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The '''Bay of Fundy Campaign''' occurred during the [[French and Indian War]] when the British ordered the [[expulsion of the acadians]] of Acadians from [[Acadia]] after the [[Battle of Beausejour]] (1755). The Campaign started at Chignecto and then quickly moved to the Cobequid, Piziquid, Grand Pre and finally Annapolis Royal.ref>John Faragher. Great and Nobel Scheme. Norton. 2005. </ref>
The '''Bay of Fundy Campaign''' occurred during the [[French and Indian War]] when the British ordered the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]] of Acadians from [[Acadia]] after the [[Battle of Beausejour]] (1755). The Campaign started at Chignecto and then quickly moved to the Cobequid, Piziquid, Grand Pre and finally Annapolis Royal.ref>John Faragher. Great and Nobel Scheme. Norton. 2005. </ref>


Historical Context
Historical Context
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=== Grand Pré ===
=== Grand Pré ===
Eight days after Acadians were imprisoned at Chignecto, Lieutenant Colonel [[John Winslow (British army officer)|John Winslow]] arrived in Grand-Pré with 315 troops on August 18, 1755.<ref>Plank, p. 146</ref> Winslow and took up headquarters in the church. The 418 Acadian males (age 10 and older) of the area were ordered inside the church on September 5, where they were unexpectedly imprisoned for five weeks.<ref>Plank, p. 147</ref> Winslow informed them that all but their personal goods were to be forfeited to the Crown and that they and their families were to be deported as soon as ships arrived to take them away. The wives were ordered to feed and clothe both the prisoners and the troops.<ref>Faragher, p. 346</ref> Six days after the intial imprisonment, because of fears of Acadian rebellion, Winslow moved 230 prisoners on board ships to await deportation.<ref>(Faragher, p. 354)</ref>
Eight days after Acadians were imprisoned at Chignecto, Lieutenant Colonel [[John Winslow (British army officer)|John Winslow]] arrived in Grand-Pré with 315 troops on August 18, 1755.<ref>Plank, p. 146</ref> Winslow and took up headquarters in the church. The 418 Acadian males (age 10 and older) of the area were ordered inside the church on September 5, where they were unexpectedly imprisoned for five weeks.<ref>Plank, p. 147</ref> Winslow informed them that all but their personal goods were to be forfeited to the Crown and that they and their families were to be deported as soon as ships arrived to take them away. The wives were ordered to feed and clothe both the prisoners and the troops.<ref>Faragher, p. 346</ref> Six days after the intial imprisonment, because of fears of Acadian rebellion, Winslow moved 230 prisoners on board ships to await deportation.<ref>(Faragher, p. 354)</ref>
On October 13, the Acadians had been loaded on to five transports. (Faragher, p. 361). Upon leaving, Winslow began burning the Acadian villages to prevent their return. He recorded that he burned 225 homes, 11 mills and one mass house.<ref>Faragher, p. 363</ref>
On October 13, the Acadians had been loaded on to five transports.<ref>Faragher, p. 361</ref> Upon leaving, Winslow began burning the Acadian villages to prevent their return. He recorded that he burned 225 homes, 11 mills and one mass house.<ref>Faragher, p. 363</ref>


