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Moved José Manuel Barroso to José Durão Barroso, since that's the name he's most commonly known as.
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#REDIRECT [[José Durão Barroso]]
{{Short description|Portuguese politician and teacher (born 1956)}}
{{About||the Portuguese footballer|José Barroso (footballer)|the Portuguese modern pentathlete|Manuel Barroso}}
{{Portuguese name|[[Durão (surname)|Durão]]|[[Barroso (surname)|Barroso]]}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = José Manuel Barroso
| image = José Manuel Barroso (cropped).jpg
| office = [[President of the European Commission]]
| 1blankname = {{nowrap|First Vice-President}}
| 1namedata = [[Margot Wallström]]<br />[[Catherine Ashton]]
| term_start = 22 November 2004
| term_end = 31 October 2014
| predecessor = [[Romano Prodi]]
| successor = [[Jean-Claude Juncker]]
| office2 = [[Prime Minister of Portugal]]
| president2 = [[Jorge Sampaio]]
| term_start2 = 6 April 2002
| term_end2 = 17 July 2004
| predecessor2 = [[António Guterres]]
| successor2 = [[Pedro Santana Lopes]]
| office3 = [[President of the Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|President of the Social Democratic Party]]
| term_start3 = 2 May 1999
| term_end3 = 30 June 2004
| 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|Secretary-General}}
| 1namedata3 = [[José Luís Arnaut]]
| predecessor3 = [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]
| successor3 = [[Pedro Santana Lopes]]
| office4 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Portugal)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| primeminister4 = [[António Guterres]]
| term_start4 = 2 May 1999
| term_end4 = 6 April 2002
| predecessor4 = [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]
| successor4 = [[Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Portugal)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| primeminister5 = [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]]
| term_start5 = 12 November 1992
| term_end5 = 28 October 1995
| predecessor5 = [[João de Deus Pinheiro]]
| successor5 = [[Jaime Gama]]
| office6 = {{MP PT}}
| term_start6 = 27 October 1995
| term_end6 = 22 November 2004
| constituency6 = [[Lisbon (Assembly of the Republic constituency)|Lisbon]]
| term_start7 = 13 August 1987
| term_end7 = 26 October 1995
| constituency7 = [[Viseu (Assembly of the Republic constituency)|Viseu]]
| term_start8 = 4 November 1985
| term_end8 = 12 August 1987
| constituency8 = Lisbon
| birth_name = José Manuel Durão Barroso
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|3|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lisbon]], Portugal
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]] (1980–present)
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Maria Margarida Uva|1980|2016|reason=d}}
* {{marriage|Joana Gonçalves|2023}}
}}
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[University of Lisbon]]<br />[[University of Geneva]]<br />[[Georgetown University]]
| signature = Barroso signature.svg
| website = [http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/index_en.htm Official website]<br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20100819022043/http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/2010/mediaGallery.cfm?sitelang=en&gallery=yes Official Media Gallery]
| caption = Barroso in 2013
| vicepresident = [[Günter Verheugen]]<br />[[Franco Frattini]]<br />[[Antonio Tajani]]<br />[[Jacques Barrot]]<br />[[Siim Kallas]]<br />[[Viviane Reding]]<br />[[Joaquín Almunia]]
| otherparty = [[Portuguese Workers' Communist Party|Workers' Communist Party]] (1974–1977)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.publico.pt/2004/08/15/jornal/exmaoistas-192012|title=Ex-maoistas|work=Publico |date=15 August 2004}}</ref>
}}
'''José Manuel Durão Barroso''' ({{IPA-pt|ʒuˈzɛ mɐˈnwɛl duˈɾɐ̃w bɐˈʁozu|lang}}; born 23 March 1956) is a Portuguese politician and law professor. He previously served as the [[List of Prime Ministers of Portugal|114th]] [[prime minister of Portugal]] and from 2004–2014 as the 11th [[president of the European Commission]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36787931|title=Ex-European Commission head Barroso under fire over Goldman Sachs job|work=BBC News |date=13 July 2016}}</ref>

He has been one of the [[revolving door (politics)|revolving door]] cases at the EU, which received the most media attention because only two months after the cooling off period, Barroso accepted a position as "senior adviser " and "non-executive chairman" of [[Goldman Sachs International]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goldman lures former Bank of England chief Fried as next international chair |url=https://news.sky.com/story/goldman-lures-former-bank-of-england-chief-fried-as-next-international-chair-12769950 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> and became subject of an ethics inquiry.

