Jewish question: Difference between revisions
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}}</ref> According to [[Otto D. Kulka]] of [[Hebrew University]], the term became widespread in the 19th century when it was used in discussions about [[Jewish emancipation]] in Germany (''Judenfrage'').<ref name=odk /> |
}}</ref> According to [[Otto D. Kulka]] of [[Hebrew University]], the term became widespread in the 19th century when it was used in discussions about [[Jewish emancipation]] in Germany (''Judenfrage'').<ref name=odk /> |
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== ''The Jewish Question'' |
== Bruno Bauer - ''The Jewish Question'' == |
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{{Main|Bruno Bauer}} |
{{Main|Bruno Bauer}} |
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{{Main|The Jewish Question}} |
{{Main|The Jewish Question}} |
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In his book [[The Jewish Question]], published in 1843, Bauer argued that Jews can achieve political emancipation only if they relinquish their particular religious consciousness, since political emancipation requires a [[secular state]], which he assumes does not leave any "space" for social identities such as [[religion]]. According to Bauer, such religious demands are incompatible with the idea of the "[[Rights of Man]]." True political emancipation, for Bauer, requires the abolition of religion. |
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== ''On The Jewish Question'' by Karl Marx == |
== ''On The Jewish Question'' by Karl Marx == |
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Revision as of 11:16, 14 July 2008
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The Jewish question was an issue for discussions and debate, particularly in western and central Europe, during the French Revolution and into the nineteenth century by societies, politicians and writers to decide "what should be done with the Jews?". The discussions and debate on the issue revolved around issues of continued Jewish legal and economic disabilities, emancipation and assimilation. The last known use of the expression was by the Nazis and their answer was the Final Solution.[1] [2]
In this context, the "Jewish question" historically included issues related with the creation of a separate Jewish state (Zionism). A notable part in this context is also related to antisemitism.[3] The term also makes reference to the Jew's own sense of identity with respect to nationalism, the choice of assimilation, and the rise of Zionism.[3]
Early usage
An early use of the expression "Jewish question" appeared during the Jew Bill of 1753 debates in England.[4] According to Otto D. Kulka of Hebrew University, the term became widespread in the 19th century when it was used in discussions about Jewish emancipation in Germany (Judenfrage).[4]
Bruno Bauer - The Jewish Question
In his book The Jewish Question, published in 1843, Bauer argued that Jews can achieve political emancipation only if they relinquish their particular religious consciousness, since political emancipation requires a secular state, which he assumes does not leave any "space" for social identities such as religion. According to Bauer, such religious demands are incompatible with the idea of the "Rights of Man." True political emancipation, for Bauer, requires the abolition of religion.
On The Jewish Question by Karl Marx
Karl Marx replied to Bauer in his 1844 essay On The Jewish Question. Marx responded to Bruno Bauer's two studies on the Jewish Question focusing on religious differences by seeing a corrupt capitalist nature to be essential to Judaism, and thus preventing its assimilation.[5]
After Marx
Werner Sombart turned Marx on his head and praised Jews for their capitalism and presented the 17–18th century court Jews as integrated and a model for integration.[6] By the turn of the 20th century, the debate was still at large raised to prominence by the Dreyfus Affair in France. Some favored political engagement in Europe[citation needed] while others, such as Theodore Herzl, proposed the advancement of the Zionist cause.[7]
Zionism
The Final Solution
Nazi Germany adopted the term Jewish Question (in German: Judenfrage) to refer to the question (or issue) of what to do with the Jews.[1]</ref> At first, the "answer" was visible in the form of persecution and reduction to second-class citizenship through the Nuremberg Laws, promoting their extradition out of the country.[8][9] Later, during World War II, it became internment in concentration camps[10] until finally, the genocide of the European Jews, The Holocaust,[11] took place as the so-called Final Solution to the Jewish Question.[12][1][13]
Once the term was established, later the expression was also applied to earlier historical periods.[3]
See also
- Useful Jew
- Armenian Question, a similar topic about Armenians
References
- ^ a b c Stig Hornshoj-Moller (1998-10-24). "Hitler's speech to the Reichstag of January 30, 1939". The Holocaust History Project. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ Furet, François. Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews. Schocken Books (1989), p. 182; ISBN 0805240519
- ^ a b c Alex Bein (author), Harry Zohn (translation) (1990) "The Jewish Question: Biography of a World Problem", ISBN 0838632521
- ^ a b Otto D. Kulka (1994). "essay based on the introduction to 'The 'Jewish Question' in German Speaking Countries, 1848–1914, A Bibliography'". The Felix Posen Bibliographic Project on Antisemitism. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Karl Marx (1844). "On The Jewish Question". Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Werner Sombart (1911). "The Jews and Modern Capitalism" (PDF). Batoche Books. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ Theodor Herzl (1896). "Der Judenstaat: Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage" (in German). M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ Adolf Hitler (1935-09-15). "Nuremberg Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor". Retrieved 2008-03-25.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Adolf Hitler (1935-09-15). "Reich Citizenship Law". Retrieved 2008-03-25.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Doris Bergen (2004–2005). "Germany and the Camp System". Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State. Community Television of Southern California. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p.45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." Also see "The Holocaust," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007: "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women and children, and millions of others, by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Germans called this "the final solution to the Jewish question."
- ^ Gord McFee (1999-01-02). "When did Hitler decide on the Final Solution?". The Holocaust History Project. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ For some extra depth, the interested reader might read Wannsee Conference as well.