Ring spinning: Difference between revisions
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'''Ring spinning''' is a method of [[spinning]] fibres, such as cotton, flax or wool, to make a [[yarn]]. The ring frame developed from the throstle frame, which in its turn was a descendant of [[Arkwright]]'s water frame. Ring spinning is a continuous process, unlike [[Spinning mule|mule spinning]] which uses an intermittent action. In ring spinning, the [[roving]] is first attenuated by using drawing rollers, then spun and wound around a rotating spindle which in its turn is contained within an independently rotating ring flyer. Traditionally ring frames could only be used for the coarser counts- but they could be attended by semi-skilled labour.{{Fact|date=April 2009}} |
'''Ring spinning''' is a method of [[spinning]] fibres, such as cotton, flax or wool, to make a [[yarn]]. The ring frame developed from the throstle frame, which in its turn was a descendant of [[Arkwright]]'s water frame. Ring spinning is a continuous process, unlike [[Spinning mule|mule spinning]] which uses an intermittent action. In ring spinning, the [[roving]] is first attenuated by using drawing rollers, then spun and wound around a rotating spindle which in its turn is contained within an independently rotating ring flyer. Traditionally ring frames could only be used for the coarser counts- but they could be attended by semi-skilled labour.{{Fact|date=April 2009}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Early machines=== |
===Early machines=== |
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* The [[Saxony wheel]] was a double band treadle spinning machine. The spindle rotated faster than the traveller in a ratio of 8:6, drawing was done by the spinners fingers. |
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*[[Saxony wheel]] |
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*[[Water frame]] was developed and patented by Arkwright in the 1770s. The roving was attenuated (stretched) by draughting rollers amd twisted by winding it onto a spindle. It was heavy large scale machine that needed to be driven by power, which in the late 1700s meant by a water wheel. <ref>{{harvnb|Williams|Farnie|1992|p=8}}</ref> Cotton mills were designed for the purpose by [[Arkwright]], [[Jebediah Strutt]] and others along the [[River Derwent, Derbyshire|River Derwent]] in [[Derbyshire]]. Water frames could only spin weft. |
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*[[Water frame]] |
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*[[Throstle frame]] was a descendant of the water frame. It used the same principles, was better engineered and driven by steam. |
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*[[Throstle frame]] |
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* In 1829 the Ring frame was invented in the United States. |
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* 1828 possible invention |
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===Developments in the United States=== |
===Developments in the United States=== |
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Mr [[Samuel Brooks]] was convinced of the viablity of the method, after a fact finding tour to the States by his agent Blakely. It was too primitive to compete with the highly developed mule frames, let alone supercede them. He first started on improving the doubling frame constructing the necessary tooling needed to improve the precision of manugfacture. This was profitable and machines offering 180,000 spindle were purchased by a sewing thread manufacturer. <ref>{{harvnb|Marsden|1885|p=300}}</ref> |
Mr [[Samuel Brooks]] was convinced of the viablity of the method, after a fact finding tour to the States by his agent Blakely. It was too primitive to compete with the highly developed mule frames, let alone supercede them. He first started on improving the doubling frame constructing the necessary tooling needed to improve the precision of manugfacture. This was profitable and machines offering 180,000 spindle were purchased by a sewing thread manufacturer. <ref>{{harvnb|Marsden|1885|p=300}}</ref> |
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Brooks and other manufacturers worked on improving the Spinning frame. The principle cause for concern was the design of the Booth-Sawyer spindle. [[Howard & Bullough]] of [[Accrington]] used the Rabbath spindle with some success. Another was ballooning, where the thread built up in |
Brooks and other manufacturers worked on improving the Spinning frame. The principle cause for concern was the design of the Booth-Sawyer spindle. [[Howard & Bullough]] of [[Accrington]] used the Rabbath spindle with some success. Another was ballooning, where the thread built up in an uneven manner, this was addressed by Furniss and Young of Mellor Bottom Mill, by attaching an open ring to the traverse or ring rail. This device controlled the thread, and consequently a lighter traveller could be made which could operate at higher speeds. Another problem was the accumulation of fluff on the traveller breaking the thread- this was elinminated by a device called a traveller cleaner.<ref>{{harvnb|Marsden|1885|p=308}}</ref> |