==Early life and education==
{{Expand section|date=September 2008}}
José Barroso was born in Lisbon to Luís António Saraiva Barroso and his wife Maria Elisabete de Freitas Durão.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

Durão Barroso (as he is known in Portugal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/politica/2016-07-08-Durao-Barroso-vai-ser-presidente-da-Goldman-Sachs|title=Durão Barroso vai ser presidente da Goldman Sachs}}</ref>) graduated{{when|date=December 2023}} from the Faculty of Law of the [[University of Lisbon]]. He subsequently obtained a Diploma in [[European Studies]] from the [[European University Institute]], and received a [[Master of Arts|MA]] degree [[Latin honors|with honours]] in both Political Science and Social Sciences from the [[University of Geneva]] in Switzerland.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

Barroso became politically active in his late teens, during the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime in Portugal, before the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 25 April 1974. In his university days, he was one of the leaders of the underground [[Maoism|Maoist]] MRPP (Re-Organized Movement of the Proletariat Party, later [[Portuguese Workers' Communist Party]] (PCTP/MRPP), Communist Party of the Portuguese Workers/Revolutionary Movement of the Portuguese Proletariat).<ref>{{cite news |title=Barroso's role in the proletarian struggle |url=https://www.ft.com/content/43fc0028-3821-3e58-806f-9287842524f8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/43fc0028-3821-3e58-806f-9287842524f8 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |work=Financial Times |date=9 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=José Manuel Barroso bullies the Irish |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/3558827/Jose-Manuel-Barroso-bullies-the-Irish.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/3558827/Jose-Manuel-Barroso-bullies-the-Irish.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=28 May 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In an interview with the newspaper ''[[Expresso (Portuguese newspaper)|Expresso]]'', he said that he had joined MRPP to fight the only other student body movement, also underground, which was controlled by the [[Portuguese Communist Party]]. Despite this justification, there is a very famous political 1976 interview recorded by the Portuguese state-run television channel, [[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|RTP]], in which Barroso, as a politically minded student during the post-Carnation Revolution turmoil known as [[Processo Revolucionário Em Curso|PREC]], criticises the bourgeois [[education system]] which "throws students against workers and workers against students."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAHv3UnXvmM&feature=fvw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/wAHv3UnXvmM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Barroso as a young, passionate Maoist student leader in 1976|last=Euractiv|date=20 January 2009|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Career==
His academic career began as an assistant professor in the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon. Barroso did [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD research]] at [[Georgetown University]] and Georgetown's [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], but his CV does not list any doctoral degree (except honorary).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090521074402/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/cv_2009_president_en.pdf José Manuel Barroso 2009 CV] archived on 21 May from [http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/cv_2009_president_en.pdf the original]</ref> Back in [[Lisbon]], Barroso became director of the Department for International Relations at Lusíada University (Universidade Lusíada).

In December 1980, Barroso joined the right-of-centre PPD (Democratic Popular Party, later PPD/PSD-[[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]]), where he remains to the present day.{{source needed|date=August 2011}}

In 1985, under the PSD government of [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]], [[List of Prime Ministers of Portugal|113th]] [[prime minister of Portugal]], Barroso was named Under-Secretary of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs. In 1987 he became a member of the same government as he was elevated to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (answering to the Minister of Foreign Affairs), a post he was to hold for the next five years. In this capacity, he was the driving force behind the [[Bicesse Accords]] of 1990, which led to a temporary armistice in the [[Angolan Civil War]] between the ruling [[MPLA]] and the opposition [[UNITA]]. He also supported independence for [[East Timor]], a former Portuguese colony, then a province of [[Indonesia]] by force. In 1992, Barroso was promoted to the post of [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Portugal)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], and served in this capacity until the defeat of the PSD in the 1995 general election.

===Prime minister of Portugal, 2002–2004===
In 1995, while in opposition, Barroso was elected to the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] as a representative for Lisbon. He became chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee. In 1998 he graduated from the [[Georgetown Leadership Seminar]].<ref>[http://www3.georgetown.edu/sfs/programs/gls/alumni/GLS%20Reunion%202005-3.pdf GLS Reunion 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929021145/http://www3.georgetown.edu/sfs/programs/gls/alumni/GLS%20Reunion%202005-3.pdf |date=29 September 2011 }}</ref> In 1999 he was elected president of the PSD, succeeding [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]] (a professor of law), and thus became Leader of the Opposition. [[2002 Portuguese legislative election|Parliamentary elections]] in 2002 gave the PSD enough seats to form a [[XV Constitutional Government of Portugal|coalition government]] with the right-wing Portuguese [[People's Party (Portugal)|People's Party]], and Barroso subsequently became Prime Minister of Portugal on 6 April 2002.

As prime minister, facing a growing budget deficit, he made a number of difficult decisions and adopted strict reforms. He vowed to reduce public expenditure, which made him unpopular among leftists and public servants.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}. His purpose was to lower the public budget deficit to a 3% target (according to the demands of EU rules), and official data during the 2002–2004 period stated that the target was being attained.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