=== Piziquid ===
=== Piziquid ===
At the exact same time as Winslow read the expulsion orders in Grand Pre, September 5 at 15:00 hrs, Captain Alexander Murray read the order to the 183 Acadian males he had imprisoned at [[Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)]]. (Faragher, p. 140, 346) On October 20, 920 Acadians from Piziquid were loaded on to four transports. (Faragher, p. 361).
At the exact same time as Winslow read the expulsion orders in Grand Pre, September 5 at 15:00 hrs, Captain Alexander Murray read the order to the 183 Acadian males he had imprisoned at [[Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)]].<ref>Faragher, p. 140, 346</ref> On October 20, 920 Acadians from Piziquid were loaded on to four transports.<ref>Faragher, p. 361</ref>
===Annapolis Royal===
===Annapolis Royal===
At Annapolis Royal, Major John Handfield was responsible to expel the Acadians. (Faragher, p. 336) The Acadians were also expelled from Annapolis Royal.<ref>Brenda Dunn. A History of Port Royal, Annapolis Royal: 1605-1800. Nimbus Publishing, 2004. pp,202-211</ref> It took a month before the Acadians were disembarked on December 8. 1664 Acadians were put on seven vessels and were escorted by a man-of-war. (Faraghe, p. 363). About three hundred Acadians are reported to have escaped deportation. (Faragher, p. 363).
At Annapolis Royal, Major John Handfield was responsible to expel the Acadians.<ref>Faragher, p. 336</ref> The Acadians were also expelled from Annapolis Royal.<ref>Brenda Dunn. A History of Port Royal, Annapolis Royal: 1605-1800. Nimbus Publishing, 2004. pp,202-211</ref> It took a month before the Acadians were disembarked on December 8. 1664 Acadians were put on seven vessels and were escorted by a man-of-war.<ref>Faragher, p. 363</ref> About three hundred Acadians are reported to have escaped deportation.<ref>Faragher, p. 363</ref>
During the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]], on December 8, 1755, 32 Acadian families (225 prisoners) were deported from Annapolis Royal on the British ship Pembroke. The ship was headed for North Carolina. During the voyage, the Acadians took over the vessel. On February 8, 1756, the Acadians had sailed up the Saint John River as far as they could.<ref>Les Cahiers de la Societe historique acadienne vol. 35, nos. 1&2 (Jan-Jun 2004)</ref> The Acadians disembarked and burned their ship. A group of Maliseet met them and directed them upsdtream, where they joined an expanding Acadian community.<ref>Plank, p. 150</ref> The Maliseet took them to one of [[Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot]]'s refugee camps for the fleeing Acadians, which was at [[Beaubears Island]].<ref>John Grenier, p. 186</ref>
During the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]], on December 8, 1755, 32 Acadian families (225 prisoners) were deported from Annapolis Royal on the British ship Pembroke. The ship was headed for North Carolina. During the voyage, the Acadians took over the vessel. On February 8, 1756, the Acadians had sailed up the Saint John River as far as they could.<ref>Les Cahiers de la Societe historique acadienne vol. 35, nos. 1&2 (Jan-Jun 2004)</ref> The Acadians disembarked and burned their ship. A group of Maliseet met them and directed them upsdtream, where they joined an expanding Acadian community.<ref>Plank, p. 150</ref> The Maliseet took them to one of [[Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot]]'s refugee camps for the fleeing Acadians, which was at [[Beaubears Island]].<ref>John Grenier, p. 186</ref>
Some Acadian families further up the [[Annapolis River]] fled to forests on the [[North Mountain (Nova Scotia)|North Mountain]] near [[Morden, Nova Scotia]].(Faragher, p. 348) Many died in the winter that followed until a Mi'kmaw band helped survivors escape in the spring across the [[Bay of Fundy]] to Refugee Cove at [[Cape Chignecto Provincial Park|Cape Chignecto]] and from there to the interior of New Brunswick.<ref>[http://www.capechignecto.net/overview/history.htm "Park History", Cape Chignecto Provincial Park website]</ref>
Some Acadian families further up the [[Annapolis River]] fled to forests on the [[North Mountain (Nova Scotia)|North Mountain]] near [[Morden, Nova Scotia]].<ref>Faragher, p. 348</ref> Many died in the winter that followed until a Mi'kmaw band helped survivors escape in the spring across the [[Bay of Fundy]] to Refugee Cove at [[Cape Chignecto Provincial Park|Cape Chignecto]] and from there to the interior of New Brunswick.<ref>[http://www.capechignecto.net/overview/history.htm "Park History", Cape Chignecto Provincial Park website]</ref>
Aftermath
== Aftermath ==
By the end of the Campaign, more than seven thousand Acadians were deported the New England States. (Faragher, p. 364). The French, Mi’kmaq and Acadians would conduct a Gurrilla War against the British over the next four years. (John Grenier). The second wave of the expulsion would begin after the [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)]]. The British would then engage in the [[St. John River Campaign]], the [[Petitcodiac River Campaign]], the [[Ile Saint-Jean Campaign]], and the removal of Acadians along the northern coast to the St. Lawrence River.
By the end of the Campaign, more than seven thousand Acadians were deported the New England States.<ref>Faragher, p. 364</ref> The French, Mi’kmaq and Acadians would conduct a Gurrilla War against the British over the next four years.<ref>See John Grenier. ''The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760.'' Oklahoma University Press.</ref> The second wave of the expulsion began after the [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)]]. The British would then engage in the [[St. John River Campaign]], the [[Petitcodiac River Campaign]], the [[Ile Saint-Jean Campaign]], and the removal of Acadians along the northern coast to the St. Lawrence River.
==References==
==References==
Secondary sources
Secondary sources

