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[[Image:BysteOER1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Memorial at the site of Rolvaag's birthplace.]]'''Ole Edvart Rølvaag''' ('''Rølvåg''' in modern Norwegian, '''Rolvaag''' in English [[orthography]]) (April 22, 1876 - November 5, 1931) was an American novelist and professor who became well known for his writings |
[[Image:BysteOER1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Memorial at the site of Rolvaag's birthplace.]] |
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'''Ole Edvart Rølvaag''' ('''Rølvåg''' in modern Norwegian, '''Rolvaag''' in English [[orthography]]) (April 22, 1876 - November 5, 1931) was an American novelist and professor who became well known for his writings regarding the [[Norwegian American]] immigrant experience. Ole Rolvaag is most frequently associated with ''Giants in the Earth'', his award-winning, epic novel of Norwegian immigrant homesteaders in Dakota Territory.<ref>[http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume12/vol12_8.htm''Ole Edvart Rølvaag'' John Heitmann (Norwegian-American Historic Association. Volume XII: Page 144)] </ref> |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Rølvaag was born in the family's cottage in a small fishing village on the island of [[Dønna]], in the far southern district of [[Nordland]] county, [[Norway]]. Dønna, one of the largest islands on the northern coast of Norway, is situated about five miles from the [[Arctic Circle]]. He was born with the name Ole Edvart Pedersen, one of seven children of Peder Benjamin Jakobsen and Ellerine Pedersdatter Vaag. The settlement where he was born had no official name, but was referred to as Rølvaag, the name of a narrow bay on the northwestern point of the island where the fishermen kept their boats. At 14 years of age Rølvaag joined his father and brothers in the [[Lofoten]] fishing grounds. Rølvaag lived there until he was 20 years of age, and the impressions he received during the days of his childhood and his young manhood endured with him throughout his life.<ref>''Ole Edvart Rølvaag, 1876-1931 In Memoriam'' ( Julius E. Olson. Norwegian |
Rølvaag was born in the family's cottage in a small fishing village on the island of [[Dønna]], in the far southern district of [[Nordland]] county, [[Norway]]. Dønna, one of the largest islands on the northern coast of Norway, is situated about five miles from the [[Arctic Circle]]. He was born with the name Ole Edvart Pedersen, one of seven children of Peder Benjamin Jakobsen and Ellerine Pedersdatter Vaag. The settlement where he was born had no official name, but was referred to as Rølvaag, the name of a narrow bay on the northwestern point of the island where the fishermen kept their boats. At 14 years of age Rølvaag joined his father and brothers in the [[Lofoten]] fishing grounds. Rølvaag lived there until he was 20 years of age, and the impressions he received during the days of his childhood and his young manhood endured with him throughout his life.<ref>[http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume07/vol07_6.htm''Ole Edvart Rølvaag, 1876-1931 In Memoriam'' ( Julius E. Olson. Norwegian-American Historic Association. Volume VII: Page 121)] </ref> |
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An uncle who had emigrated to America sent him a ticket in the summer of 1896, and he traveled to [[Union County, South Dakota]] to work as a farmhand. He settled in [[Elk Point, South Dakota]], working as a farmhand until 1898. With the help of his pastor, Rølvaag enrolled in [[Augustana Academy]] in [[Canton, South Dakota]] where he graduated in 1901. He earned a bachelor's degree from [[St. Olaf College]] in [[Northfield, Minnesota]] in 1905, and a master's degree from the same institution in 1910. He also had studied for some time at the [[University of Oslo]].<ref>''O. E. Rølvaag: Norwegian-American''. (Einar I. Haugen. Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume VII: Page 53) |
An uncle who had emigrated to America sent him a ticket in the summer of 1896, and he traveled to [[Union County, South Dakota]] to work as a farmhand. He settled in [[Elk Point, South Dakota]], working as a farmhand until 1898. With the help of his pastor, Rølvaag enrolled in [[Augustana Academy]] in [[Canton, South Dakota]] where he graduated in 1901. He earned a bachelor's degree from [[St. Olaf College]] in [[Northfield, Minnesota]] in 1905, and a master's degree from the same institution in 1910. He also had studied for some time at the [[University of Oslo]].<ref>[http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume07/vol07_3.htm''O. E. Rølvaag: Norwegian-American''. (Einar I. Haugen. Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume VII: Page 53)] </ref> |
