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{{Short description|Indian spiritual teacher (1896–1977)}}
{{Short description|Indian spiritual teacher (1896–1977)}}
{{Redirect2|Bhaktivedanta|Prabhupada|the college|International Society for Krishna Consciousness|other people called Prabhupada|Prabhupad (disambiguation){{!}}Prabhupad}}
{{Redirect2|Bhaktivedanta|Prabhupada|the college|International Society for Krishna Consciousness|other people called Prabhupada|Prabhupad (disambiguation){{!}}Prabhupad}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
| image = Srila Prabhupada.jpg
| name = A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami
| monastic_name = {{IAST|Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī}}
| alt = A close-up portrait of an elderly Indian man in crimson sweater and with a shaved head and a flower garland, clapping hands.
| honorific-prefix = His Divine Grace
| caption =
| honorific-suffix = [[Prabhupāda]]
| title = Founder-[[Acharya]] of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]
| religion = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] ([[Hinduism]])
| image = Prabhupada singing (Germany 1974).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1896|09|01}}
| alt =
| caption = A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in Germany, 1974
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| birth_name = Abhay Charan De
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| philosophy = [[Bhakti yoga]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1977|11|14|1896|09|01}}
| death_place = [[Vrindavan]], [[India]]
| denomination = [[Vaishnavism]]
| guru = [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur]]
| sect = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
| lineage = from [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
| temple = Gaudiya Math, ISKCON
| other_name =
| known_for = the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna movement]]
| birth_name = Abhay Charan De
| works = {{ubl|''[[Bhagavata Purana|Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam]]'' (trans. and comm.) | ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya-caritāmṛta]]'' (trans. and comm.)|''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|Bhagavad-gītā As It Is]]'' (trans. and comm.) | ''[[Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead|Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead]]'' | ''Teachings of Lord Caitanya'' | ''The Nectar of Devotion'' | ''[[Isha Upanishad|Īśopaniṣad]]'' (trans. and comm.)}}
| native_name_lang =
| module = {{Listen
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|09|01|df=yes}}
|filename = Prabhupada's purport on Hare Krsna mantra.ogg
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|title = Prabhupada explains the Hare Krishna mantra
| death_date = {{death date and age|1977|11|14|1896|09|01|df=yes}}
|description = recorded in October 1966. (5:20)
| death_place = [[Vrindavan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|image = none
| resting_place = Srila Prabhupada's ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhi Mandir]]'', [[Krishna Balaram Mandir|ISKCON Vrindavan]]
| embed = yes
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|27.57196|77.67729}}
| alma_mater = [[Scottish Church College]], [[University of Calcutta]]<ref name="Info"/>
| location =
| period = 1966–1977
| consecration =
| predecessor =
| reason =
| rank =
| teacher =
| reincarnation_of =
| students =
| works = ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is]]'', ''[[Bhāgavata Purāṇa#Translations|Śrīmad Bhāgavatam]]'' (translation), ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya Caritāmṛta]]'' (trans.)
| initiation = ''[[Diksha]]'', 1933 (by [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]])<br />''[[Sannyasa]]'', 1959 (by [[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]])
| initiation_date =
| initiation_place =
| initiator =
| ordination =
| previous_post =
| present_post =
| post = Founder-''[[Acharya]]'' of [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]]
| website = {{URL|https://prabhupada.krishna.com}}
| background = #ffca6e
}}
}}
| footnotes =
| signature = Srila Prabhupada's signature.svg
| signature_alt = Close-up of the name written in English with angular letters
| background = Orange
}}
{{quote box|width=21em|title=Quotation|quote="Godhead is light. Nescience is darkness. Where there is Godhead there is no nescience".}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}


'''Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada''' ({{IAST3|Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī Prabhupāda}}; 1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977<ref name="Info"/>) was an Indian [[Hinduism|Hindu]] spiritual teacher who was the founder of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON),<ref name="Srivatsa" /> commonly known as the Hare Krishna movement.<ref name="Info" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinreligio0000unse |title=Who's Who in Religion |edition=2nd |location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=[[Marquis Who's Who]] |year=1977 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinreligio0000unse/page/531/mode/1up 531] |isbn=0-8379-1602-X |quote=Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, leader, Hare Krishna Movement. Founder, Internat. Soc. for Krishna Consciousness, 1965.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Britannica|255215|Hare Krishna|J. Gordon Melton}}</ref> Followers of ISKCON view Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada as a representative and messenger of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|author-link=Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|year=1968|title=Prabhupada: Messenger of The Supreme Lord|location=India|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|Bhaktivedanta Book Trust Publications]]|pages=vi|isbn=978-8189574307}}</ref>
'''A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada''' ({{IAST3|Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī Prabhupāda}} (1896–1977) was the twentieth-century spiritual, philosophical, and religious teacher from [[India]] who spread the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]] and the teachings of “[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Krishna consciousness]]” to the world. Born as Abhay Charan De and later legally named Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami, he is often referred to simply as “Bhaktivedanta Swami”, "Srila Prabhupada", or simply “Prabhupada”.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=22}}


Born in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) to a [[Suvarna Banik]] family,<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Srila Prabhupada's Grand-Nephew - Sankarsan Prabhu|url=http://bvmlu.org/contemporary/sankarsan.html|access-date=19 January 2022|website=bvmlu.org|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225181221/http://bvmlu.org/contemporary/sankarsan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> he was educated at the [[Scottish Church College]].<ref name="Info">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|pages=77–78}}</ref> While working at a small [[pharmaceutical]] business,<ref name="Rodes">{{Harvnb|Rhodes|2001|p=178}}</ref> he met and became a follower of [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]]. In 1959, after his retirement, he left his family to become a ''[[sannyasa|sannyasi]]'' and started writing commentaries on Vaishnava scriptures.<ref name="SDG9">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 9}}</ref> As a travelling Vaishnava monk, he became an influential communicator of Gaudiya Vaishnavite theology across India and the [[Western world]] through his leadership of ISKCON, founded in 1966.<ref name = kk2>{{Harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|p=217}}</ref><ref name="ex23">{{Harvnb|Ekstrand|Bryant|2004|p=23}}</ref> He was well regarded by a number of American [[religious scholar]]s but was criticised by [[Anti-cult movement|anti-cult groups]].<ref name="Vasan2">{{Harvnb|Vasan|Lewis|2005|p=129}}</ref>
To carry out an order received in his youth from his spiritual teacher to spread “Krishna consciousness” in [[English language|English]], in his [[old age]], at 69, he journeyed in 1965 from [[Kolkata]] to [[New York City]] on a [[cargo ship]], taking with him little more than a few trunks of books. He knew no one in [[United States|America]], but he chanted Hare Krishna in a [[Tompkins Square Park|park in New York City]], gave [[Pravacana|classes]], and in 1966, with the help of some early students, established the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)]], which now has centers throughout the world.


He has been subject to criticism over his [[racism|racist views]] against [[black people]], discrimination against [[shudras|lower castes]], [[anti-Semitism]], negative views on women, and advocacy of crimes of [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name="Bryant">{{cite book | last1=Bryant | first1=E. | last2=Ekstrand | first2=M. | title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-231-50843-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC | pages=350–377 | access-date=24 February 2023 | archive-date=22 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165940/https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Rochford">{{cite book | last=Rochford | first=E.B. | title=Hare Krishna Transformed | publisher=[[New York University Press]] | series=New and Alternative Religions | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-8147-7688-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPqgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 | page=126 | access-date=1 March 2023 | archive-date=1 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301053839/https://books.google.com/books?id=XPqgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Scheck | first=Frank | title='Hare Krishna! The Mantra, the Movement and the Swami Who Started It All': Film Review | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=21 June 2017 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/hare-krishna-mantra-movement-swami-who-started-all-1015535/ | access-date=1 March 2023 | archive-date=1 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301064414/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/hare-krishna-mantra-movement-swami-who-started-all-1015535/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
He taught a path in which one aims at realizing oneself to be an [[Ātman (Hinduism)|eternal spiritual being]], distinct from one’s temporary material body, and seeks to revive one’s dormant relationship with the [[Svayam Bhagavan|supreme living being]], known by the [[Sanskrit]] name [[Krishna]]. One does this through various practices, especially through hearing about Krishna from standard texts, chanting [[Mantra|mantras]] consisting of names of Krishna, and adopting a life of devotional service to Krishna. As part of these practices, Prabhupada required that his initiated students strictly refrain from [[gambling]], eating meat, fish, and eggs, using [[Psychoactive drug|intoxicants]] (even coffee, tea, or cigarettes), and engaging in [[extramarital sex]]. In contrast to earlier Indian teachers who had promoted in the West the idea that the ultimate truth is essentially impersonal, he taught that the [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]] is ultimately personal.


==Biography==
His duty as a [[guru]], or teacher, he held, was to convey intact the message of Krishna as found in core spiritual texts such as the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''. To this end, he wrote and published a translation and commentary he called ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|Bhagavad-gita As It Is]].'' He also wrote and published translations and commentaries for texts celebrated in India but hardly known elsewhere, such as the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' (''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'') and the ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'', thereby making those texts accessible in English for the first time. In all, he wrote more than eighty books.


===Early life===
During his spreading of Krishna consciousness, his Society, ISKCON, came to be labeled a destructive [[cult]] in America and [[Europe]]. Although court cases rejected claims of cultic [[brainwashing]] and recognized ISKCON as representing a bona fide spiritual tradition, in some places the “cult” label and image have persisted. Prabhupada's work, views, and mission have been both criticized and praised, but his teachings and the Society he established continue to be influential.
Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada was born as Abhay Charan De on 1 September 1896 in [[Calcutta]], India.<ref name="Info" /> He was also called Nandulāl. His father was Gour Mohan De, who worked as a cloth merchant, and his mother was Rajani De.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Gosvāmī |first=Satsvarūpa Dāsa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_GkZAkxYOEC |title=Prabhupada: Your Ever Well-Wisher |date=December 2003 |publisher=Satsvarupa dasa Goswami |isbn=978-91-7149-469-6 }}</ref> Consistent with Bengali traditions, Abhay Charan's parents invited an astrologer to predict his horoscope.<ref name=":1" /> The astrologer professed to De's family that later in his life, Abhay would become "a great exponent of religion."<ref name=":1" /> Abhay grew up in a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav]] home and his father was devote in his spiritual practices.<ref name=":1" /> Gaur Mohan regularly took Abhay to the Radha-Govinda temple as a child. Later in life, Prabhupad fondly remembers the [[murti]]s of that temple.<ref name=":1" />


Abhay Charan studied at the [[Scottish Church College]].<ref name="Info" /> During his first year, his family arranged for him to be married to Radharani Datta.<ref name=":1" /> Until completing his fourth year in college, Abhay lived with his family and Radharani lived with hers.<ref name=":1" /> In 1920, Abhay chose not to accept his graduation diploma after completing his fourth year, in support of the national movement occurring in India at the time.<ref name=":1" /> The national movement advocated for national schools and self government, in opposition to British rule of India.<ref name=":1" />
== Early life (1896–1922) ==
Abhay Charan De was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), [[India]], on September 1, 1896, the day after [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] (the birth anniversary of [[Krishna]]).{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}} His parents, Gour Mohan De and Rajani De, named him Abhay Charan, meaning “one who is fearless, having taken shelter of Lord Krishna’s lotus feet”.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=22}} Following Indian tradition, Abhay’s father invited to the house an astrologer, who calculated the child’s horoscope. The astrologer predicted that at the age of seventy Abhay would cross the ocean,{{sfn|Chryssides|1999|p=171}} become a famous religious teacher, and open 108 [[Hindu temple|temples]] around the world.{{sfn|Bhat|2004|p=61}}


