity. Phase 2, completed in 2009 installed an additional 200 MW of capacity.[33]

The majority of the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm as viewed from the San Jacinto Mountains to the south. (The farm continues over the hills to the north along California State Route 62 and is not visible from this vantagepoint). The layout includes a variety of large modern and older smaller turbine designs

Potential capacity

The U.S. Department of Energy’s 2008 report 20% Wind Energy by 2030 envisioned that wind power could supply 20% of all U.S. electricity, which included a contribution of 4% to the nation’s total electricity from offshore wind power.[8]

On February 11, 2010, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory released the first comprehensive update of the wind energy potential by state since 1993, showing that the contiguous United States had potential to install 10,459 GW of onshore wind power.[34][35] The capacity could generate 37 petawatt-hours (PW·h) annually, an amount nine times larger than current total U.S. electricity consumption.[36] The U.S. also has large wind resources in Alaska,[37] and Hawaii.[38]

In addition to the large onshore wind resources, the U.S. has large offshore wind power potential,[39] with another NREL report released in September 2010 showing that the U.S. has 4,150 GW of potential offshore wind power nameplate capacity, an amount 4 times greater than the country's 2008 installed capacity from all sources of 1,010 GW.[40][41]

Wind power industry

Further information: List of wind turbine manufacturers

Since 2005 many turbine manufacturing leaders have opened U.S. facilities; of the top 10 global manufacturers in 2007, seven — Vestas, GE Energy, Gamesa, Suzlon, Siemens, Acciona, and Nordex — have an American manufacturing presence. In addition, Clipper Windpower, which is based in the U.S., has joined GE as a major domestic player in the production of utility-scale wind turbines, with the two companies together accounting for 50% of the 2008 domestic turbine market.[42][43][44] REpower is another manufacturer with notable usage in the United States.[45]

As of April 2009, over 100 companies are producing components for wind turbines, employing thousands of workers in the manufacture of parts as varied as towers, composite blades, bearings and gears. Many existing companies in traditional manufacturing states have retooled to enter the wind industry. Their manufacturing facilities are spread across 40 states, employing workers from the Southeast to the Steel Belt, to the Great Plains and on to the Pacific Northwest.[42]

Plans for 30 new manufacturing facilities were announced in 2008, and the wind industry expects to see a continued shift towards domestic manufacturing in the coming years. In total, 70 manufacturing facilities have begun production, been expanded, or announced since January 2007.[42]

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is working with six leading wind turbine manufacturers towards achieving 20% wind power in the United States by 2030. The DOE announced the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with GE Energy, Siemens Power Generation, Vestas Wind Systems, Clipper Windpower, Suzlon Energy, and Gamesa Corporation. Under the MOU, the DOE and the six manufacturers will collaborate to gather and exchange information relating to five major areas: research and development related to turbine reliability and operability; siting strategies for wind power facilities; standards development for turbine certification and universal interconnection of wind turbines; manufacturing advances in design, process automation, and fabrication techniques; and workforce development.[46][47]

Government involvement

Kaheawa Wind Farm near Maalaea, Maui, with 20 GE Energy 1.5 MW wind turbines

The DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has announced a number of wind technology projects, including a new state-of-the-art wind turbine blade test facility to be built in Ingleside, Texas. The Texas-NREL Large Blade Research and Test Facility will be capable of testing blades as long as 70 meters (230 feet). It will be built and operated through a partnership among NREL, DOE, and a state consortium led by University of Houston, with the university owning and operating the facility's buildings, DOE funding up to $2 million in capital costs, and NREL providing technical and operational assistance. The blade test facility is estimated to cost between $12 million and $15 million and should be completed by 2010. Located on the Gulf Coast, the Texas facility will complement a similar facility that is being built on the coast of Massachusetts.[48]

