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Bangitappal (Cannabis tableland), at the southwest end of the park, used to be a halting place at the head of the [[Sispara]] ghat road, an old pass from [[Kozhikode]] to Ooty, constructed in [[1832]]. In the 19th century, this pass provided a short land route for postal runners from Ooty to the West Coast and was used for smuggling of cannabis, tobacco and later salt. <ref>Venugopal, Dharmalingam, "Stairway to heaven, up the blue mountain", The Hindu Business Line, July 08, 2002.[http://www.blonnet.com/life/2002/07/08/stories/2002070800030300.htm Ooty trek]</ref> A forest rest house and a trekkers shed built there in [[1930]] are now used by park staff and visiting researchers.


Between [[1840]] and [[1856]] [[plantation]]s of several non-native tree species were introduced to the area to satisfy the fuel-wood demand. These included 4 [[Acacia|Wattle]] species([[Acacia mollissima|Black Wattle]], [[Acacia dealbata|Silver Wattle]], [[Acacia decurrens|Green Wattle]] and [[Acacia melanoxylon|Blackwood]]), [[Eucalyptus globulus|Eucalyptus]], [[Cyprus]], [[Chir Pine|Indian Long leaf Pine]] and [[Common Gorse|Thorny Gorse]]. Eucalyptus became the preferred plantation tree.
Between [[1840]] and [[1856]] [[plantation]]s of several non-native tree species were introduced to the area to satisfy the fuel-wood demand. These included 4 [[Acacia|Wattle]] species([[Acacia mollissima|Black Wattle]], [[Acacia dealbata|Silver Wattle]], [[Acacia decurrens|Green Wattle]] and [[Acacia melanoxylon|Blackwood]]), [[Eucalyptus globulus|Eucalyptus]], [[Cyprus]], [[Chir Pine|Indian Long leaf Pine]] and [[Common Gorse|Thorny Gorse]]. Eucalyptus became the preferred plantation tree.

Revision as of 13:30, 16 February 2008

Mukurthi National Park
Mukurthi National Park
National Park
Established12 December, 2001
Websitewww.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_muknp.html

Mukurthi National Park is a 78.46 km² protected area located in the south-eastern corner of the Nilgiris Plateau west of Ootacamund hill station in the northwest corner of Tamil Nadu state in the Western Ghats mountain range of South India. The park is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India's first International Biosphere Reserve

The Western Ghats, Nilgiri Sub-Cluster (6,000+ km²), including all of Mukurthi National Park, is under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for selection as a World Heritage Site.[1]

The park is characterized by Montane grasslands and shrublands interspersed with sholas in a high altitude area of high rainfall, subfreezing temperatures and high winds. It is home to an array of endangered wildlife, including Royal Bengal Tiger and Asian Elephant, but its main mammal attraction is the Nilgiri Tahr. The park was previously known as Nilgiri Tahr National Park.

History

Native hill tribe communities including the Toda people have harvested firewood from the sholas and grazed their animals including the Hill Buffalo for centuries. Indiscriminate felling of the sholas started with the establishment of British settlements in Ootacamund, Coonoor and Wellington in the early 1800's. Beginning in 1841 authorities issued contracts to bidders to fell wood from specific sholas in a 'timber conservancy program. In 1868 James Breeds, Commissioner of the Hills, wrote: "...unless conservancy is taken in hand and organized under some efficient system under the control of an experienced officer, the destruction of the sholas is but a question of time." [2]

Bangitappal (Cannabis tableland), at the southwest end of the park, used to be a halting place at the head of the Sispara ghat road, an old pass from Kozhikode to Ooty, constructed in 1832. In the 19th century, this pass provided a short land route for postal runners from Ooty to the West Coast and was used for smuggling of cannabis, tobacco and later salt. [3] A forest rest house and a trekkers shed built there in 1930 are now used by park staff and visiting researchers.

Between 1840 and 1856 plantations of several non-native tree species were introduced to the area to satisfy the fuel-wood demand. These included 4 Wattle species(Black Wattle, Silver Wattle, Green Wattle and Blackwood), Eucalyptus, Cyprus, Indian Long leaf Pine and Thorny Gorse. Eucalyptus became the preferred plantation tree.

Unlike the others, the wattles spread by root suckers to quickly cover large areas of native grasslands, including the Mukurthi Hills, and was declared a pest "usefull for covering wastelands."[4]. Some Black Wattle plantations were maintained for the leather industry, as their bark yielded tannin.

In 1882 Inspector General of Forests, Dietrich Brandis "recommended bringing the present 1200 acres of plantation up to 5000 acres to create enormous forest blocks "...which would make any remaining sholas redundant forest resources."[5]

In 1920 it was suggested that 10–15 acre plots in the Kundah Hills including the present park area, "be planted up each year in places where sholas have almost or quite disappeared, the most suitable species probably being Acacia dealbata (Silver Wattle)" [6] , thus replacing highly diverse endemic and stable ecosystems with an exotic monoculture supporting little animal diversity.