After completing his education, Abhay started working at Bose's Laboratory as a department manager in Calcutta, India.<ref name=":1" />
Abhay was raised in a religious family belonging to the ''[[Suvarna Banik|suvarna-vanik]]'' mercantile community. His parents were [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnavas]], or followers of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], who taught that Krishna is the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Supreme Personality]] and that [[Bhakti|pure love]] for Krishna is the highest attainment.{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=74}}{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=33}}


===Spirituality ===
Gour Mohan was a middle-income merchant and had his own fabric and clothing store{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}}. He was related to the rich and aristocratic Mullik mercantile family,{{sfn|Chryssides|1999|p=171}} who had been trading in gold and salt for centuries.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}}
In 1922, Abhay Charan met [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] (1874-1937) in Kolkata.<ref name="Hare_Krishna_Mandir">{{cite web |title=Srila Prabhupada Biography |url=https://www.hkmjaipur.org/prabhupada/biography/ |website=Hare Krishna Mandir |publisher=Sri Sri Krishna Balaram Mandir |access-date=27 July 2023 }}</ref> In 1933, in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], he took initiation into the faith from Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati and was named Abhay Charan Aravinda.<ref name=":0" />


In 1944, he started the publication called ''[[Back to Godhead]]'',<ref name="hk34" /><ref name="SDGPRA1">{{Harvnb|Goswami|1984|loc=p. xviii}}</ref> for which he was writer, designer, publisher, editor, copy editor and distributor.<ref name="SDG5">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol. 1 Chapter 5}}</ref> He was asked to spread the message of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] in the English language.<ref name="SDGPRA">{{Harvnb|Goswami|1984|loc=p. xv}}</ref> In 1947, the Gaudiya Vaishnava Society gave him the title ''Bhaktivedanta'', (''{{IAST|[[bhakti]]-[[vedānta]]}}'').<ref>A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]] (1998) ''The secrets of transcendental love'', {{ISBN|0-89213-273-6}}, p. 73: "The spiritual harmony of knowledge and devotion is well expressed in the phrase ''bhakti-vedānta''"</ref> In the 1960s, after founding ISKCON, became known by the honorific ''[[Prabhupad (disambiguation)|Prabhupāda]]''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Aparna |last=Chattopadhyay |title=Pearls of Spiritual Wisdom |publisher=Pustak Mahal, India |year=2004 |page=37 |isbn=81-223-0858-9 }}</ref>
Opposite the De house was a temple of [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] that for a century and a half had been supported by the Mullik family.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}} Every day, young Abhay, accompanied by his parents or servants, attended temple services.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}}


From 1950 onwards, he lived at the medieval Radha-Damodar [[mandir]] in the holy town of [[Vrindavan]], where he began his commentary and translation work of the [[Sanskrit]] work [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles S. J. |last=White |title=A Catalogue of Vaishnava Literature on Microfilms in the Adyar Library |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |year=2004 |isbn=81-208-2067-3}}</ref> His [[guru]], Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, had always encouraged him to publish books,<ref name="SDG4RK">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 4}} "''{{IAST|Āmār icchā chila kichu bai karānā}}: ''"Standing by [[Rādhā-kuṇḍa|{{IAST|Rādhā-kuṇḍa}}]] and beholding his spiritual master, Abhay felt the words deeply enter his own life – "If you ever get money, print books."</ref> referring to the need for the literary presentation of the Vaishnava culture.<ref name="SDG4">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol. 1 Chapter 4}}</ref>
At the age of six, Abhay organized a likeness of the “chariot festival”, or [[Ratha Yatra|Ratha-yatra]], the huge [[Vaishnavism|''Vaishnava'']] festival held annually in the city of [[Puri]] in [[Odisha]].{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}} For this purpose, Abhay persuaded his father to obtain for him a scaled-down copy of the massive chariot on which the form of [[Jagannath|Jagannatha]] (Krishna as “Lord of the universe”) rides in procession in Puri.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}} Decades later, after going to [[United States|America]], Abhay would bring Ratha-yatra festivals to the West.{{sfn|Ravindra Svarupa Dasa|1985|pp=69-70}}


Swami also lived at [[Gaudiya Matha]] at [[Mathura]], where he wrote and edited the ''{{IAST|Gauḍīya Patrikā}}'' magazine. While there he donated the statue of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] which stands on the altar beside those of [[Radha Krishna]] (named ''Śrī Śrī Rādhā Vinodavihārījī''). In September 1959, he was initiated as a ''[[sannyasa|sannyasi]]'' by his friend [[Bhakti Prajnana Keshava]] and was given the name ''[[Swami]]''. He published the first book of ''Bhagavata Purana''.<ref name="SDGm">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter ''This momentous hour of need''}}</ref>
=== Education (1916–1920) ===


===Mission to the West===
Though Abhay’s mother wanted Abhay to go to [[London]] to study law,{{sfn|Mitchiner|1992|p=146}} his father rejected the idea, fearing Abhay would be negatively influenced by [[Western culture|Western society]] and acquire bad habits.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}} In 1916 Abhay began his studies at [[Scottish Church College]], a prestigious school in Calcutta founded by [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]], a [[Christian mission|Christian missionary]].{{sfn|Emmott|1965|p=160}}{{efn|After the unification of the Church of Scotland in 1929, the institution became known as Scottish Church College. "Sen, Asit and John Abraham. Glimpses of college history, 2008 (1980). Retrieved on 2009-10-03" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083113/http://scottishchurch.ac.in/College%20History02.pdf}}
{{main|International Society for Krishna Consciousness}}
[[File:Palaceanddevotees 1982.jpg|thumb|[[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]] in [[West Virginia]], in 1982]]
Swami was the first Hindu preacher to take advantage of the removal of [[National Origins Formula|national quotas]] by the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965 Immigration Act]] of the United States.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|2007|p=xxxvi}}</ref> In July 1966, he founded the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) in [[New York City]].<ref name="Srivatsa" /> He defended the name, arguing that ''Krishna'' included all other forms and concepts of God.<ref name="ex122">{{Harvnb|Ekstrand|Bryant|2004|pp=120–122}}</ref> In 1967, a centre was started in [[San Francisco]].<ref name="Vasan">{{Harvnb|Vasan|Lewis|2005|p=128}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=22}}</ref> He travelled throughout the United States with his disciples, popularising the movement through street chanting (''[[sankirtana]]''), book distribution and public speeches. [[George Harrison]] of [[The Beatles]] produced a recording with some of the devotees in London and helped establish the [[Radha Krisna Temple]] in that city.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=23}}</ref>


Over the following years, his role as preacher and leader of the Krishna consciousness movement took him around the world several times setting up temples and communities in other countries.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book|title=Hinduism and modernity|publisher=Blackwell Pub|year=2003|isbn=0-631-20862-3|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|page=178|author=Smith, David Nichol}}</ref> By the time of his death in [[Vrindavan]] in 1977, ISKCON had become an internationally known expression of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="Vasan" />
=== Marriage and family ===


Through his mission, he followed and preached the teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and introduced [[bhakti yoga]] to an international audience.<ref name="Smith" /><ref name="translation" /> Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism this was viewed as the fulfilment of a long time mission to introduce Caitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings to the world.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=5}}</ref>
[[File:1924 ALL BP807 1 Lilamrita-1 photo 12-TangoDrum Full.tif|left|thumb|Abhay Charan De (seated, left) with his wife Radharani (standing), father Gour Mohan (seated, center), and other family members. (1924)|280x280px]]In 1918, while in college, Abhay, as arranged by his father, married Radharani Datta, also from an aristocratic family.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}}{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}}{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=76}} They had five children over the course of their marriage.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=33}} After graduation from college, Abhay began a career in pharmaceuticals{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=24}} and later opened his own pharmaceutical company in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]].{{sfn|Hopkins|1989|p=50}}


=== Gandhi’s movement ===
===In India===
Beginning his public preaching mission in India, he founded the League of Devotees in [[Jhansi]] in 1953.<ref>[http://www.prabhupadaconnect.com/League_of_Devotees.html League of Devotees article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221040906/http://www.prabhupadaconnect.com/League_of_Devotees.html |date=21 December 2007 }} prabhupadaconnect.com</ref> On his return to India in 1971, he oversaw the construction of temples in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=27}}</ref> [[Mayapur]] and [[Vrindavan]]. He started a chain of [[ISKCON schools]].


Swami died on 14 November 1977 at the age of 81, in Vrindavan, India. His body was buried in [[Krishna Balaram Mandir]] in Vrindavan.<ref name="Info"/>
Abhay grew up while India was under [[British Raj|British rule]], and like many other youth his age he was attracted to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[non-cooperation movement]]. In 1920 Abhay graduated from college with a specialization in English, philosophy, and economics.{{sfn|Melton|1992|p=233}} He successfully passed the final exams, but as a sign of opposition to British rule he refused to take part in the graduation ceremony and receive a diploma.{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=76}}{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}}


== Midlife (1922–1965) ==
== Views ==


===Slavery===
In 1922, while still in college, Abhay was persuaded by a friend, Narendranath Mullik,{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=34}} to meet with [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] (1874-1937), a Vaishnava scholar and teacher, the founder of the [[Gaudiya Math]], a spiritual institution for spreading the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}} (the word “[[Matha|''math'']]” denotes a monastic or missionary center).{{sfn|Valpey|2006|p=97}} Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati was continuing the work of his father, [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] (1838-1914). Bhaktivinoda regarded Chaitanya Mahaprabhu’s teachings as the highest form of [[theism]], intended not for any one religion or nation but for all humanity.{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=24}}


Swami said that black people should remain in bondage.
When the meeting took place, Bhaktisiddhanta said to Abhay, “You are an educated young man. Why don’t you take the message of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and spread it in English?”{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=66}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013|pp=102-103}}{{sfn|Rochford|1985|p=10}} But Abhay, according to his own later account, argued that India first needed to become independent before anyone would take Chaitanya’s message seriously — an argument Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati defeated.{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=41}} Convinced, Abhay accepted the instruction to spread the message of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in English, and it was in pursuance of this order from Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati that he later traveled to New York.{{sfn|Judah|1974|pp=40-41}} Many years later he recalled: “I immediately accepted him as spiritual master. Not formally, but in my heart”.{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=80}}


<blockquote>The blacks were slaves. They were under control. And since you have given them equal rights they are disturbing, most disturbing, always creating a fearful situation, uncultured and drunkards. What training they have got? They have got equal rights? It is best, to keep them under control as slaves but give them sufficient food, sufficient cloth, not more than that. Then they will be satisfied.<ref name="Bryant"/></blockquote>
=== The Gaudiya Math and initiation (1933) ===
After meeting Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur in 1922, Abhay had little contact with the Gaudiya Math until 1928, when ''[[Sannyasa|sannyasis]]'' (renounced, itinerant preachers) from the Math came to open a center in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], where Abhay and his family were living.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=131}} Abhay became a regular visitor, contributed funds, and brought important people to the lectures of the Math’s ''sannyasis''. In 1932 he visited Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati in the holy town of [[Vrindavan]], and in 1933, when Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati came to Allahabad to lay the cornerstone for a new temple, Abhay received ''[[diksha]]'' (spiritual initiation) from him and was given the name Abhay Charanaravinda.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=22}}{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=131}}


===Shudras===
Over the next three years, whenever he was able to visit Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati in Calcutta{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|pp=71-72}} or Vrindavan,{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=86}} Abhay Charanaravinda would carefully hear from his spiritual master.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|pp=65-66, 69}} In 1935 Abhay Charanaravinda moved for business to [[Mumbai|Bombay]]{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|pp=77-78}} and then in 1937 back to Calcutta.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|pp=77-78; 93}} In both places he assisted other members of the Gaudiya Math by donating money, leading ''[[Kirtan|kirtans]]'', lecturing, writing, and bringing others to the Math. At the end of 1936 he visited Vrindavan, where he again met Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur, who told him, “If you ever get money, print books”{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}} — an instruction that would inform his life’s work.


