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==Medical facilities==
Haifa is served by four hospitals: Bnai Zion Medical Center, Elisha Hospital, Carmel Medical Center and Rambam Medical Center.<ref>http://www.google.com/search?q=haifa+hospitals&hl=en&sourceid=gd&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2006-01,GGLD:en</ref>


==Education==
==Education==

Revision as of 15:36, 14 February 2008

Template:Infobox Israel muni

For other uses, see Haifa (disambiguation).

Haifa (Template:Lang-he-n

Ḥefa; Arabic: حَيْفَا Ḥayfāⓘ[1]) is the largest city in Northern Israel and the third-largest city in the country, after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, with a population of about 267,800.[2][3] The city is a seaport located on Israel's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa, about 90 km north of Tel Aviv, and is one of the country's major industrial centers.

Haifa is built on the slopes of the historic Mount Carmel. Known in the 3rd century CE as a dye making center, the city is today home to a mixed population of Jews and Arabs, as well as to the Bahá'í World Centre, and two world-class academic institutions, the University of Haifa and the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. High tech companies such as Intel, IBM, Microsoft, Motorola, and Google have opened R&D facilities in Haifa in recent years.

Etymology

File:Nasahaifa.jpg
An aerial view of Haifa Bay and the city

Some say that the city's official romanization Haifa and common English pronunciation /ˈhaɪ.fə/ is based on the Arabic name

Ḥayfā, although the Standard Hebrew name is Ḥefa. The local Hebrew pronunciation is /xei.ˈfa/.[citation needed] In fact, the origin of the name Haifa is unclear. According to historian Alex Carmel, it may come from the Hebrew verb root חפה (hafa), meaning "to cover or hide", i.e. Mount Carmel covers Haifa. Others see resemblance to the Hebrew word חוֹף (hof), meaning "beach", or חוֹף יָפֶה (hof yafe), meaning "beautiful beach". Some Christians believe that the town was named after the high priest Caiaphas, or Saint Peter (Keiphah [in Aramaic]).[4]

Another explanation is that name originates from the words חַי-פֹּה ("hai-po"), meaning "lives here", which is to say, "God lives here".[citation needed]

History

File:Haifa 1915.JPG
Haifa in 1915

Talmudic history

Haifa is first mentioned in Talmudic literature around the 3rd century CE, as a small town with a well-established Jewish community.[5] It was described as being near to the town of Shikmona, the main Jewish town in the area at that time and a center for making the traditional Tekhelet dye used for Jewish Priests' temple cloth. The archaeological site of Shikmona lies southwest of the modern Bat Galim neighborhood.[6] There are disputes over the exact location of early Haifa with many researchers believing that the name ‘Haifa’ is identical to a settlement of which the remains are found in an area which extends from the present day Rambam Hospital to the Jewish Cemetery in Yafo Street.[7] The residents of this time were largely thought to have been involved in various sorts of coastal industries, including fishing and agriculture as well as acting as a port welcoming various groups of people who eventually settled in the ciy.[7] Before the Persians came to the area in 6000CE, the population of Haifa is thought to have been very spread across the area.[7]

Byzantine and Crusader rule

The Byzantine ruled there until the 7th century, when the city was conquered — first by the Persians, then by the Arabs. In 1100, it was conquered again by the crusaders, after a fierce battle with its Jewish and Muslim inhabitants.[8] Under crusader rule, the city was a part of the Principality of Galilee until the Muslim Mameluks captured it in 1265.

Ottoman and Egyptian control

The Sail Tower, an example of modern architecture in Haifa
View across Haifa Bay from Mt. Carmel

In 1761 Dhaher al-Omar, Bedouin ruler of Acre and Galilee, destroyed and rebuilt the town in a new location, surrounding it with a wall.[citation needed] This event is marked as the beginning of the town's modern era.[citation needed] After El-Omar's death in 1775, the town remained under Ottoman rule until 1918, except for two brief periods: in 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Haifa as part of his unsuccessful campaign to conquer Palestine and Syria, but withdrew the same year; and between 1831 and 1840, the Egyptian viceroy Mehemet Ali governed, after his son Ibrahim Pasha wrested control from the Ottomans.

