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* In October 2007, Comcast was found to be preventing or at least severely delaying uploads on BitTorrent.
* In October 2007, Comcast was found to be preventing or at least severely delaying uploads on BitTorrent.
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Violations of the principle of network neutrality also occur in the [[censorship]] of political, 'immoral' or religious material around the world. For example, [[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China|China]]<ref>http://www.opennetinitiative.net/studies/china/ONI_China_Country_Study.pdf</ref> and [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref>http://www.opennetinitiative.net/studies/saudi/ONI_Saudi_Arabia_Country_Study.pdf</ref> both filter content on the Internet, preventing access to certain types of websites. [[Singapore]] has network blocks on more than 100 sites.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opennetinitiative.net/studies/singapore/#toc2a |title=Internet Filtering in Singapore in 2004-2005: A Country Study |date=2005-08 |publisher=OpenNet Initiative}}</ref> In [[UK|Britain]], telecommunication companies block access to websites that depict [[child pornography|sexually explicit images of children]]. In the [[United Arab Emirates]] as of 2006, [[Skype]] was being blocked.<!-- is it still? ---> In [[Norway]], some ISPs use a voluntary filter to censor websites that the police (Kripos) believe to contain images of abuse of children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.openrightsgroup.org/2006/10/26/uknof5-richard-clayton-content-filtering/ |title=UKNOF5: Richard Clayton - Content Filtering |last=Charman |first=Suw |date=2006-10-26 |publisher=Open Rights Group}}</ref> [[Germany]] also blocks foreign sites for copyright and other reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Internet Censorship in Germany |url=http://odem.org/informationsfreiheit/en/presse.html |publisher=Online-Demonstrations-Plattform |date=2002-04}}</ref>. In the U.S., public institutions (e.g. libraries and schools), by law, block material that is related to the exploitation of children, and 'obscene and pornographic' material. The network filters also block sites and material relating to women’s health, gay and lesbian rights groups, and sexual
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education for teenagers.<ref>http://deibert.citizenlab.org/Circ_guide.pdf</ref>



== Internet censorship ==
{{main|Internet censorship}}
The concept of [[freedom of information]] has emerged in response to state sponsored censorship, monitoring and surveillance of the [[Internet]]. Internet censorship includes the control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the [[Internet]].{{Fact|date=August 2008}} Data discrimination may also occur on a national level to [[censor]] of political, 'immoral' or religious material content.{{Fact|date=August 2008}}

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For example, [[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China|China]]<ref>http://www.opennetinitiative.net/studies/china/ONI_China_Country_Study.pdf</ref> and [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref>http://www.opennetinitiative.net/studies/saudi/ONI_Saudi_Arabia_Country_Study.pdf</ref> both filter content on the Internet, preventing access to certain types of websites. [[Singapore]] has network blocks on more than 100 sites.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opennetinitiative.net/studies/singapore/#toc2a |title=Internet Filtering in Singapore in 2004-2005: A Country Study |date=2005-08 |publisher=OpenNet Initiative}}</ref> In [[UK|Britain]], telecommunication companies block access to websites that depict [[child pornography|sexually explicit images of children]]. In the [[United Arab Emirates]] as of 2006, [[Skype]] was being blocked.<!-- is it still? ---> In [[Norway]], some ISPs use a voluntary filter to censor websites that the police (Kripos) believe to contain images of abuse of children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.openrightsgroup.org/2006/10/26/uknof5-richard-clayton-content-filtering/ |title=UKNOF5: Richard Clayton - Content Filtering |last=Charman |first=Suw |date=2006-10-26 |publisher=Open Rights Group}}</ref> [[Germany]] also blocks foreign sites for copyright and other reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Internet Censorship in Germany |url=http://odem.org/informationsfreiheit/en/presse.html |publisher=Online-Demonstrations-Plattform |date=2002-04}}</ref>. In the U.S., public institutions (e.g. libraries and schools), by law, block material that is related to the exploitation of children, and 'obscene and pornographic' material. The network filters also block sites and material relating to women’s health, gay and lesbian rights groups, and sexual
⚫
education for teenagers.<ref>http://deibert.citizenlab.org/Circ_guide.pdf</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 02:23, 28 November 2008

Data discrimination or date prioritization means the Internet Service Provider (ISP) assigns a priority level to data frames.[1]

In June 2007 the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) published Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy which suggested that it may be beneficial to consumers if broadband providers would pursue a variety of business arrangements, including data prioritization, exclusive deals, and vertical integration into online content and applications. The report also suggests that government should move cautiously in implementing any changes to current regulations.[2]

Legal situation

In the US the Federal Communications Commission does not permit data discrimination except for "reasonable traffic management."[3]

Instances of data discrimination

Worldwide, the Bittorrent application is widely given reduced bandwidth or even in some cases blocked entirely.[4] Worldwide, under heavy attack from spam e-mail, many e-mail servers no longer accept connections except from white-listed hosts. While few care about the rights of spammers, this means that legitimate hosts not on the list are often blocked.[5]

Save The Internet, an advocacy organization led by Free Press, is documenting situations in which ISPs have engaged in data disrimination.