A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada has been criticized for statements he has made in relation to a person's caste.<ref name="Bryant" /> He has commented extensively on [[shudra]]s, saying, "shudras have no brain."<ref name="Bryant" /> Nevertheless, Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada has also provided reason to respect shudras, stating, "anyone who knows the science of Krishna should be accepted as spiritual master, regardless of any material so-called qualifications, such as rich or poor, man or woman, or brahmana or shudra."<ref name="Bryant" />
Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur, two weeks before his death on January 1, 1937, wrote a letter to Abhay Charanaravinda urging him to teach Gaudiya Vaishnavism in English. {{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=25}}{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=81}}{{sfn|Knott|1986|p=28}}{{sfn|Melton|1991|p=449}}. After Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur passed away, the unified mission of the Gaudiya Math split,{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=2}} and a battle for power broke out between his senior [[Guru–shishya tradition|disciples]].{{sfn|Nye|2001|p=10}} Although Abhay Charanaravinda continued to serve with other disciples of his spiritual master and wrote articles for their publications, he kept clear of the political struggles.{{sfn|Nye|2001|p=10}}{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=92}}


===Hitler and Jews===
=== “Bhaktivedanta” title (1939) ===


Swami mentioned Hitler to provide an example of a notorious villain, comparing him to Vedic demons, and using the term "hero" to describe one who has many gifts but squanders them for evil purposes:
In 1939, elders in the Gaudiya community honored Abhay Charanaravinda with the title “Bhaktivedanta”. In the title, ''[[bhakti]]'' means “devotion”, and ''[[vedanta]]'' means “the culmination of Vedic knowledge”.{{sfn|Rahul Peter Das|1998}} Thus the honorary title acknowledged his scholarship and devotion.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=22}}


<blockquote>Sometimes he becomes a great hero -- just like [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Kamsa]] or, in the modern age, [[Napoleon]] or [[Hitler]]. The activities of such men are certainly very great, but as soon as their bodies are finished, everything else is finished.<ref name="Bryant"/></blockquote>
=== ''Back to Godhead'' magazine (1944) ===
In an effort to fulfill the order of his guru, in 1944 A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta began publishing ''[[Back to Godhead]]'', an English fortnightly [[magazine]] presenting the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=26}}{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=36}}{{sfn|Knott|1986|p=28}} He singlehandedly wrote, edited, financed, published, and distributed the magazine,{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=14}}{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|pp=104‒105}} today still published and distributed by his followers.{{sfn|Eck|1979}}{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=92}}


He held Jews to be responsible for [[Holocaust]]:
=== Accepting ''vanaprastha'' ===


<blockquote>Therefore Hitler killed these Jews. They were financing against Germany. Otherwise he had no enmity with the Jews... And they were supplying. They want interest money -- "Never mind against our country." Therefore Hitler decided, "Kill all the Jews."<ref name="Bryant"/></blockquote>
In 1950 A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta accepted the [[Vānaprastha|vanaprastha ashram]] (the traditional retired order of life), and went to live in the Indian holy town of Vrindavan, regarded as the site of Krishna’s ''[[Lila (Hinduism)|Lila]]'' (divine pastimes),{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=131}} although continuing to commute to [[Delhi]] on occasion.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=37}} In [[Mathura]], adjoining Vrindavan, he wrote for and edited the ''Gauḍīya Patrikā'' magazine published by his godbrother{{efn|A term used in the [[Gaudiya Math]] and [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] for denoting [[Guru–shishya tradition|disciples]] of the same ''[[Diksha|diksha-guru]]''.}} [[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava|Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami]].{{sfn|Greene|2017|p=51}}
=== Forming “The League of Devotees” (1952) ===


===Women===
In 1952, A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta attempted to set up organized spiritual activities in the central Indian city of [[Jhansi]], where he started “The League of Devotees”{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=48}}{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=27}} — only to see the organization collapse two years later.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=36}}
{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|pp=163-164}}


A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada was known to be "kind and accommodating" to his female disciples, but much of his literary work, conversations, and lectures contradict his actions.<ref name="Bryant" /> Prabhupada has made negative remarks about women, addressing topics such as adulteration, prostitution, women's lesser intelligence, and women's need for dependence on men.<ref name="Bryant" /> Prabhupada has said that "women in general should not be trusted"<ref name="Bryant" /><ref name="Rochford" /> and "women are generally not very intelligent,"<ref name="Bryant" /> among other statements. After studying Prabhupada's life, some scholars have argued that balancing religious beliefs and traditions at a given time and place can result in mixed interpretations of events.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Goswami |first=Tamal Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcsWDAAAQBAJ |title=A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti: Essential Teachings of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada |date=26 July 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979663-2 }}</ref> Although he has received negative attention for his statements about women, he has also received admiration for making the philosophy and practice of the Hare Krishna movement available to women and men equally, which was not commonly seen prior.<ref name=":0" />
=== Taking ''sannyasa'' (1959) ===


===Evolution===
[[File:Prabhupada's passport.jpg|alt=A black-and-white image of the photograph page of an old-looking Indian passport. |thumb|Prabhupada's [[Indian passport|passport]], issued for his journey to the United States. (1965)|left|360x360px]]On September 17, 1959,{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=37}} prompted by a dream of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati calling on him to accept ''sannyasa'' (renounced order of life), A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta formally entered ''sannyasa [[Āśrama (stage)|asrama]]'' from [[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]] at his Keshavaji Gaudiya Math in [[Mathura]] and was given the name Bhaktivedanta Swami. Wishing to preserve the [[Diksha|initiatory name]] given him by Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura, as a sign of humility and connection to his spiritual master he kept the initials “A. C”. before his ''sannyasa'' name. Now he was A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=131-132}}


Swami was an advocate of [[Vedic creationism]] and referred to [[Charles Darwin]] and his followers as "rascals".<ref>Brown, Cheever. (2020). ''Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts''. Springer. p. 122. {{ISBN|9783030373405}}</ref> He disputed [[evolution]], and claimed that:
=== Staying at the Radha Damodar temple (1962–1965) ===


<blockquote>Darwin's theory stating that no human beings existed from the beginning but that humans evolved after many, many years is simply nonsensical.<ref name="Bryant1"/></blockquote>
From 1962 to 1965 Bhaktivedanta Swami stayed in Vrindavan at the historic [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Radha-Damodar temple]]. There he began the task of translating from ''[[Sanskrit]]'' into English and [[Bhashya|commenting]] on the eighteen-thousand-verse [[Bhagavata Purana|''Srimad-Bhagavatam'']] (Bhagavata Purana), {{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=67}} the foundational text of Gaudiya Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=74}} With great effort and struggle, he finally succeeded to translate, produce, raise funds for, and print the first of its twelve [[Canto|cantos]], in three volumes.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|pp=249-256}}


=== Religion ===
=== Journey to the United States (1965) ===
Swami said:


{{blockquote|Actually, it doesn't matter&nbsp;– Krishna or Christ&nbsp;– the name is the same. The main point is to follow the injunctions of the Vedic scriptures that recommend chanting the name of God in this age.<ref name="Ssr1">{{Harvnb|Bhaktivedanta Swami|2003|loc=}}</ref>}}
[[File:MS Jaladuta, 1961.jpg|thumb|280x280px|The ''Jaladuta.'' (1961]]
It was at this time also, after accepting ''sannyasa'', that Bhaktivedanta Swami began planning to travel to America to fulfill his spiritual master’s desire to spread Chaitanya’s teachings in the West.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}}{{sfn|Selengut|1996}}


Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he pointed out that "today I may be a [[Hindu]], but tomorrow I may become a [[Christians|Christian]] or [[Muslim]]. In this way faiths can be changed, but [[dharma]] is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection and it can not be changed, because it is permanent, according to him".<ref name="Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25"/> While the ISKCON theology of [[personal god]] is close to Christian theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of [[bhakti]] and a missionary he sometimes would add that "already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing with ''[[karatalas]]'' (hand-cymbals) and ''[[mridanga]]s'' (drums)".<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=6}}</ref>
To leave India, Bhaktivedanta Swami had many hurdles to overcome: He needed a sponsor in America, official approvals in India, and of course a ticket for his travel. After significant difficulties he managed to secure the needed sponsorship and approvals,{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=67}} and at last he approached one of his well-wishers, [[Sumati Morarjee]], the head of the [[Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd.|Scindia Steam Navigation Company]], to ask for free passage to America on one of her cargo ships.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|pp=37-38}} Because of his age, she at first tried to dissuade him:{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=37}} “I said to him, ‘Swamiji, don’t go there. You are too old to go, and it will be too cold for you.’ I said, ‘Are you crazy? Old man, you are going to die! Who will look after you? What will you do there?’”{{sfn|Morarjee|2017}}


His approach to modern knowledge was similar to that of sectarian [[Orthodox Judaism]], where the skills and technical knowledge of modernity are encouraged, but the values rejected. "Whatever our engagement is, by offering the result to Krishna we become Krishna conscious".<ref name="char">{{cite web |url=http://www.iskcon.com/icj/contributors.html#Selengut |title=Charisma and Religious Innovation: Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON |publisher=[[ISKCON Communications Journal]] |access-date=31 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516204151/http://www.iskcon.com/icj/4_2/4_2charisma.html#Selengut |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status = dead}} (self published)</ref> Similar to many traditional religions, he considered sexuality and spirituality as conflicting opposites.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=224}}</ref>
[[File:Prabhupadai-handwrite.jpg|left|thumb|August 31, 1965. After Prabhupada undergoes a heart attack onboard the ''Jaladuta'', for five days his diary has no entries. He then writes, “Passed over a great crisis on the struggle for life and death”.{{sfn|Prabhupada|1965|p=26}}|280x280px]]
But finally she relented and granted him a ticket on a [[Cargo ship|freighter]], the ''Jaladuta.'' Bhaktivedanta Swami began the 35-day journey to America on August 13, 1965, at the age of 69.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=277}}{{sfn|Sardella|2019|p=82}}


===Other===
He took with him little more than a suitcase, an umbrella, some [[Cereal|dry cereal]], forty [[Indian rupee|Indian rupees]] (about seven US dollars), and two hundred three-volume sets of his translation of the first canto of ''Srimad-Bhagavatam''.{{sfn|Klostermaier|1998|p=186}}{{sfn|Gallagher|Willsky-Ciollo|2021|p=299}}{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=10}}{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002}}