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==Personal life== |
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His son, [[Karl Fritjof Rolvaag]], served as the 31st [[Governor of Minnesota]]. |
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In 1908 he became a United States citizen and married Jennie Marie Berdahl, the daughter of Andrew James Berdahl and Karen Oline Otterness. They had four children: Olaf, Ella, Karl and Paul. Their son, [[Karl Fritjof Rolvaag]], served as the 31st [[Governor of Minnesota]].<ref>[http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/s/i/m/John-Roland-Simons/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0474.html ''Jennie Marie Berdahl'' (My Genealogy)]</ref> |
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==Career== |
==Career== |
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In 1906, Rølvaag was recruited as a professor by [[St. Olaf College]] president [[John N. Kildahl]]. Rølvaag was made head of the Norwegian Department at St. Olaf College in 1916. In 1925, Ole E. Rolvaag became the first secretary and archivist of [[Norwegian-American Historical Association]]. He would hold both positions for the remainder of his life. Rølvaag was knighted in the [[Order of St. Olav]] by the [[King Haakon VII]] in 1926.<ref>''The Unknown Rølvaag: Secretary in the Norwegian-American Historical Association''. (Kenneth Bjørk. Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume XI: Page 114) http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/ |
In 1906, Rølvaag was recruited as a professor by [[St. Olaf College]] president [[John N. Kildahl]]. Rølvaag was made head of the Norwegian Department at St. Olaf College in 1916. In 1925, Ole E. Rolvaag became the first secretary and archivist of [[Norwegian-American Historical Association]]. He would hold both positions for the remainder of his life. Rølvaag was knighted in the [[Order of St. Olav]] by the [[King Haakon VII]] in 1926.<ref>[http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume11/vol11_8.htm''The Unknown Rølvaag: Secretary in the Norwegian-American Historical Association''. (Kenneth Bjørk. Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume XI: Page 114)] </ref><ref>[http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume10/vol10_6.htm''The Main Factors in Rølvaag's Authorship''. (Theodore Jorgenson. Norwegian-American Historic Association.Volume X: Page 135]) </ref> |
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==Literary style and themes== |
==Literary style and themes== |
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Ole Rølvaag wrote in the [[Norwegian language]], however his novels have a distinct American flavor and theme. Rolvaag was deeply influenced by earlier American writers who, writing in the Norwegian language, had faithfully portrayed the experiences of so many Norwegian immigrant pioneers. In this he was strongly influenced by [[Hans Andersen Foss]] and [[Peer Stromme]], both of whom had written novels which provided realistic aspects of the homesteader’s experience. ''The Emigrants'' by Norwegian author [[Johan Bojer]], which was first published in 1925, follows many of these same themes. Rølvaag in turn provided an equally strong influence on future [[Scandinavia]]n writers. Rølvaag attracted a number of gifted young [[Norwegian-American]]s to [[St. Olaf College]], among them [[Einar Haugen]]. Written decades later, [[Vilhelm Moberg]]'s novels would depict the experience of [[Swedish-American]] immigrants.<ref>''Rølvaag and Krause, Two Novelists of the Northwest Prairie Frontier'' by Arthur R. Huseboe, Augustana College http:// |