NREL has also recently signed agreements with Siemens Power Generation and First Wind, a wind power developer. Siemens is launching a new research and development facility in nearby Boulder, Colorado, and has agreed to locate and test a commercial-scale wind turbine at NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). First Wind (formerly called UPC Wind Partners, LLC) owns and operates the 30-megawatt Kaheawa Wind Power farm in West Maui, Hawaii, and has agreed to let the NWTC establish a Remote Research Affiliate Partner Site at the facility. The Maui satellite of NWTC will collaborate with First Wind on studies to develop advanced wind energy technologies, including energy storage and integration of renewable electricity into Maui's electrical grid.[49]

In July 2008, Texas approved a $4.93 billion expansion of the state's electric grid to bring wind energy to its major cities. Transmission companies will recoup the cost of constructing the new power lines, expected to be completed in 2013, from fees estimated at $4 per month for residential customers.[50] This lack of capacity forced wind turbines to be shut down at times and reduced wind power generation in Texas by 17% in 2009.[51]

The Green Power Express is a proposal for an electric power transmission grid that would transmit up to 12,000 MW of wind generated power from the Dakotas, Minnesota, and Iowa to the Chicago area and to southeastern U.S. states.[52] The system would add some 3,000 miles (4,800 km) of extra high voltage (765 kilovolt) transmission lines.[53] It has received some approvals from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission of the U.S. government. New transmission grid power lines would be needed to transmit power from sources like the Titan Wind Project to population centers further east.[54] Opponents claim the lines would also be used to transmit electricity from coal fired powerplants.

Tax credits

A federal production tax credit (PTC) of $19 per MW·h generated for the first ten years for wind energy sold as well as RPS mandating a certain percentage of electricity sales come from renewable energy sources in about half of the states has boosted the development of the wind industry. At the time the wind power tax credit was due to expire at the end of the year, and the display was intended to bring awareness to the wind industry. Each year that the tax credit has not been renewed well before it expires the number of installations has dropped significantly the following year, and since it was not renewed until October 3, it is expected that 2009 will as well see a slowing of construction starts.[55]

Siting considerations

Shiloh Wind Power Plant in Solano County, California
See also: wind farm
See also: Environmental effects of wind power

There is competition for wind farms among farmers in places like Iowa or ranchers in Colorado. Farmers, with no investment on their part, typically receive $3,000–5,000 per year in royalties[56] from the local utility for siting a single, large, advanced-design wind turbine.[57][58][59][60][61]

Landscape and ecological issues may be significant for some wind farm proposals.[62] However, when appropriate planning procedures for site selection are followed environmental problems should be minimal. Some people may still object to wind farms, but their concerns should be weighed against the need to address the threats posed by climate change and fossil fuel depletion, the need for energy security, and the opinions of the broader community.[63][64]

Worldwide experience has shown that community consultation and direct involvement of the general public in wind farm projects has helped to increase community approval,[65] and some wind farms overseas have become tourist attractions.[64][66]

Offshore wind power

As of 2011, USA has no offshore wind power.[67] In June 2009, Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar issued five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware. The leases authorize data gathering activities, allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles (29 km) offshore.[68] Four areas are being considered.[69] On February 7, 2011, Salazar and Stephen Chu announced a national strategy to have offshore wind power of 10 GW in 2020, and 54 GW in 2030.[67]

The United States has very large offshore wind energy resources due to strong, consistent winds off the long U.S. coastline. Offshore wind energy is a clean, domestic, renewable resource that can assist the U.S. in meeting energy, environmental, and economic challenges.[8] A robust U.S. offshore wind industry could generate tens of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of economic activity. Much of this activity would boost economically depressed ports and shipyards, which could be repurposed to manufacture and install offshore wind turbines.[8]

Massachusetts

In Massachusetts, the Cape Wind project, a proposal to construct 130 offshore wind turbines in Nantucket Sound, has been the subject of heavy debate for many years[70] in the affluent communities of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket, as well as among environmentalists. Despite these concerns, at a news conference held on April 28, 2010, Interior Secretary Salazar announced his intent to approve the project. During May 2010, the project had been approved by the FAA over concerns of radar interference with nearby military bases, and Cape Wind announced a power purchase agreement with National Grid to sell half the project's output (i.e. about 750 million kW·h/year).