Swami rejected reports of the [[Apollo 11|1969 Moon landing]] citing his unwillingness to accept that no living beings were found in the Moon.<ref name="Bryant1">{{cite book | last1=Bryant | first1=E. | last2=Ekstrand | first2=M. | title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-231-50843-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC | pages=113–125 | access-date=24 February 2023 | archive-date=22 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165940/https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC | url-status=live }}</ref>
After surviving two [[Myocardial infarction|heart attacks]] during his maritime journey,{{sfn|Rosen|2007|p=12}} Bhaktivedanta Swami finally arrived at the [[Boston Harbor]] on September 17, 1965, and then continued on to [[New York City]].{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=281}}


== Later years (1965-1977) ==
== Monuments ==
[[File:Srila Prabhupada Room at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan.jpg|alt=Srila Prabhupada Room at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan|thumb| Statue of Prabhupada at Radha Damodar Mandir in [[Vrindavan]]]]
[[File:Prabhupadasamadhi.jpg|thumb|228x228px|[[Samadhi]] of Swami in [[Vrindavan]].]]
=== Beginnings in New York City ===
A number of ''[[Samādhi#Samadhi as mausoleum|samadhi]]s'' or shrines to Prabhupada were constructed by the members of ISKCON, with those in Mayapur and Vrindavan in India being notable. [[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]], built by the [[New Vrindavan]] community in 1979, was intended to be a residence for Prabhupada, but has now developed into a tourist attraction.<ref name="ShinnBrom1987q">{{Harvnb|Shinn|Bromley|1987|p=124}}</ref>


In 1996 the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative stamp<ref>
Bhaktivedanta Swami had no support or acquaintances in the United States except the Agarwals, an Indian-American family, who, although strangers to him, had agreed to sponsor his visa.{{sfn|Selengut|1996}} Upon reaching New York, he took a bus to the town of [[Butler, Pennsylvania]], where the Agarwals lived. In Butler he delivered lectures to different groups at venues like the local [[YMCA]].{{sfn|Ritts|1965}}{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=17}}
{{cite web| url=http://prabhupada.krishna.com/shrines-and-memorials | title=prabhupada.krishna.com| website=www.krishna.com| access-date=8 January 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130326020806/http://prabhupada.krishna.com/shrines-and-memorials| archive-date= 26 March 2013 |url-status = live}} see "Commemorative Stamp" section, including image</ref> and in 2021, a Rs 125 commemorative coin in his honour.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi releases special commemorative coin on ISKCON founder's 125th birth anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-coin-on-iskcon-founders-125th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85835377.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=1 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913032001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-coin-on-iskcon-founders-125th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85835377.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
After a month in Butler, he returned by bus to New York City.{{sfn|Selengut|1996}} He stayed at various places — sometimes in a windowless room,{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=301}} sometimes a [[Bowery]] loft{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|pp=343-344}} — until with the help of early followers he found a place to stay in the [[Lower East Side]], where he converted a storefront curiosity shop with the serendipitous name “Matchless Gifts” into a small temple{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=36}} at 26 Second Avenue.{{sfn|Wheeler|1977|p=12}}{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=382}} {{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=29}}{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=68}}{{sfn|Zeller|2010|p=70}}{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Poling|Kenny|1986|p=7}} There he offered classes on the ''Bhagavad-gita'' and other [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] texts and held kirtan (group chanting) of the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]]'':
<blockquote>''Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare<br> Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.''{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=391}} </blockquote>


== Legacy ==
[[File:Hare Krishna Tree.jpg|thumb|373x373px|The Hare Krishna Tree in [[Tompkins Square Park]], New York.]]
In 2023, [[Scottish Church College]] and The Bhaktivedanta Research Center has established an academic award in honor of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award to keep alive the memory of Prabhupada's college life.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=এসি ভক্তিবেদান্ত স্বামী প্রভুপাদ মেমোরিয়াল এওয়ার্ড চালু হল {{!}} AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award Has Been Launched |url=https://www.thewall.in/news/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-memorial-award-has-been-launched/ |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165943/https://www.thewall.in/news/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-memorial-award-has-been-launched/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=ভক্তি বেদান্ত স্বামী প্রভুপাদ মেমোরিয়াল এওয়ার্ড |url=https://www.banglaexpress.in/2023/02/28/68390.html |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=প্রথম শ্রেণীর অনলাইন বাংলা নিউজ পোর্টাল |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419105832/https://www.banglaexpress.in/2023/02/28/68390.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=deshersamay |date=28 February 2023 |title=AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Srila Prabhupada:ভক্তি বেদান্ত স্বামী প্রভুপাদ মেমোরিয়াল এওয়ার্ড |url=https://deshersamay.com/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-srila-prabhupada%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE/ |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=Desher Samay |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165945/https://deshersamay.com/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-srila-prabhupada%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Statesman Dainik-Statesman epaper dated Mon, 27 Mar 23 |url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/3680393/Dainik-Statesman/27TH-MARCH-2023#page/5/1 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=epaper.thestatesman.com |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326202443/https://epaper.thestatesman.com/3680393/Dainik-Statesman/27TH-MARCH-2023#page/5/1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Desk |first=EBBS |date=26 March 2023 |title=সমাজ সেবায় দাগ কেটেছেন স্কটিশ চার্চ কলেজের অধ্যাপিকা, পেলেন ভক্তি বেদান্ত মেমরিয়াল পুরষ্কার |url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2023/03/26/vakti-bedanta-award-won-by-professor-of-scottish-church/ |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=বিশ্ব বাংলা সংবাদ |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165943/https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2023/03/26/vakti-bedanta-award-won-by-professor-of-scottish-church/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=tiyash |date=26 March 2023 |title=সমাজ সেবায় দাগ কেটেছেন স্কটিশ চার্চ কলেজের অধ্যাপিকা, পেলেন পুরস্কারও {{!}} Scottish Church College |url=https://www.thewall.in/news/scottish-church-college-professor-mousumi-manna-get-prize/ |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165946/https://www.thewall.in/news/scottish-church-college-professor-mousumi-manna-get-prize/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
After he and his followers held Hare Krishna kirtan one Sunday under a tree in nearby [[Tompkins Square Park]], [[The New York Times|''The New York Times'']] reported the event: “Swami’s Flock Chants in Park to Find Ecstasy; 50 Followers Clap and Sway to Hypnotic Music at East Side Ceremony”.{{sfn|Sikes|1966}} He slowly gained a following, mainly from young people of the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|60s counterculture]].{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}
In contrast to the 60s countercultural lifestyle, he required of that in order to receive [[Diksha|spiritual initiation]] his followers had to vow to follow four “regulative principles”: no illicit sex (that is, sex outside of marriage), no eating of meat, fish, or eggs, no intoxicants (including drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, and even coffee and tea), and no gambling.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=13}}{{sfn|Rochford|2005|p=102}} New initiates also vowed to daily chant sixteen meditative “rounds” of the Hare Krishna 'mantra' (that is, to complete sixteen circuits of chanting the mantra on a 108-bead strand). During the first year in New York, he initiated nineteen people.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}
In July 1966 he incorporated the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON).{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=68}}{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Gupta|1976|p=17}}
In December of 1966 he made a recording of Krishna kirtan (along with a brief explanatory talk) that took the form of an album entitled ''Krishna Consciousness'',{{sfn|Lavezzolli|2006|p=195}} released under the “Happening” record label. The record helped the early spread of what he called “the Hare Krishna movement”. {{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|pp=376-379}}{{sfn|Satyaraja Dasa|2011}}
With his small band of followers in a little storefront, he was already sharing a vision of spreading “Krishna consciousness” around the world. He asked them to help — for example, by typing his manuscripts for the second canto of the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam''.{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=99}} After he completed his [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad-gita As It Is'']] (by mid January of 1967),{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=393}} he asked a new disciple to find a publisher for it.{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=148}}
Bhaktivedanta Swami personally taught his first followers to spread Krishna’s message, prepare food to offer to Krishna, collect donations, and chant the Hare Krishna ''maha-mantra'' (“great mantra”) on the streets.{{sfn|Daner|1976|p=17}}


=== San Francisco ===
==Books and publishing==
Srila Prabhupada's books are considered to be among his most significant contributions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sharma|1981|p=971}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.acbspn.com/reviews.htm| title=Scholars reviews of Srila Prabhupada's books| website=www.acbspn.com| access-date=31 May 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515205053/http://www.acbspn.com/reviews.htm| archive-date=15 May 2008|url-status = dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the final twelve years of his life, Prabhupada translated over sixty volumes of classic [[Hindu texts|Hindu]] scriptures (e.g. ''[[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' and ''[[Srimad Bhagavatam]]'') into the English language.<ref name="Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25">{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25}}</ref> His ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|Bhagavad-gītā As It Is]]'' was published by [[Macmillan Publishers]] in 1968 with an unabridged edition in 1972.<ref>[[Maheswar Neog]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=LhB4AAAAIAAJ&q=Macmillan Professor Maheswar Neog Felicitation Volume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233937/https://books.google.com/books?id=LhB4AAAAIAAJ&q=Macmillan |date=3 April 2023 }} (1990)</ref><ref>Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1968). ''The Bhagavad-gita As It Is'', first edition. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://btg.krishna.com/macmillan-miracle|title=The Macmillan Miracle
|website=www.krishna.com|access-date=2 June 2008|last=Rosen|first=S|author-link=Satyaraja Dasa| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080606024529/http://www.krishna.com/en/node/1523| archive-date= 6 June 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref> It is now available in over sixty languages around the world with some of his other books available in over eighty different languages.<ref name = hk34>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=34}}</ref><ref name="translation">{{cite web| url=http://www.bbt.info/files/languages/Books_in_Print_JUN06.pdf| title=The matrix of principal published translated works. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust offers a 2006 summary PDF file showing which books translated in which languages| publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | access-date=30 May 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528180745/http://www.bbt.info/files/languages/Books_in_Print_JUN06.pdf| archive-date=28 May 2008|url-status = dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref>


The [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] was established in 1972 to publish his works.<ref name="Srivatsa">{{Harvnb|Goswami et al.|1983|p=986}}</ref><ref name="ShinnBrom">{{Harvnb|Shinn|Bromley|1989|p=53}}</ref>
{{main|Mantra Rock Dance}}[[File:Prabhupada's arrival in San Francisco 1967.jpg|thumb|alt= Allen Ginsberg accompanies the saffron-clad swami and a group of young followers in the airport lounge|[[Allen Ginsberg]] greeting A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami at the [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco airport]]. (January 1967)|280x280px]]
]In 1967 Bhaktivedanta Swami established a second center, in [[San Francisco]].{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=550}} The opening of the temple in the heart of the booming [[Hippie|hippie community]] of [[Haight-Ashbury]] attracted many new adherents and was a turning point in his movement’s history, marking the beginning of rapid growth.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=1}} To gain attention and raise funds, his disciples organized a two-hour concert with kirtan led by Bhaktivedanta Swami and rock performances by the [[Grateful Dead]] and other famous rock groups of the day.{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=79}} This “[[Mantra-Rock Dance|Mantra Rock Dance]]”, held at the popular [[Avalon Ballroom]], attracted some three thousand people{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=79}} and brought attention to the local Hare Krishna temple. One commentator dubbed it the “ultimate high of that era”.{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=139}}