Ole Rølvaag wrote in the [[Norwegian language]], however his novels have a distinct American flavor and theme. Rolvaag was deeply influenced by earlier American writers who, writing in the Norwegian language, had faithfully portrayed the experiences of so many Norwegian immigrant pioneers. In this he was strongly influenced by [[Hans Andersen Foss]] and [[Peer Stromme]], both of whom had written novels which provided realistic aspects of the homesteader’s experience. ''The Emigrants'' by Norwegian author [[Johan Bojer]], which was first published in 1925, follows many of these same themes. Rølvaag in turn provided an equally strong influence on future [[Scandinavia]]n writers. Rølvaag attracted a number of gifted young [[Norwegian-American]]s to [[St. Olaf College]], among them [[Einar Haugen]]. Written decades later, [[Vilhelm Moberg]]'s novels would depict the experience of [[Swedish-American]] immigrants.<ref>[http://www2.tcu.edu/depts/prs/amwest/pdf/wl0716.pdf ''Rølvaag and Krause, Two Novelists of the Northwest Prairie Frontier'' by Arthur R. Huseboe, Augustana College] </ref><ref>[http://www.nohum.k12.ca.us/tah/maprojects/SNelson.pdf ''The Viking Invasion: An Historiography of Norwegian-American Literature And Its Role In Norwegian Immigration And The Founding of Vesterheimen Within America'' (W. Scott Nelson. Humboldt State University May, 2005)] </ref> |
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==Giants In the Earth== |
==Giants In the Earth== |
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Rølvaag's authorship and scholarship focused primarily on the pioneer experience on the Dakota plains in the 1870s. His most famous book is ''Giants in the Earth'' (Norwegian: ''Verdens Grøde''), which is part of a trilogy. The classic story of a Norwegian pioneer family's struggles with the land and the elements of the [[Dakota Territory]] as they try to make a new life in America. The book was based partly upon his personal experiences as a settler and as well of the experiences of his wife’s family who had been immigrant homesteaders. The novel powerfully and realistically treat the lives and trials of Norwegian pioneers in the [[Midwest]], emphasizing their battles with snow storms, locusts, poverty and hunger. The book also vividly portrays the trials of loneliness, separation from family and longing for the old country, the difficulty of fitting into a new culture, and the estrangement of immigrant children who grew up in the new land.<ref> |
Rølvaag's authorship and scholarship focused primarily on the pioneer experience on the Dakota plains in the 1870s. His most famous book is ''Giants in the Earth'' (Norwegian: ''Verdens Grøde''), which is part of a trilogy. The classic story of a Norwegian pioneer family's struggles with the land and the elements of the [[Dakota Territory]] as they try to make a new life in America. The book was based partly upon his personal experiences as a settler and as well of the experiences of his wife’s family who had been immigrant homesteaders. The novel powerfully and realistically treat the lives and trials of Norwegian pioneers in the [[Midwest]], emphasizing their battles with snow storms, locusts, poverty and hunger. The book also vividly portrays the trials of loneliness, separation from family and longing for the old country, the difficulty of fitting into a new culture, and the estrangement of immigrant children who grew up in the new land.<ref>[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper/Parrington/vol3/Addenda_giants.htmlIntroduction to the text edition of ''Giants in the Earth''. Copyright 1929 by Harper and Brothers.] </ref> |
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Written in Norwegian and stemming from a rich old-world literary tradition, the book equally reads as a deeply and vitally American novel. It provides a dramatic contrast between Per Hansa, the natural pioneer who sees promise flooding the wind swept plains, and his wife Beret, who hungers for the home ways and in whose heart the terror of loneliness gathers, penetrates to the deeper reality of life lived on the American frontier.<ref>''Angst on the Prairie: Reflections on Immigrants, Rølvaag, and Beret''. (Harold P. Simonson. Norwegian |
Written in Norwegian and stemming from a rich old-world literary tradition, the book equally reads as a deeply and vitally American novel. It provides a dramatic contrast between Per Hansa, the natural pioneer who sees promise flooding the wind swept plains, and his wife Beret, who hungers for the home ways and in whose heart the terror of loneliness gathers, penetrates to the deeper reality of life lived on the American frontier.<ref>[http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume29/vol29_03.htm ''Angst on the Prairie: Reflections on Immigrants, Rølvaag, and Beret''. (Harold P. Simonson. Norwegian-American Historic Association. Volume 29: Page 89)] </ref><ref>[http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume28/vol28_09.htm''Beret and the Prairie in Giants in the Earth'' (Curtis D. Ruud, Norwegian American Historic association. Volume 28: Page 217)] </ref> |