[[File:Bush, Barroso, Blair, Aznar at Azores.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Barroso (far left) in the Azores in March 2003]]
In March 2003, Barroso hosted U.S President [[George W. Bush]], British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]], and Spanish Prime Minister [[José María Aznar]] in the Portuguese island of Terceira, in the [[Azores]]. The four leaders finalised the controversial US-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. Under Barroso's leadership, Portugal became part of the "[[coalition of the willing]]" for the invasion and [[History of Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation of Iraq]], sending non-combat troops.<ref>{{cite news |title=Conservative lawyer an ex-Maoist communist |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/conservative-lawyer-an-ex-maoist-communist-1.1147035 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=30 June 2004}}</ref> On 30 January 2003, Barroso signed ''[[The letter of the eight]]'' supporting [[Preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq|US. policy on Iraq]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Full text of letter written by eight European leaders |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/full-text-of-letter-written-by-eight-european-leaders-1.459198 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=30 January 2003}}</ref>
Barroso did not finish his term as he had been nominated as [[president of the European Commission]] on 5 July 2004. Barroso arranged with Portuguese President [[Jorge Sampaio]] to nominate [[Pedro Santana Lopes]] as a substitute prime minister of Portugal. Santana Lopes led the PSD/PP coalition for a few months until early 2005, when new elections were called. When the Portuguese Socialist Party won the elections it produced an estimation that by the end of the year the budget deficit would reach 6.1%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3208.htm#econ Portugal: ECONOMY] Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, U.S. Department of State</ref> which it used to criticise Barroso's and Santana Lopes's economic policies.

===President of the European Commission, 2004–2014===
{{Expand section|date=September 2008}}
{{main|Barroso Commission}}
[[File:Les trois présidents 2011-11-30.jpg|thumb|250px|The "three European presidents", [[Jerzy Buzek]] (Parliament), José Manuel Barroso (Commission) and [[Herman Van Rompuy]] (European Council) during a press conference in 2011]]
[[File:Visit of José Manuel Barroso to the VLT.ogv|thumb|250px|José Manuel Barroso visits the [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]].]]
[[File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Headquarters of the European Commission in Brussels.]]
[[File:Lech Kaczynski-José Manuel Durão Barroso 2007.jpg|thumb|Barroso with Polish President [[Lech Kaczyński]] in Warsaw, November 2007]]
[[File:José Manuel Barroso & Nicolas Sarkozy - 2008.jpg|thumb|Barroso with French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] in Paris, July 2008]]
[[File:Ilham Aliyev and President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso held a one-on-one meeting 2.jpg|thumb|Barroso with Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]] in Baku, January 2011]]
[[File:Van Rompuy, Obama, Barroso Nov 2011.png|thumb|Barroso with President of the European Council [[Herman Van Rompuy]] and U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in Washington, D.C., November 2011]]
[[File:2nd EPP EaP Summit (8235465442).jpg|thumb|Barroso with Armenian President [[Serzh Sargsyan]] in Yerevan, November 2012]]
[[File:Herman Van Rompuy, Vladimir Putin and José Manuel Barroso 4 June 2013 01.jpg|thumb|Barroso with President of the European Council [[Herman Van Rompuy]] and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in Yekaterinburg, June 2013]]
[[File:Ivica Dacic & Jose Manuel Barroso 2013.jpg|thumb|Barroso with Serbian Prime Minister [[Ivica Dačić]] in Brussels, June 2013]]
[[File:Visit of Filip Vujanović, President of Montenegro, to the EC (1).jpg|thumb|Barroso with Montenegrin President [[Filip Vujanović]] in Brussels, October 2013]]
[[File:Tusk & Barroso 2.jpg|thumb|Barroso with Polish Prime Minister [[Donald Tusk]] in Warsaw, May 2014]]
In 2004, the proposed [[Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe|European Constitution]] and now the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] included a provision that the choice of the president must take into account the result of [[Elections in the European Union|Parliamentary elections]] and the candidate supported by the victorious [[Europarty]] in particular. That provision was not in force in the nomination in 2004, but the centre-right [[European People's Party]] (EPP), who won the elections, pressured for a candidate from its own ranks. In the end, Barroso, as EPP candidate, was chosen by the [[European Council]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Choosing a New EU Commission President|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=16 June 2004|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1237192,00.html|access-date=27 August 2007}}</ref>
During his first presidency, the following issues were on the Commission's agenda: Turkey applying for [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|EU membership]], the reform of the institutions ([[Treaty of Lisbon]]), the [[Bolkestein directive]], aimed at creating a single market for services within the EU, [[Lisbon Strategy]], [[Galileo positioning system]], [[Doha Development Agenda]] negotiations, [[European Institute of Innovation and Technology]] and an EU climate change package.{{citation needed|date=September 2008}}

The EPP again endorsed Barroso for a second term during the 2009 European election campaign and, after the EPP again won the elections, was able to secure his nomination by the [[European Council]] on 17 June 2009. On 3 September 2009, Barroso unveiled his manifesto for his second term.<ref name="José Manuel Barroso unveils manifesto for second term">{{cite news|author=Ian Traynor in Brussels|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/03/jose-manuel-barroso-europe-vote|title=José Manuel Barroso unveils manifesto for second term|date=3 September 2009|access-date=19 September 2009|work=The Guardian |location=UK }}</ref> On 16 September 2009, Barroso was re-elected by the European Parliament for another five years.<ref name="José Manuel Barroso wins second term as European Commission President">{{cite news|author=David Charter in Strasbourg|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6837597.ece|title=José Manuel Barroso wins second term as European Commission President|date=17 September 2009|access-date=19 September 2009|work=The Times |location=UK }}</ref><ref name="PN MEPs welcome election of José Manuel Barroso">{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=94191|title=PN MEPs welcome election of José Manuel Barroso|date=17 September 2009|access-date=19 September 2009|work=[[The Malta Independent]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214014645/http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=94191|archive-date=14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.epp.eu/newsdetail.php?newsID=541&hoofdmenuID=4&submenuID=49 "EPP delighted with re-election of Barroso"]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} European People's Party, 16 September 2009; accessed 29 November 2009</ref> Since he completed his second term he became only the second Commission president to serve two terms, after [[Jacques Delors]]. That Commission's term of office ran until 31 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/about/index_en.htm|title=Organisational structure}}</ref>