In the years following the Egyptian occupation, Haifa grew in population and importance while Acre suffered a decline. The arrival of the German Templers in 1868, who settled in what is now known as the German Colony of Haifa, was a turning point in Haifa's development. The Templers built and operated a steam-based power station, opened factories and inaugurated carriage service to Acre, Nazareth and Tiberias, playing a key role in modernizing the city.[9]

Haifa's population increased from 1,000 in 1800 to 2,000 by 1840, 6000 in 1880, 20,000 in 1914 and 24,600 in 1922.[10]

Recent history

At the beginning of the 20th Century, Haifa had emerged as an industrial port city and growing population center, reflected by the establishment of facilities like the Hejaz railway and the Technion. At that time, the Haifa District (which included a number of Arab locales surrounding the city of Haifa itself) was home to approximately 20,000 inhabitants, comprised of 82% Muslim Arab, 14% Christian Arabs, and 4% Jewish residents. Jewish population increased steadily with immigration primarily from Europe, so that by 1945 the population had shifted to 33% Muslim, 20% Christian and 47% Jewish.[11] In 1947 its population was estimated to consist of 41,000 Muslims, 74,230 Jews and 29,910 Christians. The Christian community was composed mostly of Greek Orthodox Church (Arab Orthodox).

Today, Haifa has a population of about 267,800 people. 90% of the population are predominantly Israeli-Jews and a few "others". The latter group consists of Israelis without religious classification, mostly immigrants from the former Soviet Union, from mixed-marriage families of Jewish origin. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli-Arabs constitute 9% of Haifa's population, the majority living in Wadi Nisnas, Abbas and Halisa neighborhoods.[12]

Haifa is located in the northernmost reach of the coastal plain designated as Jewish territory in the 1947 UN Partition Plan dividing mandatory Palestine, and was not excepted to the violence following that plan and culminating in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. On 30 December, 1947 members of the Jewish militant group Irgun hurled two bombs into a crowd of Arabs who were waiting for construction jobs outside the gates of the Consolidated Refineries in Haifa, killing 6 and injuring 42, whereupon 2,000 Arab employees rioted and killed 39 Jewish employees in what has become known as the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre. Jewish forces retaliated by raiding the Arab village of Balad al-Shaykh on December 31, 1947. Jewish forces deemed control of Haifa a critical objective in the ensuing 1948 Arab-Israeli War, as it was the major industrial and oil refinery port in Palestine. The British withdrew from Haifa on the 21st of April, 1948. The city was captured on April 23, 1948 by the Carmeli Brigade of the Haganah who were ordered into action by Mordechai Maklef at 10:30am on the 21st of April following three months of unsuccessful attacks by Arab forces. The majority of the Muslim population fled through the British-controlled port. However as many as 2,000 Christians remained in the city by June of 1948 and there were an additional 1,300 Muslims remaining as well.

Haifa was the target of many Hezbollah rockets during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, which caused suffering for Jews and Arabs alike.

Religious importance

Haifa, home to Jews, Muslim and Christian Arabs, Ahmadis (in Kababir), Druze, and Bahá'ís, is often portrayed as a mosaic of peaceful coexistence.

Cave of Elijah

Mount Carmel (Hebrew: God's vinyard) and Kishon River are both mentioned in the Bible. Mount Carmel is riddled with caves, and one of those near Haifa is traditionally known as the "Cave of Elijah", and considered by many Jews to have been the home of the Jewish biblical Prophet Elijah and his apprentice, Elisha. The highest peak of the Mount Carmel range is named El-Muhrrakah, an Arabic term meaning the burning, named on account of the belief that this was the exact spot of Elijah's biblical confrontation with hundreds of priests of a Baal; the Baal in question was probably Melqart.[13]

The Carmelites were founded at, and named after, Mount Carmel, in the 12th century. Since that time, at the peak of the Mount near Haifa, there has historically been a building that has variously been a mosque, monastery, and hospital; in the 19th century it was reconstructed as a Carmelite monastery, and a cave located there, which functions as the monastery's crypt, was treated as having once been Elijah's cave. It is now a popular tourist and pilgrimage destination.[14]

View of the Bahá'í Gardens from above.

Haifa is also cherished by members of the Bahá'í Faith as it is an important site of worship, pilgrimage and administration for the members of the religion. The Bahá'í World Centre (comprising the Shrine of the Báb, terraced gardens and administrative buildings) are all on Mount Carmel's northern slope. The location of the Bahá'í holy places in Haifa has its roots to the imprisonment of the religion's founder, Bahá'u'lláh, near Haifa by the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman Empire's rule over Palestine. The Bahá'í holy places are also the most visited tourist attraction of the city.