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==Memorials== |
==Memorials== |
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*The [[O. E. Rolvaag House]] in [[Northfield, Minnesota]] is listed as a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref> |
*The [[O. E. Rolvaag House]] in [[Northfield, Minnesota]] is listed as a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref>[http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=1 Rolvaag, O. E., House ]</ref> |
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*The Rolvaag Library at [[St. Olaf College]] is named after O. E. Rolvaag. |
*The Rolvaag Library at [[St. Olaf College]] is named after O. E. Rolvaag. |
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*The Berdahl-Rolvaag House where Rolvaag wrote ''Giants in the Earth'' sits on the [[Augustana College (South Dakota)|Augustana College]] campus in [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]].<ref> |
*The Berdahl-Rolvaag House where Rolvaag wrote ''Giants in the Earth'' sits on the [[Augustana College (South Dakota)|Augustana College]] campus in [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]].<ref> [http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=0 Berdahl-Rolvaag House]</ref> |
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</ref> |
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*The Ole Rolvaag Collection is maintained in the [[Norwegian-American Historical Association]] Archives at [[St. Olaf College]]. |
*The Ole Rolvaag Collection is maintained in the [[Norwegian-American Historical Association]] Archives at [[St. Olaf College]]. |
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==Selected bibliography== |
==Selected bibliography== |
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*''Amerika- |
*''Amerika-breve fra P.A. Smevik til hans far og bror i Norge'' – American Letters (1912) |
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*''Paa Glemte Veie'' – On Forgotten Paths (1914) |
*''Paa Glemte Veie'' – On Forgotten Paths (1914) |
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*''To Tullinger: Et Billede frå idag'' - Two Fools: a Portrait of Our Times (1920) |
*''To Tullinger: Et Billede frå idag'' - Two Fools: a Portrait of Our Times (1920) |
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*Thorson, Gerald. ''Ole Rolvaag, Artist and Cultural Leader '' (St. Olaf College Press, 1975) |
*Thorson, Gerald. ''Ole Rolvaag, Artist and Cultural Leader '' (St. Olaf College Press, 1975) |
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*Simonson, Harold P. ''Prairies Within: The Tragic Trilogy of Ole Rolvaag'' (University of Washington Press, 1987) |
*Simonson, Harold P. ''Prairies Within: The Tragic Trilogy of Ole Rolvaag'' (University of Washington Press, 1987) |
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*Moseley, Ann. ''Ole Edvart Rolvaag'' (Boise State University Bookstore |
*Moseley, Ann. ''Ole Edvart Rolvaag'' (Boise State University Bookstore, 1987) |
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*Eckstein, Neil Truman. ''Marginal Man As Novelist: The Norwegian-American Writers H.H Boyesen and O.E. Rolvaag '' (Taylor & Francis |
*Eckstein, Neil Truman. ''Marginal Man As Novelist: The Norwegian-American Writers H.H Boyesen and O.E. Rolvaag '' (Taylor & Francis, 1990) |
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*Haugen, Einar Ingvald ''Ole Edvart Rölvaag'' (Boston: Twayne Publishers,1983) |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Revision as of 06:43, 6 May 2010
Ole Edvart Rølvaag (Rølvåg in modern Norwegian, Rolvaag in English orthography) (April 22, 1876 - November 5, 1931) was an American novelist and professor who became well known for his writings regarding the Norwegian American immigrant experience. Ole Rolvaag is most frequently associated with Giants in the Earth, his award-winning, epic novel of Norwegian immigrant homesteaders in Dakota Territory.[1]
Biography