Barroso visited [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] to persuade Irish citizens to approve the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in the country's [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|second referendum]] due to be held the following month.<ref name="No vote will affect confidence - Barroso"/> Barroso was greeted by Irish Minister for Defence [[Willie O'Dea]] and [[Peter Power (politician)|Peter Power]], the [[Minister of State at the Department of Foreign Affairs|Minister of State for Overseas Development]], as he got off his plane at [[Shannon Airport]] on the morning of 19 September 2009 before briefly meeting with the joint committee of the [[Oireachtas]] and meeting and greeting people at functions in [[Limerick]]'s City Hall, [[University of Limerick]] (UL) and the [[Savoy Hotel]].<ref name="No vote will affect confidence - Barroso">{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0919/eulisbon.html|title=No vote will affect confidence – Barroso|date=19 September 2009|access-date=19 September 2009|publisher=[[RTÉ]]}}</ref> He told ''[[The Irish Times]]'' in an interview referenced internationally by [[Reuters]] that he had been asked if Ireland would split from the European Union.<ref name="EU's Barroso warns Ireland on commissioner right">{{cite news|author=Carmel Crimmins|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE58I0KE20090919|title=EU's Barroso warns Ireland on commissioner right|date=19 September 2009|access-date=19 September 2009|work=Reuters }}</ref> He also launched a €14.8&nbsp;million grant for former workers at [[Dell]]'s Limerick plant, described as "conveniently opportune" by former Member of the European Parliament and anti-Lisbonite [[Patricia McKenna]].<ref name="European grant for former Dell workers">{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0919/dell.html|title=European grant for former Dell workers|date=19 September 2009|access-date=19 September 2009|publisher=[[RTÉ]]}}</ref>

On 12 September 2012, Barroso called for the EU to evolve into a "federation of nation-states", necessary to combat the continent's economic crisis. He said he believed Greece would be able to stay in the eurozone if it stood by its commitments. Barroso also heralded the legislative proposal published the same day for [[European Banking Supervision]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19568781|title=EU Commission chief Barroso calls for 'federation'|date=12 September 2012|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
[[File:Bush, Sarkozy and Barroso - Camp David (2008-10-18).jpg|thumb|280px|U.S. President [[George W. Bush]], French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] and Barroso in 2008]]

He was once appointed [[List of European Commission portfolios#Inter-Institutional Relations and Administration|Acting Commissioner for Inter-Institutional Relations and Administration]] in [[Maroš Šefčovič]]'s stead, from 19 April 2014 – 25 May 2014 while he was on electoral campaign leave for the [[2014 European Parliament election|2014 elections]] to the [[European Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/news/123733|title=Six commissioners head for EU election campaign trail|date=3 April 2014 }}</ref> He ultimately decided to not take up his seat.

===Controversies===
In 2005, ''[[Die Welt]]'' reported that Barroso had spent a week on the yacht of the Greek shipping billionaire [[Spiro Latsis]]. It emerged soon afterward that this had occurred only a month before the Commission approved 10&nbsp; million euros of Greek state aid for Latsis's shipping company – though the state aid decision had been taken by the previous European Commission before Barroso took up his post.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article223215.ece |title=Barroso survives confidence debate over free holiday with Greek tycoon |work=The Independent |location=London |date=26 May 2005 |access-date=8 June 2009 |first=Stephen |last=Castle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001091311/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article223215.ece |archive-date= 1 October 2007 }}</ref> In response to this revelation, [[Nigel Farage]] MEP of the [[UK Independence Party]] persuaded around 75 MEPs from across the political spectrum to back a motion of no confidence in Barroso, so as to compel him to appear before the [[European Parliament]] to be questioned on the matter.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=aFq2hOeCcYZc&refer=europe |title=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg |date=25 May 2005 |access-date=8 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116065904/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=aFq2hOeCcYZc&refer=europe |archive-date=16 November 2006}}</ref> The motion was tabled on 12 May 2005, and Barroso appeared before Parliament as required at a debate on 26 May 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4578261.stm |title=Europe &#124; Barroso rebuffs yacht questions |publisher=BBC News |date=25 May 2005 |access-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> The motion itself was heavily defeated.