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A major time constraint was doffing, or changing the spindles. Three hundred or more spindles had to be removed, and replaced. The machine had to be stopped while the doffers who were often very young boys did this task. The frame was idle until it was completed. A mechanical doffer system reduced the doffing time to 30-35 seconds. |
A major time constraint was doffing, or changing the spindles. Three hundred or more spindles had to be removed, and replaced. The machine had to be stopped while the doffers who were often very young boys did this task. The frame was idle until it was completed. A mechanical doffer system reduced the doffing time to 30-35 seconds. |
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Revision as of 19:32, 28 April 2009
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Ring spinning is a method of spinning fibres, such as cotton, flax or wool, to make a yarn. The ring frame developed from the throstle frame, which in its turn was a descendant of Arkwright's water frame. Ring spinning is a continuous process, unlike mule spinning which uses an intermittent action. In ring spinning, the roving is first attenuated by using drawing rollers, then spun and wound around a rotating spindle which in its turn is contained within an independently rotating ring flyer. Traditionally ring frames could only be used for the coarser counts- but they could be attended by semi-skilled labour.[citation needed]
History
Early machines
- The Saxony wheel was a double band treadle spinning machine. The spindle rotated faster than the traveller in a ratio of 8:6, drawing was done by the spinners fingers.
- Water frame was developed and patented by Arkwright in the 1770s. The roving was attenuated (stretched) by draughting rollers amd twisted by winding it onto a spindle. It was heavy large scale machine that needed to be driven by power, which in the late 1700s meant by a water wheel. [1] Cotton mills were designed for the purpose by Arkwright, Jebediah Strutt and others along the River Derwent in Derbyshire. Water frames could only spin weft.
- Throstle frame was a descendant of the water frame. It used the same principles, was better engineered and driven by steam.
- In 1829 the Ring frame was invented in the United States.
Developments in the United States
Adoption in Europe
Mr Samuel Brooks was convinced of the viablity of the method, after a fact finding tour to the States by his agent Blakely. It was too primitive to compete with the highly developed mule frames, let alone supercede them. He first started on improving the doubling frame constructing the necessary tooling needed to improve the precision of manugfacture. This was profitable and machines offering 180,000 spindle were purchased by a sewing thread manufacturer. [2]
Brooks and other manufacturers worked on improving the Spinning frame. The principle cause for concern was the design of the Booth-Sawyer spindle. Howard & Bullough of Accrington used the Rabbath spindle with some success. Another was ballooning, where the thread built up in an uneven manner, this was addressed by Furniss and Young of Mellor Bottom Mill, by attaching an open ring to the traverse or ring rail. This device controlled the thread, and consequently a lighter traveller could be made which could operate at higher speeds. Another problem was the accumulation of fluff on the traveller breaking the thread- this was elinminated by a device called a traveller cleaner.[3]
A major time constraint was doffing, or changing the spindles. Three hundred or more spindles had to be removed, and replaced. The machine had to be stopped while the doffers who were often very young boys did this task. The frame was idle until it was completed. A mechanical doffer system reduced the doffing time to 30-35 seconds. [4]
Rings and Mules
New technologies
How it works
Economic and social implications
See also
- Cotton mill
- Textile manufacturing
- Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
- Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution
References
- ^ Williams & Farnie 1992, p. 8
- ^ Marsden 1885, p. 300
- ^ Marsden 1885, p. 308
- ^ Marsden 1885, p. 307
Bibliography
- Nasmith, Joseph (1895). Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering (Elibron Classics ed.). London: John Heywood. ISBN 1-4021-4558-6.
- Marsden, Richard (1884). Cotton Spinning: its development, principles an practice. George Bell and Sons 1903. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- Marsden, ed. (1909). Cotton Yearbook 1910. Manchester: Marsden and Co. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
External links
| Materials |  | |
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| Techniques | ||
| Hand spinning tools | ||
| Industrial spinning | ||
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