Rhode Island

At the state level, a goal was set in 2004 by the governor of having 15% of electricity come from renewable sources by 2020. As of 2008, Rhode Island has less than a quarter of one percent of its energy coming from in-state renewable sources.

State officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $1.5-billion, 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island. The 100-turbine project could provide 1.3 terawatt-hours (TW·h) of electricity per year — 15 percent of all electricity used in the state.[71][72][73] In 2009, Deepwater signed an agreement with National Grid to sell the power from a $200-million, 30-MW wind farm off Block Island, at an initial price of 24.4 ¢/kW·h.[74]

Atlantic Wind Connection

Atlantic Wind Connection is a planned electrical transmission backbone to be built off the Atlantic Coast of the United States to serve off-shore wind farms. Google and Good Energies, an investment firm, are the major investors in the $5 billion dollar project proposed by Trans-Elect Development Company which would deliver power ashore in southern Virginia, Delaware, southern New Jersey and northern New Jersey. The proposed system has been praised by environmentalists and federal regulators, but as a first of its kind project, poses significant risks of encountering unexpected technological challenges and cost overruns.[75] Such an offshore backbone is an element in the national electricity strategy.[67]

Statistics

Installed wind energy capacity

US Wind Energy Capacity (MW)[11][12]
No Jurisdiction 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999
- United States 34,863 25,410 16,907 11,575 9,147 6,723 6,350 4,687 4,232 2,539 2,472
1 Texas 9,403 7,113 4,353 2,736 1,992 1,290 1,290 1,096 1,096 184 184
2 Iowa 3,604 2,791 1,273 932 836 634 472 423 324 242 242
3 California 2,798 2,537 2,439 2,376 2,149 2,095 2,025 1,823 1,683 1,616 1,616
4 Washington 1,849 1,375 1,163 818 390 241 244 228 180 0 0
5 Minnesota 1,810 1,753 1,300 896 745 600 558 338 320 291 273
6 Oregon 1,758 1,067 885 438 338 263 259 218 157 25 25
7 Illinois 1,547 915 699 107 107 51 50 0 0 0 0
8 New York 1,274 832 425 370 186 48 48 48 48 18 0
9 Colorado 1,244 1,068 1,067 291 231 231 223 61 61 22 22
10 North Dakota 1,203 714 345 178 98 66 66 5 0 0 0
11 Wyoming 1,099 676 288 288 288 285 285 141 141 91 73
12 Indiana 1,036 131 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 Oklahoma 1,031 708 689 535 475 176 176 0 0 0 0
14 Kansas 1,021 921 364 364 264 114 114 114 114 2 2
15 Pennsylvania 748 361 294 179 129 129 129 35 35 11 0
16 New Mexico 597 497 496 496 406 266 206 1 1 1 1
17 Wisconsin 449 449 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 23 23
18 Montana 375 271 153 146 137 1 1 0 0 0 0
19 West Virginia 330 330 146 66 66 66 66 66 0 0 0
20 South Dakota 313 187 98 44 44 44 44 3 3 0 0
21 Missouri 309 163 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 Utah 223 20 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
23 Maine 175 47 42 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 Nebraska 153 117 72 73 73 14 14 14 3 3 3
25 Idaho 147 76 75 75 75 0 0 0 0 0 0
26 Michigan 138 144 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1
27 Arizona 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
28 Hawaii 63 63 63 42 9 9 9 9 2 2 2
29 Tennessee 29 29 29 29 29 29 2 2 2 2 0
30 New Hampshire 25 25 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
31 Massachusetts 15 6 5 4 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
32 Alaska 9 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
33 New Jersey 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
34 Ohio 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 0 0 0 0
35 Vermont 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
36 Rhode Island 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Percentage of electricity generated from wind