In response to criticism for his choice of a less fuel efficient [[Volkswagen Touareg]], amid EU legislation of targets drastically to reduce car {{co2}} emissions, Barroso dismissed this as "overzealous moralism".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6432995.stm |work=BBC News | title=Barroso bashed over gas guzzler | date=9 March 2007 | access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref>

In April 2008, amid sharp food price rises and mounting [[food vs fuel]] concerns, Barroso insisted that [[biofuel]] use was "not significant" in pushing up [[food prices]].<ref>[http://euobserver.com/9/25957 Biofuels 'aggravating' food prices says Brown] EUobserver, 10 April 2008</ref> The following month, he announced a study that would look into the issue.<ref>[http://www.transportenvironment.org/News/2008/5/Barroso-orders-study-on-biofuelsfood-link/ Barroso orders study on biofuels/food link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111200848/http://www.transportenvironment.org/News/2008/5/Barroso-orders-study-on-biofuelsfood-link/ |date=11 November 2011 }} Transport & Environment, 14 May 2008</ref> The backdoor approval of the GE potato, by President Barroso, has met a wave of strong opposition from EU member-states. The governments of Greece, Austria, Luxembourg, Italy, Hungary and France have all publicly announced that they will not allow the GE potato to be grown in their countries.

Barroso has expressed criticism of national governments arguing "Decisions taken by the most democratic institutions in the world are very often wrong."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100056661/the-eu-is-an-antidote-to-democratic-governments-argues-president-barroso/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003121550/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100056661/the-eu-is-an-antidote-to-democratic-governments-argues-president-barroso/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 October 2010 |work=Telegraph | title=The EU is an antidote to democratic governments, argues President Barroso | date=1 October 2010 | access-date=15 August 2012 | location=London}}</ref>

In December 2013 Barroso said that Europe was not the cause of the problems for Ireland; Ireland caused a problem for Europe. Following the bailout exit, in December 2013, the Irish government's bid to get backdated funding for the banking sector was rejected as the head of the European Commission blamed the Irish banks, regulators, and government for the difficulties in the country. Barroso said the problems in the Irish banks caused a "major destabilisation" in the euro, rather than structural problems with the currency itself, "I am saying this because it would be wrong to give the impression that Europe has created a problem for Ireland and now Europe has to help Ireland. In fact, it was the banking sector in Ireland—it was one of the biggest problems in the world in terms of banking stability what happened in Ireland."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/eu-chief-barroso-no-backdated-bank-debt-deal-for-ireland-29854504.html | work=Irish Independent | title=EU chief Barroso: No backdated bank debt deal for Ireland}}</ref>

===Post Brussels, 2015-present===
Barroso is a policy fellow at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lisd.princeton.edu/about/people/josé-manuel-durao-barroso |title=José Manuel Durao Barroso: LISD Policy Fellow, Frederick H. Schultz Class of 1951 Visiting Professor of International Economic Policy |publisher=Liechtenstein Institute of Self-Determination |location=Princeton NJ |access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> and the Frederick H. Schultz Class of 1951 Visiting Professor of International Economic Policy at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs [[Woodrow Wilson School]], where he teaches with [[Wolfgang F. Danspeckgruber]] on the EU in International Affairs.

Barroso has been a professor at [[Portuguese Catholic University]] since 2015. He has taught at the [[Institute for Political Studies – Catholic University of Portugal|Institute of Political Studies]], at the Catholic Global School of Law, and at the Catholic Lisbon School of Business and Economics, and directs the Center for European Studies from the same institution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dn.pt/https://www.dn.pt/portugal/durao-barroso-vai-ser-professor-na-universidade-catolica-4376972.html|title=Durão Barroso vai ser professor na Universidade Católica|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://iep.lisboa.ucp.pt/pt-pt/docente/jose-manuel-durao-barroso|title=José Manuel Durão Barroso|language=en}}</ref> In February 2015, he was appointed visiting professor at the [[University of Geneva]] and taught at the [[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/globo/durao-barroso-vai-dar-aulas-na-universidade-de-genebra-4411040.html|title=Durão Barroso vai dar aulas na Universidade de Genebra|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://catolicalaw.fd.lisboa.ucp.pt/person/jose-manuel-durao-barroso|title=José Manuel Durão Barroso|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unige.ch/communication/archives/2015/barroso-invite.html|title=José-Manuel Barroso nommé professeur invité à l'UNIGE et à l'IHEID – SERVICE DE COMMUNICATION – UNIGE|date=20 February 2015 }}</ref>

In July 2016, Barroso became senior adviser and non-executive chairman and senior adviser of London-based [[Goldman Sachs|Goldman Sachs International]] (GSI), the bank's largest subsidiary.<ref>Laura Noonan (8 July 2016), [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9d29a55c-44f1-11e6-b22f-79eb4891c97d.html Goldman Sachs hires former EU chief José Manuel Barroso] ''[[Financial Times]]''.</ref><ref>Jean Quatremer (9 July 2016), [http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2016/07/09/barroso-chez-goldman-sachs-un-bras-d-honneur-a-l-europe_1465127] "[[Libération]]".</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/goldman-sachs-barroso-idFRKCN0ZO1OA | work=Reuters | title=Goldman Sachs hires former EU chief Barroso}}</ref> At the time of his appointments, this was regarded as quite controversial, and later led Barroso's successor [[Jean-Claude Juncker]] to launch an ethics investigation.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Barroso was heavily criticised for taking the position only two months after the 18-month "cooling-off" period for EU officials after they leave their posts. Barroso's move was especially sensitive because Goldman Sachs played a questionable role in the [[Financial Crisis 2007-2009|Financial Crisis 2007–2009]] that nearly broke the euro. Furthermore, Barroso announced his move to the London-based subsidiary of Goldman Sachs shortly after the [[Brexit referendum]]. The European Commission agreed to an unprecedented ethics inquiry into the move. The independent panel concluded there were "not sufficient grounds to establish a violation of the duty of integrity and discretion" and accepted Barroso's assurances that he would not be lobbying on behalf of the bank's clients.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/oct/31/jose-manuel-barroso-cleared-ethics-breach-goldman-sachs-job-european-commission | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101123948/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/oct/31/jose-manuel-barroso-cleared-ethics-breach-goldman-sachs-job-european-commission | url-status=dead | archive-date=2016-11-01 | work=The Guardian | title=José Manuel Barroso cleared of ethics breach over Goldman Sachs job}}</ref>