The ruins of Shikmona, at the foot of Mount Carmel, is also considered historically important by Jews.[15]Shikmona is also mentioned in the Talmud as the coastal town in which the blue dye for the Jewish prayer shawl Talit (the Techelet thread) was extracted from sea-snails.

The Cave of Elijah - Elijah is considered a prophet by Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and the Baha'i Faith. The Carmelites have a tradition that they were founded by Elijah at this time. According to tradition Elijah lived in a cave on Mt. Carmel during the reign of King Ahab.

Stella Maris is a French Carmelite church, monastery and hospice. The Carmelite Order, a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church, was named after this location, where it was founded. Located atop Mount Carmel, there is a hiking trail connecting it to the Cave of Elijah below.[16]

Demographics

Haifa is Israel's third-largest city with a population of 267,800, consisting of 103,000 households.[2][17] The population is divided between religions with 82% Jewish, 4% Muslim, and 14% Christian (both Arab and non-Arab).[17] The greatest origin of immigrants to Haifa is from the former Soviet Union since 1989, who now make up 25% of the city's population.[17] Despite this influx of immigrants, however, Haifa has seen a steady population decline, especially since 2001, and it is unclear what will happen to this in the future, with some arguing that the population will continue to decline, whilst others feel that, due to the performance of the hi-tech industry in the city, the negative immigration trend will end, or even be reversed in the future.[17] Haifa has an ageing population compared to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem as younger people have moved away from the city for education and jobs in the central part of the country, and young families have migrated out to bedroom communities in the vicinity of Haifa.[17] The changing demographics of the city are also affecting its religious split. In general, the Jewish residents of the city are ageing and the younger ones leaving, whilst the number of Christians and Muslims is growing.[17]

Many see Haifa as a model for coexistence in Israel as the relationships between the Arab and Jewish, and Muslim and Christian groups in Haifa are for the mostpart good. The local government is not influenced by the large-scale political divides between the groups in daily management of the city, for example. Despite the continued existence of distinctly Arab neighborhoods in Haifa, increasingly, wealthier Arabs are moving into affluent, Jewish neighborhoods.[17]

Geography

Topography

Haifa is located around 32°49′N 34°59′E / 32.817°N 34.983°E / 32.817; 34.983 on the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain, the historic land bridge between Europe, Africa, and Asia. Located on Mount Carmel around Haifa Bay, the city is split over three tiers. The lowest is the center of commerce and industry including Haifa Port. The middle level is located on the slopes of Mount Carmel and consists of older residential neighborhoods, whilst the upper level consists of modern neighborhoods looking over the lower tiers. From here views can be had across the Western Galilee region of Israel towards Rosh HaNikra and the Lebanese border. Haifa is located appromimately 90 kilometers (55.9 mi) north of the city of Tel Aviv, and has a large number of beaches on the Mediterranean.

Climate

Haifa has a mediterranean climate with hot, humid summers and cool, rainy winters. The average temperature in summer is 26 °C and in winter, 12 °C. Snow is rare in Haifa, but temperatures around 6 °C can sometimess occur, usually in the early morning. Humidity tends to be high all year round, and rain usually occurs between October and April.

Neighborhoods

Main article: Neighborhoods of Haifa

Haifa is made up of a large number of neighborhoods which have developed over time throughout its history. As a general rule of thumb, the older neighborhoods are located on the second tier of Mount Carmel and the newer ones on the third tier, although there are neighborhoods on the lowest level, perhaps most notably the German Colony which has recently been restored. Haifa is a diverse city with Arab and Jewish population groups who live in neighborhoods across the city.

Economy

The Haifa refinery.

The industrial region of Haifa is north of the city, near the Kishon River. Haifa is home to one of the two oil refineries in Israel (the other located in Ashdod). The Haifa refinery is capable of processing about 9 million tons (66 million barrels) of crude oil a year and is the center of a wide array of petrochemical industries located in and around Haifa. [citation needed] Its twin 76-meter cooling towers, built in the 1930s, have long symbolized the city of Haifa. [citation needed]

MATA"M (Merkaz Ta'asiya v'Meida/Scientific Industries Center), the largest and oldest business park in Israel, is located at the southern entrance to the city, hosting manufacturing and R&D facilities for a large number of Israeli and international hi-tech companies, such as Intel, Elbit, Zoran, Microsoft, Philips, Google and Amdocs. The campus of the University of Haifa is also home to IBM Haifa Labs.[18]

The Port of Haifa is the leader in passenger traffic among Israeli ports, and is also a major cargo harbor, though deregulation has seen its dominance challenged by the port of Ashdod.[19]

Tourism

Haifa bay

Due to its location on the Mediterranean and importance as the cultural capital of the north of Israel, Haifa is popular with tourists. The city has many museums and cultural centers, perhaps the most notable of which is the Bahá'í World Centre, as well as restored quarters, historic sites, and beaches. The area around the city also has a number of tourist attractions.