Mukurthi was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1986 and a National Park in 2001, in order to protect the Nilgiri Tahr. [7] pages=45-49

Geography

Mukurthi National Park
Topographic map 1:250,000
Mukurthi National Park
Bounderies and features map

Mukurthi National Park has an elongated crescent shape facing to the west between 11°10' to 11°22' N and 76°22' to 76°35' E.. It is bordered on the west by Nilambur South Forest Division in Kerala, to the northwest by Gudalur Forest Division, to the northeast, east and southeast by South Forest Division and to the south by Mannarghat Forest Division, Kerala. At its southwest tip the peaks of this park straddle the northeast corner of Silent Valley National Park of Kerala.[8]

On the Nilgiri Plateau, the Kundah range of the Nilgiri hills is a ridge on the south-western side of Mukurthi National Park bordering Kerala. The park generally slopes towards the east and south receiving water from the Billithadahalla, Pykara and Kundah rivers, and the Upper Bhavani and Mukurthi reservoirs which flow through the park. Also several perennial streams originate in the park, most of which drain into the Bhavani Puzha.[9]

Park elevation varies from Template:M to ft to Template:M to ft, with Kollaribetta Template:M to ft, Mukurthi Template:M to ft, and Nilgiri Template:M to ft being the highest peaks. With elevations greater than the general level of the plateau, the range possesses some peaks close to the height of Doddabetta, just east of Ooty.

Avalanche hill of this range has twin-peaks of the Kudikkadu (height: 2,590 metres (8,497 ft)) and the Kolaribetta. Derbetta (or Bear Hill) (height: 2,531 metres (8,304 ft)) and Kolibetta (height: 2,494 metres (8,182 ft)), south of the Ouchterlony valley, are a continuation of the Kundah range.

Pichalbetta (height: 2,544 metres (8,346 ft)), Nilgiri Peak and Mukurthi Peak are the important heights of this area. These 3 hills of the Wayanad district are generally low in relation to other heights of the district; but are distinguished in relation to the generally uniform level of this area. [10]

The park has a harsh environment with annual rainfall varying from 2010 mm to 6330 mm (79–249 inches), night temperature usually below freezing in the winter and wind speeds ranging up to 120 km/h (75 mph). [7]page 13

Flora and fauna

File:Elanus caeruleus1.jpg
Black-winged Kite
Indian Red Admiral

Several threatened mammal species live here including Nilgiri Tahr, Indian elephant, Bengal Tiger, Nilgiri Marten, Nilgiri langur and Bonhote's Mouse. Mukurthi is near the northern end of the range of the Nilgiri Tahr. A 3 day census in March 2007 estimated 200 Tahrs in the park including 60 young ones sighted.[11]There are also Leopard, Bonnet macaque, Sambar deer, Barking deer, Mouse Deer, Otter, Jungle cat, Small Indian Civet, Wild dog, Jackal, Black-naped Hare, Common Rat, Shrew, Malabar Spiny Dormouse and Soft-furred Rat.

Avifauna consists mostly of hill birds including the threatened Laughingthrush, Whistling Thrush, Woodcock, Wood Pigeon, Black-and-orange Flycatcher, Nilgiri Flycatcher, Grey Headed Flycatcher Black Bulbul, White-eye, Nilgiri Pipit. The predatory Black-winged Kite, Kestrel and Black Eagle may be seen in the grasslands.

The area is home to many species of reptiles such as the Geckos Dwarf Gecko spp. and Nilgiri Salea Salea horsfieldii, the snakes Horseshoe Pit Viper, Olivaceaous Keelback, Oligodon taeniolatus, Oligodon venustus, Bronze-headed Vine Snake and several Shieldtails of which Perrotet's Shieldtail is most common. Some amphibians here are the Common Indian Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), Bufo beddomii, Bufo microtympanum and many species of Tree Frogs including Micrixalus opisthorhodus and Rana limnocharis.[7]

Butterflies with Himalayan affinity like the Blue Admiral, Indian Red Admiral, Indian Fritillary, Indian Cabbage white and Hedge blues are seen here. Some streams had been stocked with exotic Rainbow Trout in the past.[12]

The area is also home to numerous endemic plants particularly of the annual Impatiens plants.

The natural habitats of the park have been much disturbed by previously easy motor vehicle access through four different entry points and[13] extensive commercial planting and natural spreading of non-native eucalyptus and wattle (Acacia dealbata, Acacia mearnsii and other species). In addition there is one large, and several smaller hydro-electric impoundments in the area.[14]

Only 20% of the park area has more than a 50% chance of being used by Tahr. If old commercial forests are removed, usable Tahr habitat would increase to 60%.[15]

Management

Mukurthi National Park is Managed by the Tamil Nadu Department of Forestry with the main objective to conserve the endangered shola-grassland ecosystem and its endemic flora and fauna. The department operates an effective year round anti-poaching program with gun and radio equipped foot patrols operating from anti-poaching camps at Bangitappal, Nadugani, Western Catchment and Mukurthi Fishing Hut. Prevention and control of destructive Wildfire is achieved through creation of artificial firebreaks in the form of controlled burns along fire lines and cleared trek paths. Local fire watchers are employed for early detection and control during the dangerous December to April fire season. Invasive imported plant species, especially Wattle, Scotch broom and Gorse are being controlled and eliminated from the park through a phased long term program focused on restoration of the originial biota.