[[File:G8 leaders watching football.jpg|thumb|255px|British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] and German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] watching the [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final]] with Barroso, US President [[Barack Obama]], French President [[François Hollande]] and others during the G8 summit.]]

In addition, Barroso has held several paid and unpaid positions, including:
* International Commission on Financing Global Education Opportunity (led by [[Gordon Brown]]), Member (since 2015)<ref>[http://gordonandsarahbrown.com/2015/09/gordon-brown-appointed-chair-of-education-financing-commission/ Gordon Brown appointed Chair of Education Financing Commission] Office of Gordon and Sarah Brown, press release of 22 September 2015.</ref>
* [[Bilderberg Group|Bilderberg Meetings]], Member of the Steering Committee<ref>[http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html Steering Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140521120713/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html |date=21 May 2014 }} Bilderberg Meetings.</ref> (since 2014)
* [[Chatham House]], Member of the Panel of Senior Advisers<ref>[https://www.chathamhouse.org/about/governance/panel-senior-advisers Panel of Senior Advisers] [[Chatham House]].</ref>
* [[European Business Summit]] (EBS), Honorary Chairman of the Honorary Committee (since 2014)
* [[Europaeum]], Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2014)<ref>[https://europaeum.org/governance/ Governance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720173934/http://europaeum.org/governance/ |date=20 July 2020 }} [[Europaeum]].</ref><ref>[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/10061/2014/EN/10061-2014-2110-EN-F1-1.Pdf Minutes of the 2110th meeting, 16 December 2014] [[European Commission]].</ref>
* [[European Movement International]], Member of the Honorary Council<ref>[https://europeanmovement.eu/who-we-are/honorary-presidents-and-council/ Honorary Council] [[European Movement International]].</ref>
* [[Kofi Annan Foundation]], Member of the Electoral Integrity Initiative (EII) (since 2016)<ref>[http://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/supporting-democracy-and-elections-with-integrity/senior-leaders-join-kofi-annans-electoral-integrity-initiative/ Senior leaders join Kofi Annan's Electoral Integrity Initiative] [[Kofi Annan Foundation]], press release of 30 May 2016.</ref>
* [[Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings]], Member of the Honorary Senate<ref>[https://www.lindau-nobel.org/about/ Honorary Senate] [[Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings]].</ref>
* [[Women in Parliaments Global Forum|Women Political Leaders Global Forum]] (WPL), Member of the Global Advisory Board<ref>[https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/about/advisory-board/ Global Advisory Board] [[Women in Parliaments Global Forum|Women Political Leaders Global Forum]] (WPL).</ref>
* [[Sunhak Peace Prize]] Selection Committee, chair.<ref>{{Cite press release |last=Committee |first=The Sunhak Peace Prize |title='2022 Sunhak Peace Prize Focuses on Vaccine Equity' |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2022-sunhak-peace-prize-focuses-on-vaccine-equity-301476036.html |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[UEFA|UEFA Foundation for Children]], Member of the Board of Trustees (2014–2017)<ref>[http://uefafoundation.org/general-information/structure-and-organisation/ Structure and Organisation: Board of Trustees] [[UEFA|UEFA Foundation for Children]].</ref><ref>[https://uefafoundation.org/news/aleksander-ceferin-becomes-chairman-of-the-uefa-foundation-for-children/ Aleksander Čeferin becomes chairman of the UEFA Foundation for Children] [[UEFA|UEFA Foundation for Children]], press release of 22 November 2017.</ref>
*In 2020, Barroso was selected as chair of the board at [[GAVI]], succeeding [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]].<ref>[https://www.gavi.org/news/media-room/jose-manuel-barroso-named-new-chair-gavi-board José Manuel Barroso named as new Chair of the Gavi Board] [[GAVI]], press release of 29 September 2020.</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1980 he married Maria Margarida Pinto Ribeiro de Sousa Uva, with whom he has three sons. Sousa Uva died from [[uterine cancer]] in August 2016, at the age of 60.