US % Electricity Generated From Wind[76]
No Jurisdiction 2008
- United States 1.30%
1 Minnesota 7.48%
2 Iowa 7.10%
3 Colorado 5.91%
4 North Dakota 4.86%
5 New Mexico 4.41%
6 Oregon 4.30%
7 Kansas 3.85%
8 Texas 3.52%
9 Washington 3.28%
10 Oklahoma 3.00%
11 California 2.67%
12 Hawaii 2.09%
13 Wyoming 2.00%
14 South Dakota 1.90%
15 Montana 1.89%
16 Idaho 1.68%
17 Illinois 1.06%
18 Massachusetts <1.00%
19 New Hampshire <1.00%
20 Rhode Island <1.00%
21 Vermont <1.00%
22 New York 0.92%
23 Maine 0.75%
24 Nebraska 0.67%
25 Wisconsin 0.66%
26 West Virginia 0.42%
27 Pennsylvania 0.33%
28 Missouri 0.21%
29 Indiana 0.18%
30 Alaska 0.10%
31 Michigan 0.10%
32 Tennessee 0.05%
33 New Jersey 0.03%
34 Alabama 0.00%
35 Arizona 0.00%
36 Arkansas 0.00%

Wind power potential

The table below shows wind potential, installed capacity (through December 2009), and 2009 wind energy production.

State 80 m
Potential capacity (MW)[26] 		Potential generation 80m 30% CF (GW·h)[26] Existing capacity End 2009 (MW)[77] 2009 Energy (GW·h) Generated by wind[78] 2009 Percentage of state generation by wind[79]
Texas 1,901,530 6,527,850 9,410 19,351 4.88
Kansas 952,370 3,646,590 1,014 2,385 5.17
Montana 944,004 3,228,620 375 811 3.13
Nebraska 917,999 3,540,370 153 289 0.85
South Dakota 882,412 3,411,690 313 392 4.86
North Dakota 770,195 2,983,750 1,203 2,756 8.08
Iowa 570,714 2,026,340 3,670 7,331 14.19
Wyoming 552,073 1,944,340 1,101 2,214 4.85
Oklahoma 516,822 1,788,910 1,130 2,272 3.02
New Mexico 492,083 1,644,970 597 1,544 3.88
Minnesota 489,270 1,679,480 1,809 4,957 9.42
Colorado 387,219 1,288,490 1,246 2,942 5.83
Missouri 274,355 810,619 309 499 0.56
Illinois 249,882 763,529 1,547 2,761 1.43
Indiana 148,227 443,912 1,036 1,403 1.20
Wisconsin 103,757 300,136 449 1,059 1.73
Michigan 59,042 169,221 449 289 0.28
Ohio 54,919 151,881 7 15.5 0.01
California 34,110 105,646 2,794 5,765 2.81
Oregon 27,100 80,855 1,758 3,372 6.04
New York 25,781 74,695 1,274 2,259 1.67
Washington 18,479 55,550 1,980 3,539 3.38
Idaho 18,075 52,118 147 227 1.90
Utah 13,104 37,104 223 64.5 0.15
Maine 11,251 33,779 175 260 1.54
Arizona 10,904 30,616 63 9.6 0.01
Arkansas 9,200 26,906
Nevada 7,247 20,823
Pennsylvania 3,307 9,673 748 921 0.42
Vermont 2,949 9,163 6 11.6 0.16
New Hampshire 2,135 6,706 26 28.5 0.14
West Virginia 1,883 5,820 330 742 1.05
Virginia 1,793 5,395
Maryland 1,483 4,269
Massachusetts[1] 1,028 3,323 15 3.8 0.01
North Carolina 808 2,395
Louisiana 409 1,100
Tennessee 309 900 29 51.7 0.07
South Carolina 185 504
Georgia 130 380
New Jersey 132 373 8 19.2 0.03
Alabama 118.2 333
Rhode Island 46.6 153 1
Kentucky 61 173
Connecticut 26 73
Delaware 9.5 26
Alaska 8 3.1 0.05
Hawaii 63 213 1.97
Florida 0.4 1
Mississippi 0 0
Total 10,458,945 36,919,551 35,466 70,760 1.8
  • Note: 80 m capacity is based on available windy area after exclusions.