As of 2005, Haifa had 13 hotels offering 1,462 rooms.[20] Furthermore, the city has 17 km of beaches, 5 km of which are organised, and on much of which watersports are offered.[21] Haifa's main tourist attraction is the Bahá'í World Centre, with the golden Shrine of the Báb and the surrounding gardens. Between 2005-2006, 86,037 visited this attraction.[20] The restored German Colony, founded by the Templers, is located at the bottom of the Bahai Gardens and is popular with tourists, offering a wide range of restaurants. Furthermore, many tourists visit the Stella Maris and the Carmelite monastery.

The Haifa area also has a number of attractions popular with tourists. The artist's village of Ein Hod where over 90 artists and craftsmen have studios and exhibitions.[22] The Mount Carmel national park contains caves where Neanderthal and early Homo Sapiens remains were found, and was also the location of biblical events such as Elijah's confrontation with the Ba'al prophets, and where now another Carmelite monastery is located. The Carmel is also a popular hiking area.

Haifa has a wide variety of malls and shopping centers, the largest being Hutsot Hamifratz, Horev Center Mall, Panorama Center, Castra Center, Colony Center (Lev HaMoshava), Hanevi'im Tower Mall, Kenyon Haifa, Lev Hamifratz Mall and Grand Kenyon.

Arts and culture

Despite its image as a port and industrial city, Haifa is the cultural hub of northern Israel. During the 1950s, mayor Abba Hushi made a special effort to encourage authors and poets to move to the city, and founded the Haifa Theatre, a repertory theater, the first municipal theater to be founded in the country.[23] The New Haifa Symphony Orchestra was established in 1950 and is the focus for classical music of the north of the country, with over 5,000 subscribers, and in 2004, 49,000 people watched their concerts.[24][21] Furthermore, the Haifa Cinematheque, founded in 1975, hosts the annual Haifa International Film Festival during the intermediate days of the Sukkot holiday. The city has 29 cinema halls.[21]

Haifa's newspaper is Yediot Haifa,[25] whilst Radio Haifa operates from the city.[26]

Museums

Haifa has over a dozen museums.[27][21] The most popular of museum is the National Museum of Scicence, Technology, and Space, which in 2004 recieved almost 150,000 visitors. Haifa Museums is a group of museums made up of the Haifa Museum of Art, the Museum of Prehistory, the Tikotin Museum of Japanese Art, the National Maritime Museum and Haifa City Museum and the Art Center. Other museums in the city include the Hecht Museum, the Dagon Archealogical Museum, the Railway Museum, the Clandestine Immigration and Navy Museum, the Israeli Oil Industry Museum, and Chagall's Artists' House.[21] Furthermore as part of his plan to improve the culture of the city, Mayor Hushi provided the artist Mane-Katz with a building on Mount Carmel to house his collection of Judaica, which is now a museum.[28]

Sports

Kiryat Eliezer stadium, Haifa

Haifa has eight football (soccer) clubs, two of which, Maccabi Haifa, Hapoel Haifa are in the major leagues in Israel. Other clubs include Beitar Haifa, Akhva Haifa, Spartak Haifa, Neve Yosef, Bnei Kababir and Hapoel Neve Sha'anan. Maccabi Haifa has won 10 championships, 5 cups and 3 League cups. Both Hapoel and Maccabi Haifa operate football schools in Haifa suburbs and other villages (including Arab and Druze villages) in the northern part of Israel.

Haifa also has basketball, volleyball, tennis, and handball clubs, whilst surfing, kite surfing and sailing clubs operate on the beaches near Bat Galim offer clubs. The Haifa Tennis Club, located near the southwest entrance to the city, is one of the largest in Israel.