Apart from Portuguese, Barroso is fluent in French,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x624j8_barroso-pour-une-tva-reduite_news|title=Barroso pour une TVA réduite – vidéo Dailymotion|date=8 July 2008}}</ref> speaks Spanish and English and has taken a course to acquire a basic knowledge of German.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/multimedia/videos/index_pt.htm Barroso speaking French, Spanish, English and German] Les vidéos du président Barroso, Commission européenne, Bruxelles</ref>

== Honours ==
=== National ===
*[[File:PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Collar BAR.png|55px]] Grand Collar of the [[Order of Prince Henry]] (GColIH, 3 November 2014)
*[[File:PRT Order of Christ - Grand Cross BAR.svg|55px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]] (GCC, 8 June 1996)

=== Foreign ===
*{{flag|Brazil}}:
**Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Southern Cross]] (22 August 1991/1 March 1994)
**Grand Cross of the [[Order of Rio Branco]] (25 July 1996)
*{{flag|East Timor}}: Great Collar of the [[Order of Timor-Leste]] (2010)
*{{flag|Estonia}}: First Class of the [[Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana]] (23 February 2009)
*{{flag|Finland}}: Commander Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Lion of Finland]] (8 March 1991)
*{{flag|Germany}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (12 November 1990)
*{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}: Medal of the National Order of Merit (4 November 1993)
*{{flag|Hungary}}: Grand Cross of the [[Hungarian Order of Merit]] (10 October 2002)
*{{flag|Ivory Coast}}: Grand Officer of the [[National Order of the Ivory Coast]] (18 March 1991)
*{{flag|Lithuania}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Vytautas the Great]] (25 August 2009)<ref>[http://www.lrp.lt/lt/prezidento_veikla/apdovanojimai/apdovanojimai_256/p40.html Lithuanian Presidency] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419212238/http://www.lrp.lt/lt/prezidento_veikla/apdovanojimai/apdovanojimai_256/p40.html |date=19 April 2014 }}, Lithuanian Orders searching form</ref>
*{{flag|Malta}}: Honorary Member of the [[Xirka Ġieħ ir-Repubblika]] (3 March 1995)
*{{flag|Morocco}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Ouissam Alaouite]] (20 February 1995)
*{{flag|Netherlands}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]]<ref>[http://estaticos.elmundo.es/albumes/2013/04/30/invitados/1740136444_extras_albumes_0_1024.jpg Invitados]</ref>
*{{flag|Peru}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sun of Peru]] (29 November 1994)
*{{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}:
**Collar of the [[Order pro merito melitensi]] (22 May 2010)
**Grand Cross of the [[Order pro merito melitensi]] (21 July 1989)
*{{flag|Spain}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Civil Merit]] (27 October 1993)
*{{flag|Tunisia}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Republic (Tunisia)|Order of the Republic]] (26 October 1993)
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}: Honorary Companion of the Most Distinguished [[Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]] (17 June 1994)

=== Other awards ===
Barroso holds over twenty decorations, including.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/president/pdf/cv_2010_president_en.pdf CV with the list of decorations ] Official CV at Europa.eu</ref>
* Winner of the Casa da Imprensa prize in the area of politics in 1992
* Named Global Leader for Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum in 1993
* Chosen Personality of the Year in 1991 and 2004 by the Foreign Press Association in Portugal
* Given "Medalla de la Universidad de Alcala de Henares" and "Medalla de Oro de la Ciudad de Zamora", Spain, 2005
* Golden Medal: The Bell Celebration – Message to United Europe, from [[the Ferdinan Martinengo Company]], Slovakia, 2006
* EFR-Business Week Award from [[Erasmus University Rotterdam]], 2006.
* Honorary Citizen of Rio de Janeiro, June 2006.
* "European of the Year" award by [[European Voice newspaper]], November 2006.
* Awarded Honorary [[HEC Paris|HEC]] diploma, Paris, December 2006.
* Special Prize, Business Centre Club, Poland, February 2007; Gold Medal of the city of Lamego, Portugal, April 2007;
* Transatlantic Leadership Prize, European Institute, Washington DC, April 2007;
* Honorary Citizen of Delphi and Golden Medal of the "Amfiktyons", Delphi, Greece, July 2007;
* Academic Title EBAPE – FGV, for the relevant contribution and services towards the study and practice in Administration – Getulio Vargas Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, August 2007
* Conde de Barcelona International Prize from the [[Conde de Barcelona Foundation]], [[Barcelona]], November 2007.
* Honorary Medal and Honorary Diploma of the City of Nicosia, Nicosia, January 2008.
* Honorary Member, Academia Portuguesa da História, Lisbon, March 2008.
* State Medal "Stara Planina" I Degree, Bulgaria, March 2008.
* "Prémio Rotary da Paz", Rotary International Distrito 1960 Portugal, Lisbon, April 2008; "Chave de Honra da Cidade de Lisboa", Lisbon, May 2008.
* Confraria Queijo S. Jorge, Acores, May 2008.
* Ciudadino Andino Honorifico, Lima, Peru, May 2008.
* "Transatlantic Business Award", American Chamber of Commerce to the European Union, Brussels, May 2008.
* Confraria vinho do Porto, Porto, June 2008.
* Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of European Studies, [[Royal Institute of European Studies]] Madrid, March 2009.
* Gold Medal of the Hellenic Parliament, Athens, April 2009.
* Medal of Honour and Benefaction of the City of Athens, Athens, April 2009.
* European Excellence Award, by the Government Council of the [[Community of Madrid]], May 2009.
* Prix European of the Year, The European Movement in Denmark, Copenhagen, May 2009.
* Laureate of the Quadriga Prize 2009 – United for the Better, Berlin, October 2009
* Medal of Merit from the Federação das Associações Portuguesas e Luso-brasileiras, Brazil, July 2010.
* "Man of the Year 2009 of Central and Eastern Europe", Krynica, September 2010.
* Golden Victoria "European of the Year 2010" award by the Union of German Magazine Publishers VDZ, Berlin, November 2010.
* Collier of the Fondation du Mérite européen, Luxembourg, November 2010.
* the "Steiger" Award 2011, Bochum, Germany, March 2011.
* [[Charles V European Award|Charles V Prize]], awarded by the Fundación Academia Europea de Yuste, Spain, 2013
* Gold Medal for Outstanding Contribution to Public Discourse, the [[College Historical Society]] (CHS) of [[Trinity College Dublin]].
* [[Gold Medal of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe]], in 2014.