Revision as of 04:47, 20 September 2010

The Bay of Fundy Campaign occurred during the French and Indian War when the British ordered the Expulsion of the Acadians of Acadians from Acadia after the Battle of Beausejour (1755). The Campaign started at Chignecto and then quickly moved to the Cobequid, Piziquid, Grand Pre and finally Annapolis Royal.ref>John Faragher. Great and Nobel Scheme. Norton. 2005. </ref>

Historical Context The British Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British, such as the raids on Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. The Acadians also maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.[1] During the French and Indian War, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.[2] Prior to the expulsion, the British retrieved the Acadians weapons in the Bay of Fundy region and arrested their deputies and priests.[3]

Campaign

Chignecto

After the fall of Fort Beausejour (1755), the first wave of the expulsion of the Acadians began in the region of Chignecto. Under the direction of Colonel Robert Monckton, on August 10, Lieutenant-Colonel John Winslow seized four hundred unsuspecting men who were attending a meeting at Fort Cumberland (formerly Fort Beausejour.[4] He also imprisoned 86 Acadians within Fort Lawrence.[5] This was one third the men of the region, many of the others fled the region. The prisoners were kept until transports arrived to deport them. The wives and children joined them upon departure.[6] Almost a month after the expulsion began, on September 2, Boisehbert organized the Mi’kmaq and Acadian resistance in the region and soundly defeated the British forces in the Battle of Petitcodiac. Almost one month later, on October 1, the Acadian prisoners at Fort Lawrence escaped. Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil) was one of the escapees.[7] On October 13, a convoy of eight transports left Chegnecto Basin escorted by three British men –of –war. The number of prisoners on board was 1782.[8] The Acadians of Chignecto were considered the most rebellious. As a result, they were sent the furthest from Acadia to South Carolina and Georgia.[9] Upon leaving, Monckton began burning the Acadian villages to prevent their return.[10] On November 15, 1755, British officer John Thomas burned a village of Tentatmar (Sackville, New Brunswick. They burned the church and ninety-seven other buildings.[11]

Grand Pré

Eight days after Acadians were imprisoned at Chignecto, Lieutenant Colonel John Winslow arrived in Grand-Pré with 315 troops on August 18, 1755.[12] Winslow and took up headquarters in the church. The 418 Acadian males (age 10 and older) of the area were ordered inside the church on September 5, where they were unexpectedly imprisoned for five weeks.[13] Winslow informed them that all but their personal goods were to be forfeited to the Crown and that they and their families were to be deported as soon as ships arrived to take them away. The wives were ordered to feed and clothe both the prisoners and the troops.[14] Six days after the intial imprisonment, because of fears of Acadian rebellion, Winslow moved 230 prisoners on board ships to await deportation.[15] On October 13, the Acadians had been loaded on to five transports.[16] Upon leaving, Winslow began burning the Acadian villages to prevent their return. He recorded that he burned 225 homes, 11 mills and one mass house.[17]

Piziquid

At the exact same time as Winslow read the expulsion orders in Grand Pre, September 5 at 15:00 hrs, Captain Alexander Murray read the order to the 183 Acadian males he had imprisoned at Fort Edward (Nova Scotia).[18] On October 20, 920 Acadians from Piziquid were loaded on to four transports.[19]