In February 2014, ISKCON's news agency reported reaching a milestone of distributing over half a billion books authored by Swami since 1965.<ref name="Smullen">{{cite web | url = http://iskconnews.org/bbt-reaches-half-a-billion-books-distributed-since-1965,4286/ | title = BBT reaches half a billion books distributed since 1965 | access-date = 27 February 2014 | last = Smullen | first = Madhava | date = 12 February 2014 | website = ISKCON News | archive-date = 3 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140303235748/http://iskconnews.org/bbt-reaches-half-a-billion-books-distributed-since-1965,4286/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
[[File:1967 Mantra-Rock Dance Avalon poster.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Mantra-Rock Dance]] poster by Harvey W. Cohen (created December 1966).]]
Later that year, Bhaktivedanta Swami’s followers organized San Francisco’s first [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Yatra]], the festival he had celebrated as a child in imitation of the massive parade held annually in the Indian city of [[Puri]]. For this first San Francisco version, a [[flatbed truck]] with four pillars holding a canopy took the place of Puri’s three huge ornate wooden vehicles.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=699}} He would later establish this annual festival in major cities around the world,{{sfn|Gelberg|1989|pp=149-150}} with big vehicles —“chariots” — and thousands of people taking part.
At first Bhaktivedanta Swami’s followers referred to him as “the [[Swami]]”{{sfn|Mukunda Goswami|2011|p=352}} or “Swamiji”.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=12}} From mid-1968 onwards they called him “Prabhupada”, a respectful epithet that “enjoys currency with devotees and an increasing number of scholars”.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=22}}


===Bengali writings===
=== Great Britain and Europe ===
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Gītār Gān}}
In 1968, Prabhupada asked three married couples among his disciples to open a temple in [[London]], [[England]]. Following his instructions, the disciples, dressed in their robes and ''[[Sari|saris]]'', began singing Hare Krishna regularly on London streets and at once attracted attention. Soon newspapers carried headlines like “Krishna Chant Startles London” and “Happiness is Hare Krishna”.{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}}
|language=bn
|date=c. 1973
A further breakthrough came in December 1969 when the disciples managed to meet with members of the rock band the [[The Beatles|Beatles]], who were at the peak of their global fame.{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}} Even before then, [[George Harrison]] and [[John Lennon]] had gotten a copy of the maha-mantra recording released by Prabhupada and his students in New York and had begun singing Hare Krishna.{{sfn|Satyaraja Dasa|2011}}{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}}

[[File:1974 PAR B CT006213 adj.tif|thumb|Prabhupada with disciples in [[Paris]]. 1974]]
In August 1969, Harrison produced a [[The Radha Krsna Temple (album)#"Hare Krishna Mantra" single|single of the Hare Krishna mantra]], sung by the London disciples, and released it on [[Apple Records]].{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}}{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}} For the recording, the disciples called themselves “The Radha Krishna Temple”.{{sfn|Badman|Miles|2001|pp=350-351}} Harrison told a press conference convened by Apple that the Hare Krishna mantra was not a [[Pop music|pop song]] but an ancient mantra that awakened spiritual bliss in the hearts of people listening to and repeating it.{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=146}} Seventy thousand copies of the record sold on the first day.{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}} It rose to number 11 on the British charts,{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}} and Prabhupada’s students performed live four times on the BBC’s popular TV show [[Top of the Pops|''Top of the Pops'']].{{sfn|Beck|2007|p=459}} The record was also a success in [[Germany]], [[Holland]], [[France]], [[Sweden]], [[Yugoslavia]], and [[Czechoslovakia]] (as well as [[South Africa]] and [[Japan]]), and so the group was invited to perform in a number of European countries.{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=147}}
The next year, 1970, Harrison produced with Prabhupada’s disciples another hit single, “Govinda”, and in May 1971 the album ''[[The Radha Krsna Temple (album)|The Radha Krishna Temple]]''.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=195}} In 1970, Harrison sponsored the publishing of the first volume of Prabhupada’s book ''[[Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead|Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead]]'',{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}}{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=195}} which relates the activities of Krishna's life as told in the tenth [[canto]] of the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam''. In 1973 Harrison donated a seventeen-acre estate known as [[Bhaktivedanta Manor|Piggots Manor]],{{sfn|Uncut|2013}} fifteen miles northwest of London. The Hare Krishna devotees converted this into a rural temple-ashram and renamed it [[Bhaktivedanta Manor]]{{sfn|Nye|2001|p=12}} in Prabhupada’s honor.
Once Prabhupada’s disciples had made a start in England, Prabhupada over the years visited England many times and from there traveled to Germany, France, [[Italy]], Sweden, [[Switzerland]], and [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]],{{sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} leading kirtans, [[Prana pratishtha|installing]] [[Murti|forms]] of Krishna in ISKCON temples, meeting religious and intellectual leaders and others keen to meet him, and guiding and encouraging his disciples.{{efn|Prabhupada’s travels to and from Europe and his programs there are described in ''Srila Prabhupada-lilamrita'', volumes 4 and 5.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002}}}}

=== Africa ===
In 1970 Prabhupada made the first of several visits to [[Kenya]].{{sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} Although the disciples he had sent there had settled into doing spiritual programs for the local [[Indian diaspora|Indian]] people, Prabhupada insisted on doing programs meant for Africans. On one notable occasion in [[Nairobi]], when he was scheduled to do a program at an Indian [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] temple in a mainly African area downtown, he ordered the doors opened to invite the local residents, so that the hall soon flooded with African people.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=1018}} Then he held ''kirtan'' and gave a talk. Prabhupada told his local leaders that this is what they should do: spread Krishna consciousness among the local African people.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|pp=1018-1019}} Prabhupada also later visited [[Mauritius]] and South Africa{{sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} and sent his disciples to [[Nigeria]] and [[Zambia]].{{sfn|Karapanagiotis|2021|p=81}}
=== The Soviet Union ===

[[File:Prabhupada in Moscow 1971.tif|thumb|280x280px|Prabhupada in front of [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] on [[Red Square]] in [[Moscow]]. (July 1972)]]
Prabhupada’s visit to [[Moscow]] from June 20 to June 25, 1971 marked the beginning of Krishna consciousness in the [[Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Anderson|1986|p=316}} During his five days in Moscow, Prabhupada managed to meet only two Soviet citizens: [[:ru:Котовский, Григорий Григорьевич|Grigory Kotovsky]], a professor of Indian and South Asian studies, and [[:ru:Пиняев, Анатолий Фёдорович|Anatoly Pinyaev]], a twenty-three-year-old Muscovite.{{efn|Kotovsky was the head of the Department of India and [[South Asia]] of the [[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Institute of Oriental Studies]] of the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union|USSR Academy of Sciences]].}} Pinyaev, who went on to become the first Soviet Hare Krishna devotee, met Prabhupada through the son of an Indian diplomat stationed in Moscow.{{sfn|Kotovsky|1997|p=109-114}} Prabhupada’s assistant gave Pinyaev a copy of Prabhupada’s [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad-gita'',]] which Pinyaev was able to translate into Russian, copy, and then distribute [[Underground press|underground]] in the Soviet Union during [[Communism|Communist times]].{{sfn|Syamasundar Das|2017}} Pinyaev showed a great interest in Gaudiya Vaishnavism, accepted initiation from Prabhupada, and did much to ignite interest in Krishna consciousness in the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Anderson|1986|p=316}} Pinyaev was later imprisoned in [[Smolensk]] [[Psikhushka|Special Psychiatric Hospital]] and forcibly treated with drugs for his practice of Krishna consciousness.{{sfn|Anderson|1986|p=316}}{{sfn|Marzo|1986|p=7}}

=== India ===
Having achieved some success in the West, in 1970 Prabhupada directed his attention especially to India, with the hope of turning India back toward her original spiritual sensibilities.{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=89}} He came back to India with a party of Western disciples{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}} — ten American ''sannyasis'' and twenty other devotees{{sfn|Brooks|1989|p=83}} — and for the next seven years focused much of his effort on establishing temples in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Vrindavan, [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad,]] and a planned international headquarters in [[Mayapur]], [[West Bengal]] (the birthplace of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]).{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}}
By that time, Prabhupada saw, India had set a course towards [[Europeanisation|Europeanization]]{{sfn|Rosen|2007|p=12}} and sought to imitate the West. Therefore, the appearance on Indian soil of American and European Hare Krishna devotees who had rejected Western materialism and embraced Indian spiritual culture “caused nothing less than a sensation among the modernizing (i.e. [[Westernization|Westernizing]]) Indians, planting seeds for an authentic religious revival there”.{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=31}}
By the early 1970s, Prabhupada had established his movement’s American headquarters in [[Los Angeles]] and its world headquarters in Mayapur.{{sfn|Melton|1992|p=238}}
=== Around the world ===

[[File:A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami travels.webm|thumb|360x360px|Timeline of Prabhupada's travels around the world (1965‒1977){{sfn|Vanipedia|2024}}|left]]
In Latin America, Prabhupada visited [[Mexico]] and [[Venezuela]]. In Asia he visited [[Hong Kong]], [[Japan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Philippines|the Philippines]]. He also spent time in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Fiji]]. In the [[Middle East]] he visited [[Iran]].{{sfn|Vanipedia|2024}} Among the places he sent disciples to spread Krishna consciousness was [[China]].{{sfn|Karapanagiotis|2021|p=81}}
Early in the movement, Prabhupada had guided his students personally, but later, as the movement rapidly expanded, he relied more on letters and his secretaries.{{sfn|Daner|1976|pp=17-18}} By giving his students instructions, advice, and encouragement, he ensured a “strong paternal presence” in their lives.{{sfn|Daner|1976|p=17}} He wrote more than six thousand letters, many now collected and kept at the Bhaktivedanta Archives.{{sfn|Green|2017|p=227}} Besides receiving reports of accomplishments, via correspondence he also had to deal — almost daily — with setbacks, perplexities, quarrels, and failures. He tried to correct them as much as possible and kept on advancing his movement.{{sfn|Greene|2017|p=227}}
Wherever he was, he took an hour-long early-morning walk, which became a time for disciples to ask questions and receive personal guidance.{{sfn|Greene|2017|p=207}} On returning from his walk, he lectured daily on the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'',{{sfn|Naughtie|2010|p=11}} often reading from the portion of the manuscript he was working on. Every afternoon he met with disciples or with dignitaries and leaders from various parts of his mission.
[[File:Srila Prabhupada samadhi in Vrindavan.jpg|alt=An ornate, elaborate marble building with a faceted dome and arched staircase.|thumb|Prabhupada's ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' in [[Vrindavan]], India.|280x280px]]
Traveling constantly to lecture and tend to his disciples, Prabhupada circled the world fourteen times in ten years.{{sfn|Smith|2003|p=178}} He opened more than one hundred temples and dozens of farm communities and restaurants, as well as ''[[Gurukula|gurukulas]]'' (boarding schools) for ISKCON's children.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=4}} He initiated nearly five thousand disciples.{{sfn|Rochford|2005|p=103}}

=== Death (1977) ===
On November 14, 1977, at the age of 81, after a long illness, Prabhupada passed away in his room at the [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|Krishna Balaram Mandir,]]{{sfn|New York Times|1977|p=2}} the temple he had established in Vrindavan, India.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=184}}{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=181}} His burial site is located in the courtyard of the temple beneath a ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' (memorial shrine) built by his followers.{{sfn|De Backer|2016|p=13}}
=== Succession ===