  • In 2004, a small North Carolina telecom company, Madison River Communications, blocked their DSL customers from using the Vonage VoIP service. Service was restored after the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) intervened and entered into a consent decree that had Madison River pay a fine of $15,000.[6]
  • In 2005, Canadian telephone giant Telus blocked access to voices-for-change.ca, a website supporting the company's labour union during a labour dispute, as well as over 600 other websites, for about sixteen hours after pictures were posted on the website of employees crossing the picket line.[7]
  • In April 2006, Time Warner's AOL (America On Line) blocked all e-mails that mentioned www.dearaol.com, an advocacy campaign opposing the company's pay-to-send e-mail scheme. An AOL spokesman called the issue an unintentional glitch.[8]
  • In February 2006, some of Cox Cable's customers were unable to access Craig's List because of a confluence of a software bug in the Authentium personal firewall distributed by Cox Cable to improve customers' security and the way that Craigslist had their servers misconfigured. Save the Internet said this was an intentional act on the part of Cox Cable to protect classified ad services offered by its partners. The issue was resolved by correction of the software as well as a change in the network configuration used by Craig's List. Craig's List founder Craig Newmark stated that he believed the blocking was unintentional.[9]
  • In September 2007, Verizon Wireless prevented a pro-choice organization from sending text messages to its members coordinating a public demonstration, despite the fact that the intended recipients had explicitly signed up to receive such messages.[10]
  • In October 2007, Comcast was found to be preventing or at least severely delaying uploads on BitTorrent.


Internet censorship

Main article: Internet censorship

The concept of freedom of information has emerged in response to state sponsored censorship, monitoring and surveillance of the Internet. Internet censorship includes the control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet.[citation needed] Data discrimination may also occur on a national level to censor of political, 'immoral' or religious material content.[citation needed]

For example, China[11] and Saudi Arabia[12] both filter content on the Internet, preventing access to certain types of websites. Singapore has network blocks on more than 100 sites.[13] In Britain, telecommunication companies block access to websites that depict sexually explicit images of children. In the United Arab Emirates as of 2006, Skype was being blocked. In Norway, some ISPs use a voluntary filter to censor websites that the police (Kripos) believe to contain images of abuse of children.[14] Germany also blocks foreign sites for copyright and other reasons.[15]. In the U.S., public institutions (e.g. libraries and schools), by law, block material that is related to the exploitation of children, and 'obscene and pornographic' material. The network filters also block sites and material relating to women’s health, gay and lesbian rights groups, and sexual education for teenagers.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Gallo, Michael A. (2002). Networking Explained. Digital Press. p. 208. ISBN 1555582524, 9781555582524. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Plunkett, Jack W. (2008). Plunkett’s Telecommunications Industry Almanac 2009. Plunkett Research. p. 208. ISBN 1593921411, 9781593921415. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_discrimination&action=edit Peter Svensson, FCC to probe Comcast data discrimination, msnbc, Jan 2008
  4. ^ Livingstone, Adam (2006-05-30). "BitTorrent: Shedding no tiers". Newsnight. BBC.
  5. ^ Elosegui, Paul (2006-05-17). "Email Delivery Neutrality Gone Forever". EUCAP.
  6. ^ http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-05-543A2.pdf
  7. ^ "Telus cuts subscriber access to pro-union website". CBC News. 2005-07-24. Retrieved 2006-07-10.
  8. ^ "AOL charged with blocking opponents' e-mail". ZDNet News. 2006-04-13. Retrieved 2006-07-10.
  9. ^ "Silicon Valley Watcher".
  10. ^ "Verizon Rejects Text Messages For Abortion Rights Group". New York Times. 2007-09-27. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  11. ^ http://www.opennetinitiative.net/studies/china/ONI_China_Country_Study.pdf
  12. ^ http://www.opennetinitiative.net/studies/saudi/ONI_Saudi_Arabia_Country_Study.pdf
  13. ^ "Internet Filtering in Singapore in 2004-2005: A Country Study". OpenNet Initiative. 2005-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Charman, Suw (2006-10-26). "UKNOF5: Richard Clayton - Content Filtering". Open Rights Group.
  15. ^ "Internet Censorship in Germany". Online-Demonstrations-Plattform. 2002-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ http://deibert.citizenlab.org/Circ_guide.pdf
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