The main stadiums in Haifa are the Kiryat Eliezer Stadium, seating 14,000, and Thomas D'Alesandro Stadium whilst the Romema Basketball Arena seats 2,000 and the Neve Sha'anan Athletic Stadium seats 1,000. A UEFA-approved stadium to seat 30,000 is planned for south-west Haifa.[citation needed]

Government

As an industrial port city, Haifa has traditionally been a Labor party stronghold. The strong presence of dock workers and trade unions earned it the nickname 'Red Haifa.' In addition, many prominent Arabs in the Israeli Communist Party, among them Tewfiq Toubi, Emile Habibi, Zahi Karkabi, Bulus Farah and Emili Toma, were all from Haifa. In recent years, there has been a drift toward the center.[29][30][31] In the 2006 legislative elections, the Kadima party received about 28.9% of the votes in Haifa, while Labor lagged behind with 16.9%.[32]

Mayors of Haifa

Medical facilities

Haifa is served by four hospitals: Bnai Zion Medical Center, Elisha Hospital, Carmel Medical Center and Rambam Medical Center.[33]

Education

The Technion is called "Israel's MIT"

Haifa is home to two internationally acclaimed universities and several colleges. The University of Haifa, founded in 1963, is located at the top of Mt. Carmel. The campus was designed by the architect of Brasilia and United Nations Headquarters in New York, Oscar Niemeyer. More buildings have been added since then. The top floor of the 30-story Eshkol Tower provides a panoramic view of northern Israel. The Hecht Museum, with important archeology and art collections, is located on the campus of Haifa University. The Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, described as Israel's MIT, was founded in 1924. It has 18 faculties and 42 research institutes. The original building is now home to the Israel National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space. The first technological high school in Israel, Basmat, was established in Haifa in 1933.[34]

Haifa is also home to a number of academic colleges. Two teaching colleges, the Gordon College of Education and Sha'anan Religious Teachers' College, operate from the city, whilst design colleges include the WIZO Design Academy and Tiltan College of Design. The Michlala Leminhal College of Management and Open University of Israel both have branches in Haifa, whilst the city also has a Nursing College and an engineering school, the P.E.T Practical Engineering School.

As of the 2006-2007 education year, Haifa had 70 primary schools, 23 intermediate schools, 23 general secondary schools, 8 vocational secondary schools, and 5 comprehensive secondary schools. There were 5,133 pupils in municipal kindergartens, 20,081 in primary schools, 7,911 in intermediate schools, 8,072 in general secondary schools, 2,646 in vocational secondary schools, and 2,068 in comprehensive secondary schools. 86% of students were in Hebrew education with 14% in Arabic education. 5% were in special education.[35]

As of 2004, Haifa had 16 municipal libraries stocking 367,323 books, lending on average 23,279 books per month. In this year, there were 14,012 members of libraries.[21]

Transportation

The Carmelit, Israel's only subway

Transportation is good both within Haifa and between Haifa and other cities in Israel and internationally. Buses run throughout the city, whilst Haifa is the home to Israel's only subway system. The Carmelit (Hebrew: כרמלית) is actually a funicular, running from downtown Paris square to Gan HaEm (Mother's Park) on Mount Carmel. With a single track, six stations and two trains, it is listed in the Guinness World Records as the world's shortest metro line. Furthermore, the Stella Maris gondola lift cable car, consists of 6 cabins and connects Bat Galim on the coast to the Stella Maris observation deck and monastery atop Mount Carmel; although mainly for tourism purposes.

Haifa is the only city in Israel where buses operate on Shabbat. The bus stations, from the south northwards, are Hof HaCarmel, Bat Galim, and Merkazit HaMifratz. All of these stations are served by Egged city, suburban, and intercity buses. In 2006, Haifa implemented a trial network of neighborhood mini-buses - named "Shchunatit" run by Egged. In 2008, Haifa and the Krayot will be linked by the Metronit, a rapid transit/light rail system.

Haifa has six Israel Railways stations on the Nahariya-Tel Aviv main line railway which runs along the Gulf of Haifa. From south to north, these stations are Hof HaCarmel Railway Station, Haifa Bat-Galim Railway Station,Haifa Merkaz (Central), Lev HaMifratz Railway Station, Hutzot HaMifratz Railway Station, and Kiryat Haim Railway Station. A seventh stop is in nearby Kiryat Motzkin (Kiryat Motzkin Railway Station), a Northern suburb. The railway stations also serve a metropolitan line with 7 stops, called the Parvarit.

Travel between Haifa and the rest of the country is also possible by road with Highway 2, the main highway along the coastal plain, beginning at Tel Aviv and ending at Haifa. Furthermore, Highway 4 runs along the coast to the north of Haifa, as well as south, inland from Highway 2. Haifa Airport serves domestic flights to Tel Aviv and Eilat as well as international charters to Cyprus. There are currently plans in place to expand services from Haifa, whilst cruise ships operate from Haifa port to Greece and Cyrpus.