==== Honorary degrees ====
* Honorary Degree from [[Roger Williams University]], Rhode Island, 2005
* Honorary Degree in Humanities from [[Georgetown University]], Washington, D.C.
* Honorary Degree in Political Science from the [[University of Genoa]], Italy, 2006
* Honorary Degree in Law from [[Kobe University]], [[Japan]], April 2006.
* Honorary Doctorate in Social and Human Sciences from [[Candido Mendes University]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], June 2006.
* Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science, [[University of Edinburgh]], November 2006.<ref>[http://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/honorary-degrees/2005-6 Honorary graduates | 2005/2006] University of Edinburgh</ref>
* Honorary Degree from the Economics Faculty of the [[Sapienza University of Rome|"La Sapienza" University of Rome]], January 2007
* Honorary doctorate at [[Warsaw School of Economics]], Warsaw, November 2007.<ref>[http://www.sgh.waw.pl/uczelnia/ogolne/doktoraty/view?searchterm=honoris%20causa Doktoraty Honoris Causa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727171925/http://www.sgh.waw.pl/uczelnia/ogolne/doktoraty/view?searchterm=honoris%20causa |date=27 July 2011 }} Warsaw School of Economics</ref>
* Doctor Honoris Causa degree at the [[Pontifical Catholic University of Sao Paulo]], Brazil, March 2008.
* Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws, [[University of Liverpool]], July 2008;
* "Prémio Política e Responsabilidade Social", Fundação Luso-Brasileira, Lisbon, October 2008.
* Honorary Degree of Doctor, [[University of Nice Sophia Antipolis|Université Nice Sophia Antipolis]], Nice, November 2008.
* Doctor Honoris Causa, [[Tomas Bata University in Zlín|Tomas Bata University]], Zlin, Czech Republic, April 2009.
* Honorary doctorate of the [[Chemnitz University of Technology]], Chemnitz, May 2009.<ref>[http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news314394 Ehrendoktorwürde: "José Manuel Barroso ist Mr. Europa"] Informationsdienst Wissenschaft, 9 May 2009</ref>
* Honorary doctorate of Public and International Affairs, [[University of Pittsburgh]], US, September 2009.
* Doctor Honoris Causa, [[Estácio de Sá University]], Rio de Janeiro, July 2010.
* Doctorate Honoris Causa, [[University of Łódź]], Poland, October 2010.
* Doctorate Honoris Causa, [[University of Geneva]], October 2010.
* Doctorate Honoris Causa, [[University of Bucharest]], November 2010.
* Honorary Doctorate, [[Baku State University]], Azerbaijan, January 2011.
* Honorary Doctorate, Luiss Guido Carli University, Rome, March 2011.
* Honorary Doctorate, [[Ghent University]], March 2011.
* Honorary Doctorate, [[National Economics University|National Economic University of Vietnam]], August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-24 |title=Press Release on the Ceremony of Conferring the Honorary Doctorate Degree for HE José Manuel Durão Barroso - President of the European Commission |url=https://www.neu.edu.vn/vi/ban-tin-neu/thong-cao-bao-chi-ve-le-trao-bang-tien-si-danh-du-cho-ngai-jose-manuel-durao-barroso-chu-tich-uy-ban-chau-au |website=National Economic University of Vietnam}}</ref>
* Doctorate Honoris Causa, [[West University of Timișoara]], January 2016.

==See also==
* [[President of the European Commission]]
* [[Barroso Commission]]
* [[European Union law]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100819022043/http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/2010/mediaGallery.cfm?sitelang=en&gallery=yes President José Manuel Barroso – Official Media Gallery]
* [http://ec.europa.eu/archives/commission_2004-2009/president/index_en.htm European Commission 2004–2010 – President (archived site)]
* [http://ec.europa.eu/archives/commission_2010-2014/president/index_en.htm European Commission 2010–2014 – President (archived site)]
*{{C-SPAN|1011068}}

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{{European Commission}}
{{First Barroso Commission}}
{{Second Barroso Commission}}
{{Prime Ministers of Portugal}}
{{European Commissioners from Portugal}}
{{European People's Party}}
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