Tourism is not a management objective, but the Forest Department does periotically conduct nature awareness and conservation programs for the public and some special interest groups through controlled visits to the Western Catchment and Avalanche areas of the park.

The Forest Department also seeks to identify and acquire contiguous undisturbed crucial habitat areas for future inclusion in the park.[7] pages 48 50

Visitor information

Casual tourism and commercial tour operation is not permitted and tourist facilities are not available in the park. Special interest groups are sometimes permitted for supervised educational programs, trekking and camping. There are Forest Rest Houses at Bangitapal, Avalanche, Pykara and some trekking sheds.

A mostly down hill 3, 4 or 5 day trek through Mukurthi and Silent Valley National Parks starts by driving 75 km from Udhagamandalam (Ooty) in 4 hrs and 1 km walk to overnight at Bangitapal. Walk 24 km through Mukurthi Park in 9 hrs to overnight at Walakkad, or overnight half way at the new trekkers bungalow at Sispara peak then continue 12 km steep downhill the next day to Walakkad. Walk 18 km in 7 hrs to overnight at Poochipara. Walk 8 km in 3 hrs to Sairandhiri in Silent Valley, then take a park van out or overnight at Sairandhri and trek 23 km to Mukkali village A forest guide-cum-cook accompanies park visitors during all treks.[16] [17] In some cases the guide may instruct visitors to bend down to drink straight from a stream like a deer and prohibit bathing in a stream so the silt at the bottom is not disturbed and because human body odour might affect the animals.[18]

Application for trekking permits should be made well in advance with: Wildlife Warden - The Nilgiris, Mount Stewart Hill, Udhagamandalam – 643 001 Tamil Nadu, India; Phone: 0423- 2444098; Fax: 0423-2450400; Email: [email protected][19]

The nearest airport is Coimbatore – 140 km. The nearest Railway station is Udhagamandalam – 45 km. The best seasons are February to May and September to November.[20]

Notes

  1. ^ UNESCO, World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats sub cluster, Niligiris. retrieved 4/20/2007 World Heritage sites, Tentative lists
  2. ^ Thyaagarajan, p. 70 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ Venugopal, Dharmalingam, "Stairway to heaven, up the blue mountain", The Hindu Business Line, July 08, 2002.Ooty trek
  4. ^ Jayadev, T., p. 12 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ Sutton, p. 6 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ Ranganathan, pp. 45–47 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d Dogra_I.F.S., Rakesh Kumar producer; Seshan, Suprabha editor (April 2007), Mukurthi Unforseen Wilderness, A Compendium of Writings and Photographs on Mukurthi National Park, Tamil Nadu Forest Department {{citation}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ ASIAN NATURE CONSERVATION FOUNDATION, MUKURTHI - NATIONAL PARK, retrieved 4/18/2007MUKURTHI - NATIONAL PARK
  9. ^ Ahmed, Ameen Romantic Mukurthi Deccan Herald, Bangalore. Jan 21, 2001. 'Romantic Mukurthi'
  10. ^ District Administration, Nilgiris (8/20/2007) National Informatics Centre, Nilgiris, retrieved 8/31/2007 Hills and Peaks
  11. ^ (4/12/2007) "Nilgiri Tahr population healthy: census" , The Hindu, Retrieved 4/18/2007"eco-sensitive zone"
  12. ^ Kartik Shanker (1996) Sholas and Grasslands. Sanctuary Asia Magazine, Vol. XVI, No.2 "Sholas and Grasslands" retrieved 4/18/2007
  13. ^ Davidar, ERC, Distribution and Status of the Nilgiri Tahr Bombay Natural History Society 75(3): 815-844
  14. ^ Rice, C G Dr (1984) US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, USA, "The behaviour and ecology of Nilgiri Tahr", Tahr Foundation, retrieved 4/17/2007"The behaviour and ecology of Nilgiri Tahr"
  15. ^ Sumithran, Stephen (1997) "Status and Ecology of the Nilgiri Tahr in the Mukurthi National Park, South India" Phd dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, retrieved 4/18/2007 Nilgiri Tahr in the Mukurthi National Park
  16. ^ Venugopal, Dharmalingam, "Stairway to heaven, up the blue mountain", The Hindu Business Line, July 08, 2002.Ooty trek
  17. ^ Radhareddyh, Silent Valley Trek, Travelblog.com, 18/01/2007.Trek
  18. ^ VIJAYAH T. ANANTHA (3/23/2002)"Treks and tracks" The Hindu, retrieved 4/18/2007 [1]
  19. ^ K. Kalyanasundaram (2005) "Wildlife sanctuaries of Tamilnadu - Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary - National Park", Tamil Electronic Library, retrieved 4/4/2007Wildlife sanctuaries of Tamilnadu
  20. ^ Tamil Nadu Forest Department, National Parks, Mukurthi National Park, retrieved 4/17/2007[2]

Also see

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