Sister cities

Haifa has sister city agreements with the following cities:[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ Many Hebrew speakers, though, particularly those who come from Haifa, refer to the city by its Arab pronunciation.
  2. ^ a b "Haifa". The Jewish Agency For Israel. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
  3. ^ "Population of Localities numbering above 1,000 residents and other rural population on 31/12/2006" (pdf). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2006-12-31. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
  4. ^ Carmel, Alex (2002). The History of Haifa Under Turkish Rule (4th Edition ed.). Haifa: Pardes. p. 14. ISBN 965-7171-05-9. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help) (translated from Hebrew)
  5. ^ "Haifa". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  6. ^ "Two Tombstones from Zoar in the Hecht Museum Collection" (PDF). Haifa University. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  7. ^ a b c "Old Haifa". Tour-Haifa.co.il. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  8. ^ Carmel, Alex (2002). The History of Haifa Under Turkish Rule (4th Edition ed.). Haifa: Pardes. pp. 16–17. ISBN 965-7171-05-9. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ "Templers". University of Haifa. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  10. ^ Data based on Be-Arieh “Population of the Towns”, as reproduced in Ben-Arieh Jerusalem page 466
  11. ^ Supplement to a Survey of Palestine (p. 12-13) which was prepared by the British Mandate for the United Nations in 1946-7.
  12. ^ "The Arab Population of Israel 2003" (pdf). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  13. ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible
  14. ^ "Haifa Elijah's Cave". Sacred-destinations.com. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  15. ^ P"Two Tombstones from Zoar in the Hecht Museum Collection" (PDF). University of Haifa. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  16. ^ "Haifa Travel City and Hotel Guide". inisrael.com. Retrieved 2008-01-03..
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "Is Haifa Ageing?". urbaneconomics.blogspot.com. 2006-12-06. Retrieved 2008-02-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  18. ^ "IBM Haifa Labs". IBM Haifa Labs. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  19. ^ "Haifa Port". Haifa Port. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  20. ^ a b "Hotels and Tourism" (PDF). Haifa Statistical Yearbook. Haifa Municipality. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  21. ^ a b c d e f "Leisure Activity" (PDF). Haifa Statistical Yearbook. Haifa Municipality. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  22. ^ "Eih Hod". ddtrave-acc.com. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  23. ^ http://www.tour-haifa.co.il/eng//modules/article/view.category.php/19
  24. ^ "Haifa Symphony". Haifa Symphony. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  25. ^ "Israel Newspapers". Abyznewslinks.com. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  26. ^ "Radio Broadcasting Stations". Radiostationworld.com. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  27. ^ Haifa Museums
  28. ^ "The Mane Katz Museum". Tour-Haifa.co.il. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  29. ^ "Haifa through the looking glass". Le Monde Diplomatique. 2005-12-13. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  30. ^ "'Red Haifa' in revolt against Labor". Highbeam Research - Originally from Jerusalem Post. 1999-02-01. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  31. ^ Stephen Schwartz (2006-07-26). ""The Mysteries of Safed, The Banners of Haifa,"". Islampluralism.org. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  32. ^ "תוצאות האמת: 28 לקדימה, הליכוד במקום חמישי". Yedioth Aharot. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  33. ^ http://www.google.com/search?q=haifa+hospitals&hl=en&sourceid=gd&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2006-01,GGLD:en
  34. ^ "The closing of a dream come true". Haaretz. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  35. ^ "Education" (PDF). Haifa Statistical Yearbook 2007. Haifa Municipality. 2007-06-01. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  36. ^ "Twin City acitivities". Haifa Municipality. Retrieved 2008-02-14.

Further reading

  • Carmel, Alex (2002). The History of Haifa Under Turkish Rule (4th Edition ed.). Haifa: Pardes. ISBN 965-7171-05-9. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help) (in Hebrew)
  • Shiller, Eli & Ben-Artzi, Yossi (1985). Haifa and its sites. Jerusalem: Ariel.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (in Hebrew)
  • Benny Morris, Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem
  • Seth J. Frantzman The Strength of Weakness: The Arab Christians in Mandatory Palestine, unpublished M.A thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haifa.

City and universities

Bahá'í

Monastery

Travel


32°49′N 34°59′E / 32.817°N 34.983°E / 32.817; 34.983

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