In 1970 Prabhupada established a Governing Body Commission (GBC), then consisting of twelve leading disciples, to oversee ISKCON’s activities around the world and to serve as ISKCON’s ultimate managing authority.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=181}} In 1977, four months before his departure, he appointed eleven senior disciples to perform spiritual initiations on his behalf while he was ill.{{sfn|Burt|2020|pp=88-90}}
Despite the measures Prabhupada took to organize the management of his movement, his death in November 1977 caused a crisis of authority in ISKCON that destabilized the organization and became a turning point in its development.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Rochford|1985|p=8}}{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=72}} The succession process was beset by conflicts, with disagreements persisting for decades.{{sfn|Burt|2023|pp=51-54}}{{sfn|Burt|2020|pp=86-99}} Nonetheless, by 2023 nearly one hundred disciples and grand-disciples in succession from Prabhupada were serving as initiating gurus in his branch of the Gaudiya Vaishnava lineage.{{sfn|GBC|2024}}

== Philosophy and teachings ==

Within [[Indian philosophy|Eastern systems]], spiritual lineages are integral to each tradition, and a teacher is mandated to maintain theological fidelity by transmitting knowledge as given in the lineage.{{sfn|Burt|2023|p=12}} Prabhupada comes in the [[Brahma Sampradaya|Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya lineage]], which traces back to the fifteenth-century saint and mystic [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (1486–1533){{sfn|Burt|2023|p=1}} and the thirteenth-century theologian [[Madhvacharya]] (1238–1317), and further back, its teachings say, to the beginnings of creation.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=23}} This lineage (''[[sampradaya]]'') follows such texts as ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad-Bhagavatam]]'', the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavad-gita]]'', and the writings of Chaitanya’s disciples and their followers.{{sfn|Burt|2023|p=13}} Prabhupada’s extensive [[Bhashya|commentaries]] on the sacred texts follow those of [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati|Bhaktisiddhanta]], [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur|Bhaktivinoda]], and other traditional teachers, such as [[Baladeva Vidyabhushana]], [[Visvanatha Chakravarti|Vishvanatha Chakravarti]], [[Jiva Goswami]], Madhvacharya, and [[Ramanuja|Ramanujacharya]].{{sfn|Ravindra Svarupa Dasa|1985|pp=71-72}}

=== The Absolute Truth ===
[[File:1973 PAR V CT005157 DRUM.tif|left|thumb|360x360px|Prabhupada talks with a [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Catholic priest]] in [[Paris]]. (1973)]]
In accordance with the teachings of the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'', Prabhupada taught that the supreme truth, or Absolute Truth, is the one unlimited, undivided spiritual entity that is the source of all. That Absolute Truth, he taught, is realized in three phases: as ''[[Brahman]]'' (all-pervading impersonal oneness), as ''[[Paramatman|Paramatma]]'' (the aspect of [[God]] present within the heart of every living being), and as ''[[Bhagavan]]'', the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Supreme Personality of Godhead]]. Though the Absolute Truth is one, he taught, that one Absolute is progressively realized in these three features according to one’s level of spiritual advancement. In the initial stage the Absolute is realized as Brahman, in a more advanced stage as Paramatma, and at the most advanced stage as ''Bhagavan''.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=133–134}}{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|pp=127, 131–132}}{{sfn|Schweig|2004|pp=15, 19}}{{sfn|Deadwyler|1989|p=66}}

=== Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead ===

In the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'', and so in Prabhupada’s teachings, Krishna is seen as the original and supreme manifestation of Bhagavan{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=23}} – in [[Sanskrit]], ''svayam-bhagavan'', or the Supreme Personality of Godhead himself.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=142–145}} No one is equal to or greater than Krishna.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=132}} Brahman and Paramatma are partial realizations of Krishna.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=132}} The various [[Vishnu]] forms, such as [[Rama|Ramachandra]] and [[Narasimha|Narasimha,]] are “nondifferent” from Krishna; they are the same Personality of Godhead, appearing in different roles. But the form of Krishna is the original and the most complete form. In the [[Deva (Hinduism)#Important Devas|Hindu pantheon]], he taught, the gods other than the Vishnu forms are [[Demigod|demigods]] — that is, assistants of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=133–134}}

=== The energies of the Absolute ===

If the Absolute Truth is one, this raises the question of how there can be diversity. If, as the ''[[Upanishads]]'' say, there is only the Absolute Truth and nothing else, we need some way to account for the existence of living beings, with all their differences, and the world, with all its many colors, forms, sounds, aromas, and so on. Prabhupada responds by referencing a statement from the ''Upanishads'' that the Absolute Truth has varied energies.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=135}}{{sfn|Gupta|2007|p=45}} As a fire located in one place gives off heat and light throughout a room, the Absolute Truth fills the world with every sort of variety.{{sfn|Gupta|2007|p=40}}

=== Oneness and difference ===

Prabhupada taught Chaitanya’s doctrine of ''[[Achintya Bheda Abheda|achintya bheda-abheda-tattva]]'', in which everything is seen as simultaneously, inconceivably one with the Absolute — that is, with Krishna — and yet different.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=135}}{{sfn|Gupta|2007|pp=45-55}}{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|pp=150-158}} By way of analogy, Prabhupada gives the example that heat is in one sense identical with the fire from which it emerges and yet the two are different — when sitting in a fire’s warmth, we are not burning in the fire itself.{{sfn|Gupta|2007|p=40}}{{sfn|Hayagriva Dasa|1970}} This “oneness and difference” accounts for the oneness of an Absolute Truth that includes limitless varieties.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=135}}{{sfn|Gupta|2007|pp=45-55}}{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|pp=150-158}}

=== The inferior and superior energies ===

Among Krishna’s energies, Prabhupada taught, the ingredients of this world collectively belong to Krishna’s “inferior energy”{{sfn|Judah|1974|pp=50, 54}} — inferior in that, being inert matter, it lacks consciousness.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=134}}{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=95}} But superior to inert matter are the [[Jiva|conscious living beings]] (''jivas'') that belong to Krishna’s “superior energy”.{{sfn|Sooklal|1986|p=21}}{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=133}}

=== The predicament of the living being ===

Because the living beings belong to Krishna’s “superior energy”, Prabhupada taught, they share in Krishna’s divine qualities, including [[Saccidānanda|knowledge, bliss, and eternality]] (''sat'', ''cit'', and ''ananda'').{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=134}}{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|p=133}} But because of contact with the “inferior energy” since time immemorial,{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=135–136}} the divine nature of the living beings has been covered, and subjecting the living beings in this world to ignorance, suffering, and repeated birth and death.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=135–137}} In each life the living beings struggle against birth and death, disease and old age.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=135}} While trying to control and enjoy the resources of nature, the living beings increasingly suffer from entanglement in nature’s complexities.{{sfn|Ravindra Svarupa Dasa|1993|pp=22–23}}

As spiritual beings, belonging to the “superior energy”, the living beings are different from their material bodies: the body may be male or female, young or old, white or black, American or Indian, but the living being within the body is beyond what he called these “material designations”.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=758}} Prabhupada phrased this understanding in a maxim he often used: “I am not this body”.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=238}}{{sfn|Jayadvaita Swami|2015|p=80}}

When we falsely identify with these bodies, he taught, we are under the influence of maya, or illusion. Only when this illusion is dispelled can the soul become liberated from material existence.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=135}}

=== ''Bhakti'' ===

[[File:Yasomati-nandana (Sri Nama-kirtana).ogg|thumb|280x280px|Prabhupada sings a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ''[[bhajan]]'' (devotional song) by [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]].]]
[[File:Hari Haraye Namah Krsna (Nama Sankirtana) by Narottama Dasa.ogg|thumb|280x280px|Prabhupada sings a Bengali ''bhajan'' by [[Narottama Dasa|Narottama Dasa Thakur]].]]
Prabhupada taught that the living beings can be freed from illusion, and from their entire material predicament, by recognizing that they are tiny but eternal parts of Krishna and that their natural engagement lies in serving Krishna, just as a hand serves the body. Dormant within every living being, Prabhupada taught, is an eternal loving relationship with that Absolute, or Krishna, and when that loving relationship is revived, the living being resumes its natural eternal and joyful life.{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=62, 64}} This eternal service in devotion to Krishna, rendered by one freed from all material designation, is called ''[[bhakti]]''.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=132}}
One can begin practicing ''bhakti'', Prabhupada taught, even while in the earliest stages of spiritual life. In this way, ''bhakti'' is both the final end to be achieved and the means by which to achieve it. As a spiritual practice, ''bhakti'' is a powerful, transformative process that purifies the soul and enables it to see God directly.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=135}}

=== Impersonalism ===

Prabhupada crusaded against what he called “impersonalism” — that is, the idea that ultimately the Supreme has no form, qualities, activities, or personal attributes. In this way he stood opposed to the teachings of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] (A.D. 788–820), who held that everything except Brahman is illusory, including the soul, the world, and God.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140–141}} Before Prabhupada, Shankara’s system of thought, known as [[Advaita Vedanta|''Advaita Vedanta'']], had generally provided the framework for Western understandings of Hinduism,{{sfn|Baird|1987|p=105}} and the “steady procession of Hindu swamis” who came to America generally aligned themselves with Shankara’s [[Monism|monistic views]] and the idea of “the ultimate absorption of the self into an impersonal Reality or Brahman”.{{sfn|Judah|1974|p=19}}
But prominent Vaishnava philosophers from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries like [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]] and [[Ramanuja]] had opposed Shankara’s views with personalistic understandings of [[Vedanta]]. Those teachers presented strong philosophical arguments criticizing Shankara’s “illusionism” (''mayavada''), his view that personal individuality, indeed all individuality, is illusory.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140–141}}{{sfn|Basham|1983|pp=176–180}} Philosophers in the Gaudiya line such as, in the sixteenth century, [[Jiva Goswami]] had continued to argue formidably against impersonalism, which they regarded as ''the'' essential metaphysical misconception”.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=120}} So Prabhupada strongly opposed impersonalistic views wherever he encountered them and asserted the eternal personal existence of the Absolute and of all living beings.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140–141}} Where [[Buddhism]] shares ground with Shankara’s views by teaching that ultimately personality disintegrates, leaving nothing but a void ''[[nirvana]]'',{{sfn|Basham|1983|p=176}} Buddhism too came in for Prabhupada’s strong personalistic critique.{{sfn|Basham|1983|p=176}}{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=68}}

=== Societal organization ===

Prabhupada taught that society should ideally be organized in such a way that people have specific duties according to their occupation (''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'') and stage of life (''[[Āśrama (stage)|ashrama]]'').{{sfn|King|2012a|p=200}} The four ''varnas'' are [[Brahmin|intellectual work]]; [[Kshatriya|administrative and military work]]; [[Vaishya|agriculture and business]]; and [[Shudra|ordinary labor and assistance]]. The four ''ashramas'' are [[Brahmacharya|student life]], [[Gṛhastha|married life]], [[Vānaprastha|retired life]], and [[Sannyasa|renounced life]]. In accordance with the ''Bhagavad-gita'' and in opposition to the modern [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Caste|caste system]], Prabhupada taught that one’s ''varna'', or occupational standing, should be understood in terms of one’s qualities and the work one actually does, not by one’s birth.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=119}}
Moreover, devotional qualifications always supersede material ones.{{sfn|Valpey|2004|p=49}} Following Chaitanya, who challenged the caste system and undercut hierarchical power structures,{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=131}} Prabhupada taught that anyone could take to the practice of ''[[Bhakti yoga|bhakti-yoga]]'' and become self-realized through the chanting of God’s [[Names of God|holy names]], as found in the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna maha-mantra]]''.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=135}}
Prabhupada also emphasized the importance of self-sufficient farming communities as places where one could live simply and cultivate Krishna consciousness.{{sfn|Farkas|2021|p=2}}
=== Spiritual practices ===