[1] Does not include offshore capacity. Several states have substantial offshore capacity.

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wind power in the United States and Wind farms in the United States.
  1. ^ a b c American Wind Energy Association (2009). Annual Wind Industry Report, Year Ending 2008 pp. 9–10.
  2. ^ a b c Ryser, Jeffrey (24 January 2011). "Wind power installation slowed in 2010, outlook for 2011 stronger: AWEA". Platts. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  3. ^ "US wind power capacity up in '09, but jobs stalled". Reuters. 2010-01-26.
  4. ^ Behr, Peter (April 28, 2010). "Predicting Wind Power's Growth -- an Art That Needs More Science". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  5. ^ a b c "AWEA: U.S. Wind Power Surmounted Challenges In 2010". North American Windpower. January 3, 2010.
  6. ^ a b [1] Wind Energy Grows By Record 8,300 MW in 2008][dead link]
  7. ^ 9 of the World’s Most Amazing Wind Farms
  8. ^ a b c d "Strengthening America's Energy Security with Offshore Wind" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. February 2011.
  9. ^ "Obama clean energy goal is good start: industry". Reuters. January 13, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b c d "AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Year-End 2010 Market Report" (PDF). American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
  11. ^ a b "U.S. Installed Wind Capacity and Wind Project Locations". Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, United States Department of Energy. 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  12. ^ a b "Installed Wind Capacity by State". Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, United States Department of Energy. 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  13. ^ Wind energy gathers steam, US biggest market: survey
  14. ^ "Texas Will Spend Billions on Transmission of Wind Power". Associated Press. July 18, 2008. Retrieved 2009-12-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Texas Wind Energy Projects
  16. ^ EC&R Completes 780-MW Roscoe Wind Farm Renewable Energy World, 2 October 2009.
  17. ^ O'Grady, Eileen (2009-10-01). "E.ON completes world's largest wind farm in Texas". Reuters.
  18. ^ Airtricity Finalizes 209-MW Wind Project in Texas, Renewable Energy Access, 16 May 2007.
  19. ^ "Wind Industry Annual Market Report". American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). April 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-12. [dead link]
  20. ^ Windpower by state
  21. ^ Iowa policy project
  22. ^ Major CA Wind Energy Resource Areas
  23. ^ a b c "Overview of Wind Energy in California". California Energy Commission. May 15, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ AWEA Report Sees Increases in US Wind Energy Capacity and Manufacturing
  25. ^ Province dedicates Canada's largest solar PV project
  26. ^ a b c U.S. Wind Energy Potential at 100m 35% capacity factor or better
  27. ^ Eileen O'Grady. E.ON completes world's largest wind farm in Texas, Reuters, October 1, 2009.
  28. ^ "Sweetwater Wind Farm". Retrieved 2011-02-26. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  29. ^ "Altamont Pass, California - Encyclopedia of Earth". www.eoearth.org. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  30. ^ Energy Information Administration - October 2010 Electric Power Monthly
  31. ^ O'Grady, Eileen (2009-10-01). "E.ON completes world's largest wind farm in Texas". Reuters.
  32. ^ "EC&R Completes 780-MW Roscoe Wind Farm". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. 2009-10-02. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help); Text "url http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/10/ec-r-completes-780-mw-roscoe-wind-farm" ignored (help)
  33. ^ Fowler Ridge Wind Farm
  34. ^ "New Wind Resource Maps and Wind Potential Estimates for the United States". Wind Powering America, DOE. 2010-02-19. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  35. ^ "Estimates of Windy Land Area and Wind Energy Potential by State for Areas >= 30% Capacity Factor at 80m" (.xls). National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). February 4, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  36. ^ http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/02-18-10_US_Wind_Resource_Larger.html [dead link]