Rølvaag was born in the family's cottage in a small fishing village on the island of Dønna, in the far southern district of Nordland county, Norway. Dønna, one of the largest islands on the northern coast of Norway, is situated about five miles from the Arctic Circle. He was born with the name Ole Edvart Pedersen, one of seven children of Peder Benjamin Jakobsen and Ellerine Pedersdatter Vaag. The settlement where he was born had no official name, but was referred to as Rølvaag, the name of a narrow bay on the northwestern point of the island where the fishermen kept their boats. At 14 years of age Rølvaag joined his father and brothers in the Lofoten fishing grounds. Rølvaag lived there until he was 20 years of age, and the impressions he received during the days of his childhood and his young manhood endured with him throughout his life.[2]
An uncle who had emigrated to America sent him a ticket in the summer of 1896, and he traveled to Union County, South Dakota to work as a farmhand. He settled in Elk Point, South Dakota, working as a farmhand until 1898. With the help of his pastor, Rølvaag enrolled in Augustana Academy in Canton, South Dakota where he graduated in 1901. He earned a bachelor's degree from St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota in 1905, and a master's degree from the same institution in 1910. He also had studied for some time at the University of Oslo.[3]
Personal life
In 1908 he became a United States citizen and married Jennie Marie Berdahl, the daughter of Andrew James Berdahl and Karen Oline Otterness. They had four children: Olaf, Ella, Karl and Paul. Their son, Karl Fritjof Rolvaag, served as the 31st Governor of Minnesota.[4]
Career
In 1906, Rølvaag was recruited as a professor by St. Olaf College president John N. Kildahl. Rølvaag was made head of the Norwegian Department at St. Olaf College in 1916. In 1925, Ole E. Rolvaag became the first secretary and archivist of Norwegian-American Historical Association. He would hold both positions for the remainder of his life. Rølvaag was knighted in the Order of St. Olav by the King Haakon VII in 1926.[5][6]
Literary style and themes
Ole Rølvaag wrote in the Norwegian language, however his novels have a distinct American flavor and theme. Rolvaag was deeply influenced by earlier American writers who, writing in the Norwegian language, had faithfully portrayed the experiences of so many Norwegian immigrant pioneers. In this he was strongly influenced by Hans Andersen Foss and Peer Stromme, both of whom had written novels which provided realistic aspects of the homesteader’s experience. The Emigrants by Norwegian author Johan Bojer, which was first published in 1925, follows many of these same themes. Rølvaag in turn provided an equally strong influence on future Scandinavian writers. Rølvaag attracted a number of gifted young Norwegian-Americans to St. Olaf College, among them Einar Haugen. Written decades later, Vilhelm Moberg's novels would depict the experience of Swedish-American immigrants.[7][8]
Giants In the Earth
Rølvaag's authorship and scholarship focused primarily on the pioneer experience on the Dakota plains in the 1870s. His most famous book is Giants in the Earth (Norwegian: Verdens Grøde), which is part of a trilogy. The classic story of a Norwegian pioneer family's struggles with the land and the elements of the Dakota Territory as they try to make a new life in America. The book was based partly upon his personal experiences as a settler and as well of the experiences of his wife’s family who had been immigrant homesteaders. The novel powerfully and realistically treat the lives and trials of Norwegian pioneers in the Midwest, emphasizing their battles with snow storms, locusts, poverty and hunger. The book also vividly portrays the trials of loneliness, separation from family and longing for the old country, the difficulty of fitting into a new culture, and the estrangement of immigrant children who grew up in the new land.[9]
Written in Norwegian and stemming from a rich old-world literary tradition, the book equally reads as a deeply and vitally American novel. It provides a dramatic contrast between Per Hansa, the natural pioneer who sees promise flooding the wind swept plains, and his wife Beret, who hungers for the home ways and in whose heart the terror of loneliness gathers, penetrates to the deeper reality of life lived on the American frontier.[10][11]
Memorials
- The O. E. Rolvaag House in Northfield, Minnesota is listed as a National Historic Landmark.[12]
- The Rolvaag Library at St. Olaf College is named after O. E. Rolvaag.
- The Berdahl-Rolvaag House where Rolvaag wrote Giants in the Earth sits on the Augustana College campus in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.[13]
- The Ole Rolvaag Collection is maintained in the Norwegian-American Historical Association Archives at St. Olaf College.