Annapolis Royal

At Annapolis Royal, Major John Handfield was responsible to expel the Acadians.[20] The Acadians were also expelled from Annapolis Royal.[21] It took a month before the Acadians were disembarked on December 8. 1664 Acadians were put on seven vessels and were escorted by a man-of-war.[22] About three hundred Acadians are reported to have escaped deportation.[23] During the Expulsion of the Acadians, on December 8, 1755, 32 Acadian families (225 prisoners) were deported from Annapolis Royal on the British ship Pembroke. The ship was headed for North Carolina. During the voyage, the Acadians took over the vessel. On February 8, 1756, the Acadians had sailed up the Saint John River as far as they could.[24] The Acadians disembarked and burned their ship. A group of Maliseet met them and directed them upsdtream, where they joined an expanding Acadian community.[25] The Maliseet took them to one of Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot's refugee camps for the fleeing Acadians, which was at Beaubears Island.[26] Some Acadian families further up the Annapolis River fled to forests on the North Mountain near Morden, Nova Scotia.[27] Many died in the winter that followed until a Mi'kmaw band helped survivors escape in the spring across the Bay of Fundy to Refugee Cove at Cape Chignecto and from there to the interior of New Brunswick.[28]

Aftermath

By the end of the Campaign, more than seven thousand Acadians were deported the New England States.[29] The French, Mi’kmaq and Acadians would conduct a Gurrilla War against the British over the next four years.[30] The second wave of the expulsion began after the Siege of Louisbourg (1758). The British would then engage in the St. John River Campaign, the Petitcodiac River Campaign, the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign, and the removal of Acadians along the northern coast to the St. Lawrence River.

References

Secondary sources

  • Brenda Dunn, A History of Port-Royal/Annapolis Royal 1605-1800, Halifax: Nimbus, 2004.
  • Griffiths, E. From Migrant to Acadian. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005.
  • John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Press.
  • John Faragher. A Great and Nobel Scheme. Norton. 2005.
  • John Reid, Maurice Basque, Elizabeth Mancke, Barry Moody, Geoffrey Plank, and William Wicken. 2004. The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, an Aboriginal Constructions.
  • Geoffrey Plank, An Unsettled Conquest. University of Pennsylvania. 2001

Endnotes

  1. ^ John Grenier, Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Press. 2008
  2. ^ Stephen E. Patterson. "Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction." Buckner, P, Campbell, G. and Frank, D. (eds). The Acadiensis Reader Vol 1: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation. 1998. pp.105-106.; Also see Stephen Patterson, Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples, p. 144.
  3. ^ Faragher, p. 340
  4. ^ Faragher, p. 338
  5. ^ Faragher, p. 356
  6. ^ Faragher, p. 339
  7. ^ Faragher, p. 356
  8. ^ Faragher, p. 357
  9. ^ Faragher, p. 335
  10. ^ Faragher, p. 363
  11. ^ John Greniere. The Edge of Empire. Oklahoma Press. 2008. p. 184
  12. ^ Plank, p. 146
  13. ^ Plank, p. 147
  14. ^ Faragher, p. 346
  15. ^ (Faragher, p. 354)
  16. ^ Faragher, p. 361
  17. ^ Faragher, p. 363
  18. ^ Faragher, p. 140, 346
  19. ^ Faragher, p. 361
  20. ^ Faragher, p. 336
  21. ^ Brenda Dunn. A History of Port Royal, Annapolis Royal: 1605-1800. Nimbus Publishing, 2004. pp,202-211
  22. ^ Faragher, p. 363
  23. ^ Faragher, p. 363
  24. ^ Les Cahiers de la Societe historique acadienne vol. 35, nos. 1&2 (Jan-Jun 2004)
  25. ^ Plank, p. 150
  26. ^ John Grenier, p. 186
  27. ^ Faragher, p. 348
  28. ^ "Park History", Cape Chignecto Provincial Park website
  29. ^ Faragher, p. 364
  30. ^ See John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Press.
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