  37. ^ "Alaska 50-Meter Wind Resource Map". Wind Powering America, DOE. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  38. ^ "Hawaii 50-Meter Wind Resource Map". Wind Powering America, DOE. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  39. ^ * Lu, Xi (2009-06-22). "Global potential for wind generated electricity" (PDF). 106 (27). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 10933–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904101106. PMC 2700152. PMID 19549865. Retrieved 2009-06-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Marchetti, Nino (2010-09-10). "U.S. Offshore Wind Potential 4,150 GW". EarthTechling. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
  41. ^ "NREL Releases Estimate of National Offshore Wind Energy Potential". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
  42. ^ a b c The Economic Reach of Wind
  43. ^ Acciona celebrates completion of first wind turbine production plant in US
  44. ^ Wind Energy Market Report
  45. ^ enXco Closes Financing on Shiloh II Wind Project
  46. ^ Department of Energy - DOE Announces Effort to Advance U.S. Wind Power Manufacturing Capacity
  47. ^ 20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply, May 2008
  48. ^ NREL: New Wind Power Partnerships to Benefit Industry and Nation
  49. ^ "UPC Wind Signs Agreement with Department of Energy to Establish National Wind echnology Center on Maui". First Wind. April 1, 2008. Retrieved 2009-12-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) [dead link]
  50. ^ Texas Approves a $4.93 Billion Wind-Power Project
  51. ^ "Wind Power Marketing Report: 2009" (PDF). Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. July 2020. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  52. ^ "ITC". ITC Holdings Corp. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  53. ^ "ITC & NorthWestern Sign Green Power Express Agreement". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. August 27, 2009. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  54. ^ Clayton, Mark (February 18, 2009). "America's future wind web?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  55. ^ AWEA 3rd quarter results
  56. ^ Jones, Tim (2007-12-11). "More farmers seeing wind as cash crop". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  57. ^ "Stabilizing Climate" in Lester R. Brown, Plan B 2.0 Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble (NY: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006), p. 191.
  58. ^ "Legendary Texas oilman embraces wind power". Star Tribune. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  59. ^ Fahey, Anna (2008-07-09). "Texas Oil Man Says We Can Break the Addiction". Sightline Daily. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  60. ^ "T. Boone Pickens Places $2 Billion Order for GE Wind Turbines". Wind Today Magazine. 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  61. ^ Farmers reap stability from wind
  62. ^ "Gone with the wind", New Scientist, 8 July 2006, pp. 36–39.
  63. ^ Wind Farms The facts and the fallacies
  64. ^ a b Case Study – Arga Where the wild things are
  65. ^ The world's leader in Wind Power
  66. ^ Ten Mile Lagoon Wind Farm
  67. ^ a b c A national offshore wind strategy: Creating an offshore wind energy industry in the United States page iii U.S. Department of Energy, 7 February 2011. Accessed: 8 February 2011. "no wind turbines are installed in U.S. waters"
  68. ^ DOI Announces Five Exploratory Leases for Offshore Wind Energy
  69. ^ Areas under consideration for wind energy areas U.S. Department of Energy. Accessed: 8 February 2011.
  70. ^ CapeCodTimes.com - Wind Farms
  71. ^ Lord, Peter B. (April 24, 2009). "Deepwater wind project making headway". The Providence Journal. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
  72. ^ "Rhode Island Chooses Deepwater Wind to Build Off-Shore Wind Farm". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. September 30, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
  73. ^ Nesi, Ted (April 22, 2009). "U.S. offshore wind rules expected today". Providence Business News. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
  74. ^ Turkel, Tux (January 3, 2010). "Offshore wind power: Can Maine afford it?". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 2010-01-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) [dead link]
  75. ^ "Offshore Wind Power Line Wins Praise, and Backing" article by Matthew L. Wald in The New York Times October 12, 2010, Accessed October 12, 2010
  76. ^ "American Wind Energy Association Annual Wind Industry Report - Year Ending 2008" (PDF). American Wind Energy Association. 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-15. [dead link]
  77. ^ U.S. Wind Energy Projects
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  79. ^ [Energy Information Administration 2008 Report]
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