Selected bibliography
- Amerika-breve fra P.A. Smevik til hans far og bror i Norge – American Letters (1912)
- Paa Glemte Veie – On Forgotten Paths (1914)
- To Tullinger: Et Billede frå idag - Two Fools: a Portrait of Our Times (1920)
- Længselens Baat - The Boat of Longing (1921)
- Omkring fædrearven – Concerning Our Heritage (1922)
- I de Dage – In Those Days (1923)
- Riket Grundlægges - Founding the Kingdom (1924)
The following three books form a trilogy:
- Giants in the Earth (combined version of I de Dage and Riket Grundlægges – translated and published in 1927)
- Peder Seier - Peder Victorious (translated in 1929)
- Den Signede Dag - Their Father's God (translated in 1931)
Last release:
- Pure Gold (translated in 1930)
- The Boat of Longing (1933)
References
- ^ Ole Edvart Rølvaag John Heitmann (Norwegian-American Historic Association. Volume XII: Page 144)
- ^ Ole Edvart Rølvaag, 1876-1931 In Memoriam ( Julius E. Olson. Norwegian-American Historic Association. Volume VII: Page 121)
- ^ O. E. Rølvaag: Norwegian-American. (Einar I. Haugen. Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume VII: Page 53)
- ^ Jennie Marie Berdahl (My Genealogy)
- ^ The Unknown Rølvaag: Secretary in the Norwegian-American Historical Association. (Kenneth Bjørk. Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume XI: Page 114)
- ^ The Main Factors in Rølvaag's Authorship. (Theodore Jorgenson. Norwegian-American Historic Association.Volume X: Page 135)
- ^ Rølvaag and Krause, Two Novelists of the Northwest Prairie Frontier by Arthur R. Huseboe, Augustana College
- ^ The Viking Invasion: An Historiography of Norwegian-American Literature And Its Role In Norwegian Immigration And The Founding of Vesterheimen Within America (W. Scott Nelson. Humboldt State University May, 2005)
- ^ to the text edition of Giants in the Earth. Copyright 1929 by Harper and Brothers.
- ^ Angst on the Prairie: Reflections on Immigrants, Rølvaag, and Beret. (Harold P. Simonson. Norwegian-American Historic Association. Volume 29: Page 89)
- ^ Beret and the Prairie in Giants in the Earth (Curtis D. Ruud, Norwegian American Historic association. Volume 28: Page 217)
- ^ Rolvaag, O. E., House
- ^ Berdahl-Rolvaag House
Additional sources
- Jorgenson, Theodore and Solum, Nora O. Ole Edvart Rölvaag: A Biography (Harper and Brothers, 1939)
- Reigstad, Paul. Rolvaag: His Life and Art (University of Nebraska Press, 1972)
- Thorson, Gerald. Ole Rolvaag, Artist and Cultural Leader (St. Olaf College Press, 1975)
- Simonson, Harold P. Prairies Within: The Tragic Trilogy of Ole Rolvaag (University of Washington Press, 1987)
- Moseley, Ann. Ole Edvart Rolvaag (Boise State University Bookstore, 1987)
- Eckstein, Neil Truman. Marginal Man As Novelist: The Norwegian-American Writers H.H Boyesen and O.E. Rolvaag (Taylor & Francis, 1990)
- Haugen, Einar Ingvald Ole Edvart Rölvaag (Boston: Twayne Publishers,1983)
External links
- Ole Rølvåg
- “Minnesota Historic Society - Minnesota Author Biographies Project”
- “St Olaf College – Rolvaag Memorial Library”
- Two Novelists of the Northwest Prairie Frontier. (Texas Christian University Press, 1998.)
- Rolvaag‘s Search for Soria Moria by Raychel A. Haugrud (Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume 26: Page 103)
- Dear Sara Alelia: An Episode in Rølvaag's Life by Einar Haugen (Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume 31: Page 269)
- The Social Criticism of Ole Edvart Rølvaag by Neil T. Eckstein (Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume 24: Page 112)
- Rølvaag’s Lost Novel by Einar Haugen (Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume 32: Page 209)
- The Scandinavian Immigrant Writer in America by Dorothy Burton Skardal (Norwegian American Historic Association. Volume 21: Page 14)
Categories:
- 1876 births
- 1931 deaths
- American Lutherans
- American novelists
- Naturalized citizens of the United States
- American people of Norwegian descent
- Norwegian novelists
- Order of St. Olav
- People from Northfield, Minnesota
- People from Rice County, Minnesota
- People from South Dakota
- St. Olaf College people
- Norwegian immigrants to the United States