==== ''Kirtan'' ====

[[File:Prabhupada Germany Studio.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Pranbhupada plays the [[Pump organ|harmonium]] during a recording session in Germany.|left]]
The main spiritual practice Prabhupada taught was [[Kirtan|''Krishna sankirtana'']] (also simply called ''kirtan'' or ''kirtana''), in which people musically chant together names of Krishna, especially in the form of the ''maha-mantra'': <blockquote>''Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare<br> Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.'' </blockquote>''Kirtan'' literally means “description”, hence “praise”, and ''sankirtana'' indicates ''kirtan'' performed by people together.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|pp=177–178}}

On the authority of traditional [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit texts]], Chaitanya Mahaprabhu had taught that Krishna ''kirtan'' is the most effective method for spiritual realization in the present age (''[[Kali Yuga|Kali-yuga]]'') – more effective than silent meditation (''[[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]]''), speculative study (''[[Jñāna|jnana]]''), worship in temples (''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]''), or performing the various physical or mental disciplines of ''[[yoga]]''. ''Krishna kirtan'', he had taught, can be done by anyone, anywhere, at any time, and without hard-and-fast rules. Because the names of Krishna are “transcendental sounds”, identical with Krishna himself, the chanting is spiritually uplifting.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=51}}

[[File:Hare Kṛṣṇa Kīrtana and purport.ogg|thumb|Prabhupada leads ''[[Kirtan|Hare Krishna kirtan]]'' and explains the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|maha-mantra]]''. October 1966.|280x280px]]

When Prabhupada began his efforts to spread Krishna consciousness in the United States, he held ''kirtans'' in a [[Bowery]] loft, in his early storefront temples, in [[Tompkins Square Park]] in [[New York City|New York]] and [[Golden Gate Park]] in [[San Francisco]], and wherever else he went.{{sfn|Greene|2016|pp=117‒118}} Following Prabhupada, his disciples soon began holding ''kirtans'' regularly in streets, parks, temples, and other venues in major cities in [[North America]] and [[Europe]] and then in [[Latin America]], [[Australia]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]].Because of Hare Krishna ''kirtan'', Prabhupada’s movement itself came to be referred to simply as “Hare Krishna” and its followers as “Hare Krishnas”. {{efn|See the etymologies for “Hare Krishna” in, for example, the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the Merriam-Webster dictionaries, and ''Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary''.}}

Theologically speaking, the term ''sankirtana'' can extend from the public chanting of Hare Krishna to the distribution of books spoken by or about Krishna. ''Kirtan'' in the sense of public chanting is traditionally accompanied by ''kartals'' ([[Clash cymbals|hand cymbals]]) and [[Mridangam|mridangas]] (drums), and Prabhupada’s spiritual master and grand spiritual master had said that distribution of Krishna literature was the “great ''mridanga''” because such distribution spreads Krishna consciousness still further.{{sfn|Haddon|2013|p=262}}{{sfn|Daner|1976|pp=17-18}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013|p=262}} Prabhupada therefore gave great importance to such distribution.

[[File:661125-Handwritten Notice by SP-01.tif|left|thumb|359x359px|In 1966 Prabhupada posted this notice on the bathroom door of his first temple in New York, listing the principles he expected his disciples to follow.{{sfn|Hayagriva Dasa|1985}}]]

==== Association with devotees ====
Prabhupada’s tradition constantly makes the point that “association with saints inspires saintliness, association with devotees inspires devotion. The association of genuine devotees can exert a powerful effect upon one's consciousness”.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=129}} And so when Prabhupada incorporated ISKCON, its founding document included as one the Society’s purposes “To bring the members of the Society together with each other and nearer to Krishna”.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=174}}
==== Initiation vows ====

Prabhupada required of his followers, as a prerequisite for spiritual initiation, that they promise to follow four “regulative principles”: no illicit sex (that is, no [[Extramarital sex|sex outside of marriage]]), no eating of meat, fish, or eggs, no [[Psychoactive drug|intoxicants]] (including drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, and even coffee and tea), and no [[gambling]].{{sfn|Rochford|2007|pp=12-13}}{{sfn|Rochford|2005|p=102}} New initiates also vowed to daily chant sixteen meditative “rounds” of the ''Hare Krishna mantra'' (that is, to complete sixteen circuits of chanting the mantra on a 108-bead strand).{{sfn|Rochford|2005|p=102}}
==== Hearing of ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' ====
For at least the last millennium, the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' has been “by far the most important work in the Krishna tradition” and “the scripture ''<u>par excellence</u>'' of the Krishnaite schools”.{{sfn|Bryant|2007|p=9}} It is sometimes described as “the ripened fruit of the Vedic tree”.{{sfn|Bryant|2007|p=113}}{{sfn|Rahul Peter Das|1998}} Accordingly, Prabhupada instituted daily classes on the ''Bhagavatam'' in all his centers,{{sfn|Fahy|2014|p=8}} and he spoke on ''Bhagavatam'' daily, wherever he went.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|1984|Chapter 15}}

==== Deity worship ====
[[File:BWneg 336 y21A-22.tif|thumb|280x280px|Prabhupada gives [[Diksha|spiritual initiation]] to a disciple.]]

In accordance with traditional Vaishnava teachings, Prabhupada introduced worship of Krishna in the form of a ''[[murti]]'': figures cast in metal or carved in stone or wood to match descriptions of Krishna given in [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava texts]]. Scholar of religion Kenneth Valpey writes: <blockquote>“Prabhupāda explained that although omnipresent, Kṛṣṇa makes himself perceivable and hence worshipable through material elements which are, after all, his own ‘energies.’ Based on this reasoning one should understand the image of Kṛṣṇa to be ‘Kṛṣṇa personally,’ appearing in a way quite suitable for our vision,’ that is, perceivable by ordinary persons with ordinary powers of sight”.{{sfn|Valpey|2006|p=127 citing a lecture by Prabhupada
}}</blockquote> Prabhupada taught that because Krishna is personally present as the deity (the term Prabhupada used for such a form), worshiping the deity helps one develop loving exchanges with Krishna. Prabhupada installed deities in ISKCON temples around the world.{{sfn|Ravindra Svarupa Dasa|1985|pp=70-72}}

Food prepared and offered to the deity of Krishna with devotion becomes sanctified as [[Prasada|''krishna-prasadam'']] ("mercy of Krishna"). Prabhupada taught that eating only ''prasadam'' purifies one’s existence and helps one develop in ''bhakti''. From the beginning of his mission Prabhupada distributed ''prasadam'' to visitors.{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2010|p=29}} A weekly prasadam feast for the public has always been a program at all of ISKCON centers.{{sfn|King|2012b|pp=444, 448}} Prabhupada wrote, “The Hare Krishna Movement is based on the principle: chant Hare Krishna mantra at every moment, both inside and outside of the temples, and, as far as possible, distribute prasadam". {{sfn|King|2012b|p=442, citing Prabhupada’s purport to ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' 4.12.10}}

==== Living in Vrindavan ====

Prabhupada’s predecessors such as [[Rupa Goswami]] had taught the value of living in [[Vrindavan]] (sometimes spelled “Vrindaban”), the sacred town between [[Agra]] and [[New Delhi]] that is held to be the site of Krishna’s rural “pastimes” on earth and therefore conducive to constant remembrance of Krishna. Prabhupada accordingly brought his disciples on pilgrimage to Vrindavan and there established the [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|Krishna-Balaram temple]]. Yet with a broader outlook he wrote one disciple, “[W]herever you remain, if you are fully absorbed in your transcendental work in Krishna consciousness, that place is eternally Vrindaban. It is the consciousness that creates Vrindaban”.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=189}}

== Principal writings ==

[[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]], who had specifically encouraged writing and publishing, at one meeting told Prabhupada: If you ever get money, print books.{{sfn|Shinn|1987|p=35}}{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=112}} So regardless of how busy or sometimes unwell Prabhupada might have been, he remained focused on producing books.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=113}} Prabhupada slept little, waking at 1:00 am every night{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=143}} to translate and comment on the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' and other texts.{{sfn|Goswami2012|p=114}} During the day he would give attention to guiding disciples and seeing to the affairs of his international society and its temples, and very early in the morning, while most people were asleep, he did most of his writing “because even with his age and uncertain health, he was unwilling to sacrifice his writing time for extra rest”.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}}

By 1970 he had translated the ''Bhagavad-gita'', two cantos of the ''Bhagavatam'', a summary study of its tenth canto, and a summary volume drawn from the expansive [[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya-caritamrta]]. From 1970 on, his literary output slowed only slightly due to the demands of his expanding Hare Krishna movement.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=118}} His task, as scholars have observed, was not merely to translate the text but to translate an entire tradition.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=117}}{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}

Historian of religion [[Thomas Hopkins (scholar of religion)|Thomas Hopkins]] relates that Prabhupada told him in a conversation in [[Philadelphia]] in 1975 that "the ''Gita'' provided the basic education on Krishna devotion, the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' was like graduate study, and the ''Caitanya-caritamrita'' was like [[postgraduate education]] for the most advanced devotees”.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|pp=178-179}}

Hopkins says that by presenting in English such works as the ''Bhagavatam'' and ''Caitanya-caritamrta'', Prabhupada made important texts accessible to the Western world that were simply not accessible before. Hopkins says, “[W]hat few English translations there were of the ''Bhagavata'' ''Purana'' and ''Caitanya-caritamrta'' were barely adequate and very hard to get hold of”.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}{{efn|Hopkins recalls that, when he was working on his doctoral work in the early 1960s, the only copy of the ''Bhagavata Purana'' he was able to obtain was by interlibrary loan on [[Microform|microfilm]] from [[Harvard University|Harvard’s]] [[Widener Library]].{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}}} Prabhupada, Hopkins says, “made these and other texts available in a way that they never were before” and “made the tradition itself accessible to the West”.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}

=== ''Bhagavad-gita As It Is'' ===
[[File:Indian President Pratibha Patil receives Bhagavad Gita.jpg|thumb|280x280px|[[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] receives a copy of [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad Gita As It Is'']]. (14 December 2011)]]
In 1966-67, Prabhupada wrote a translation and commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita|''Bhagavad-gita'']] he entitled [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|''Bhagavad-gita As It Is'']]. It was first published by the [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Company]] in 1968 in an abridged edition and later, in 1972, in full.{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=166}} For each verse he first gives the [[Sanskrit]] [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]], then a [[Romanization|roman transliteration]] and word-for-word gloss, followed by his translation and a commentary, or “purport”.{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=167}} Scholar of religion Richard H. Davis comments that this was “the first English translation of the ''Gita'' to supply an authentic interpretation from an Indian devotional tradition”.{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=168}} It is “by far the most widely distributed of all English Gita translations”.{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=167}} In 2015 Davis wrote, “The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust estimates that twenty-three million copies of Prabhupada’s translation have been sold, including the English original and secondary translations into fifty-six other languages”.{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=168}} For Prabhupada, Davis says, “the essential fact about the ''Bhagavad-gita'' is its speaker. The ''Gita'' contains the words of Krishna, and Krishna is the ‘Supreme Personality of Godhead.’” In Prabhupada’s view, other translations lack authority because the translators use them to express their own opinions rather than the message of Krishna. In contrast, Prabhupada saw his task in presenting what Krishna wanted to say, and so he claimed to present the ''Bhagavad-gita'' “as it is”.{{sfn|Davis|2015|p=165}}

=== ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' ===
At once a sacred history, a theological treatise, and a philosophical text,{{sfn|Bryant|2003|p=xxxix}} the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' “stands out by reason of its literary excellence, the organization that it brings to its vast material, and the effect that it has had on later writers”.{{sfn|Ingalls|1968|p=vi}} Praising the poetry of the ''Bhagavatam'', scholar of religion [[Edwin Bryant (Indologist)|Edwin Bryant]] says, “[S]cholars of the text have every right to say that ‘the ''Bhagavata'' can be ranked with the best of the literary works produced by mankind.’”{{sfn|Bryant|2003|p=lx, quoting Ramnarayan Vyas, The Synthetic Philosophy of the Bhāgavata.}}

[[File:Srimad-Bhagavatam set.jpg|left|thumb|600x600px|alt=A row of multi-colored books with golden print on their spines.|Prabhupada’s edition of ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad-Bhagavatam]]'', with his translation and commentary.]]
It was this great work that Prabhupada, after taking ''sannyasa'', set out to present in English, with, once again, the original Sanskrit text, its word-for-word meanings, a translation, and an in-depth commentary.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|pp=35-36}} Also known as ''Srimad-Bhagavata'' [[Puranas|''Purana'']], ''Bhagavata'' ''Purana'', or just the ''Bhagavata''{{sfn|Bryant|2007|p=111}} ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' is a work of twelve books (“[[Canto|cantos]]” was the word Prabhupada used) comprising more than fourteen thousand verse couplets.{{sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2016|p=1}} “''Srimad''” means “beautiful” or “glorious”.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=119}}

Prabhupada began his translation and commentary on the ''Bhagavatam'' after accepting ''sannyasa'' in 1959, and by 1965 he had completed and published the first canto.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=127}} He worked on translating the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' into English for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}}

The cantos were published one by one, as he finished them. He completed nine cantos and thirteen chapters of the tenth. The rest of the ''Bhagavatam'' was completed by his disciples.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}}

Thomas Hopkins, historian of religion, pointed out that by presenting in English such works as the ''Bhagavatam'' and ''Caitanya-caritamrta'', Prabhupada made important texts accessible to the Western world that were simply not accessible before. Hopkins said: “[W]hat few English translations there were of the ''Bhagavata'' ''Purana'' and ''Caitanya-caritamrta'' were barely adequate and very hard to get hold of”.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}

Hopkins recalls that, when he was working on his doctoral work in the early 1960s, the only copy of the ''Bhagavata Purana'' he was able to obtain was by interlibrary loan on [[Microform|microfilm]] from [[Harvard University|Harvard’s]] [[Widener Library]]. But Prabhupada, Hopkins said, “made these and other texts available in a way that they never were before” and “made the tradition itself accessible to the West”.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}}

=== ''Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead'' ===

Considering his old age and the vast size of the ''Bhagavatam'', Prabhupada knew he might not live to finish it. So in 1968 he undertook to present the ''Bhagavatam''’s tenth canto — the essence of the work — in summary form as ''Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead''.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=766}}

This summary study is “Prabhupada’s own exposition of the story of Krishna as it is told in the Tenth Canto”.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=177}} It “laid out the account of Krishna from the ''Bhagavata Purana'' that provides the images and stories central to Krishna devotion”.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=178}} In writing this commentary, Prabhupada also draws on a commentary by [[Sanatana Goswami]],{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=114}} one of the famed “[[Six Goswamis of Vrindavan|six Goswamis]]” who were direct followers of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.

As Bryant says: <blockquote>“The tenth book of the ''Bhāgavata'' has inspired generations of artists, dramatists, musicians, poets, singers, writers, dancers, sculptors, architects and temple-patrons across the centuries. Its stories are well known to every Hindu household across the length and breadth of the Indian subcontinent, and celebrated in regional festivals all year round”.{{sfn|Bryant|2003|pp=lxviii–lxix}}</blockquote>Prabhupada himself inspired artists among his disciples to provide the text with profuse full-color illustrations. Such illustrations became a feature of nearly all his books.{{sfn|Jacobsen|2024|p=405}}

A related work is ''Light of the Bhagavat'', written by Prabhupada in Vrindavan in 1961, before he went to the West, but published only after his death. The book is a treatment of one chapter (chapter twenty) of the tenth canto. Prabhupada composed forty-eight commentaries for the chapter’s verses. The book is accordingly illustrated with forty-eight paintings.{{sfn|A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami|1997}}

=== ''Ishopanishad'' ===

In 1969 Prabhupada published, again in his full verse-by-verse format, his translation and commentary for the ''[[Isha Upanishad|Ishopanishad]]''{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} — also known as the ''Īśa Upaniṣad'' or ''Īśāvāsya Upaniṣad'' {{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=405}}, which in 1960 he had partially serialized in his [[Back to Godhead|''Back to Godhead'']] magazine.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} The ''Ishopanishad'', consisting of only eighteen ''mantras'',{{sfn|Nikhilananda|1949|p=195}} is considered one of the principal ''[[Upanishads]]''.{{sfn|Hume|1921|p=xii}} In all indigenous collections of the ''Upanishads'', the ''Iśopaniṣad'' comes first.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=405}} Its first verse, “highly regarded as a capsule of Vedic theology”,{{sfn|Rahul Peter Das|1998}} presents a god-centered view of the universe.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} The celebrated traditional commentator [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] wrote, “One who is eager to rid himself of the suffering and delusion of saṁsāra, created by ignorance, and attain Supreme Bliss is entitled to read this ''Upaniṣad''”.{{sfn|Nikhilananda|1949|p=199}}

=== ''The Nectar of Devotion'' ===

Begun in 1968,{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=176}} ''The Nectar of Devotion'' is a summary study of [[Rupa Goswami]]’s ''Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu'', his “famous exposition of the principles of devotion”.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=176}} Scholar-practitioner [[Shrivatsa Goswami]] has described ''Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu'' as “a textbook of devotional practice, an exposition on the philosophy of devotion, and a study of devotional psychology”.{{sfn|Shrivatsa Goswami|1983|pp=246-247}} ''The Nectar of Devotion'' “gave access to Gaudiya Vaisnavism’s most important theological treatise on devotion”.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=178}}

=== ''Caitanya-caritamrta'' ===

[[File:Caitanya-caritamrita set.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Prabhupada’s edition of ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya-caritamrita]]'', with his translation and commentary.]]
''Caitanya-caritamrta'' is the seventeenth-century account of the life and teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]], who founded the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] tradition.{{sfn|Hopkins|2007|p=176}} Written in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language, it runs to more than 15,000 verses and “is regarded as the most authoritative work on Śrī Caitanya”, a work of “rare merit”, with “no parallel in the whole of Bengali literature”.{{sfn|Kapoor|1976|pp=61-62}} Scholar of religion [[Hugh Urban]] calls it “one of the greatest works in all of Indian vernacular literature”.{{sfn|Urban|2003|p=265}}

Prabhupada completed his translation in 1974, within two years,{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=118}} and it was published in seventeen volumes, again with verse-by-verse text, transliteration, word meanings, translation and commentary.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|pp=35-36}} He based his commentary on the Bengali commentaries of his predecessors [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur|Bhaktivinoda Thakura]] and [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]].{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=141}}

Before Srila Prabhupada’s translation, the work in English was simply unavailable. After Prabhupada’s edition came out, scholar Bruce J. Long wrote, “The appearance of an English translation of [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja|Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī]]'s ''Śri Caitanya-caritāmṛta'' by A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedānta, Founder-[[Acharya|Ācārya]] of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, is a cause for celebration among both scholars in Indian Studies and lay-people seeking to enrich their knowledge of Indian spirituality”.{{sfn|Long|1978|p=286}}

Several years earlier, in 1968, Prabhupada published ''Teachings of Lord Caitanya''.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=233}} The book offers a summary of selected portions of ''Caitanya-caritamrita''.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=209}}
{{efn|Scholar and disciple [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] writes that Prabhupada’s first publishing ''Bhagavad-gītā As It Is'' in abridged form and publishing summary studies from the ''Bhagavatam'' and ''Caitanya-caritamrita'' before completing full translations and commentaries “expresses both an urgency that Prabhupāda felt in transmitting these works as essential sacred texts and the weightiness that each of these three foundational texts possessed within the tradition that Prabhupāda represented”.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=209}}}}

=== ''The Nectar of Instruction'' ===

Prabhupada also wrote a verse-by-verse commentated translation of [[Rupa Goswami]]’s eleven-verse ''Upadeshamrita'',{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=144}} one of Rupa Goswami’s shortest works,{{sfn|Valpey|2004|p=52}} which provides concise directions on how to carry out devotional service.{{sfn|Burt|2023|p=12}}

=== Bhaktivedanta Book Trust ===

In 1972 Prabhupada founded the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust (BBT), which manages the international publishing and distribution of his writings.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=132}} Apart from his major works, the BBT publishes various paperbacks derived from his lectures.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=119}} The BBT also publishes [[Back to Godhead|''Back to Godhead'']], the magazine Prabhupada founded, in multiple languages.{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|p=142}} Between 1973 and 1977, Prabhupada’s followers distributed several million books and other pieces of Krishna conscious literature every year in shopping malls, airports, and other public locations in the United States and worldwide.{{sfn|Rochford|1983|p=285}} As of 2023, his books had been translated into eighty-seven languages.{{sfn|''The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust''|}} In 2022, the BBT printed more than two million pieces of literature.{{sfn|Haribol|2023}}

== Critical assessments of Prabhupada’s writings ==

[[Shrivatsa Goswami]] has said, “Making these Vaiṣṇava texts available is one of Śrīla Prabhupāda’s greatest contributions. Apart from the masses, his books have also reached well into academic circles and have spurred academic interest in the Caitanya tradition”.{{sfn|Shrivatsa Goswami|1983|p=247}} Further, he says, “The significance of making these texts available is not merely academic or cultural; it is spiritual. ''[[Jñāna]]'', knowledge, is spread, proper doctrines are made known, people come closer to reality”.{{sfn|Shrivatsa Goswami|1983|p=247}} Other academics, too, have applauded Prabhupada’s publications.{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=81}}
But [[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|his edition]] of ''Bhagavad-gita'', in particular, has come in for criticism as well. [[Eric J. Sharpe|Eric Sharpe]], scholar of religion, considers Prabhupada’s reading of ''Bhagavad-gita'' single-minded and fundamentalist.{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=82}} Sanskrit scholar A.L. Herman concurs.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|pp=75–76}} Another scholar, K. P. Sinha, takes exception to Prabhupada’s “misinterpretations and unkind remarks” directed toward [[Advaita Vedanta]], the philosophy of absolute monism.{{sfn|Sinha|1997|preface}}{{efn|For a discussion of the criticisms by Herman, see Tamal Krishna Goswami, ''A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti'' (2012) pp 75–76.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|pp=75-76}} Goswami leaves Sinha’s critique aside on the grounds that it is “clearly a sectarian polemic rather than an academic study” and for a rebuttal points us to Gerald Surya’s review of Sinha’s "A critique of A.C. Bhaktivedanta" in ISKCON Communications Journal, 7:2, December 1999, http://content.iskcon.org/icj/7_2/72surya.html.}}
The most detailed critical analysis by a Western, non-Hindu scholar comes from historian of religion Robert D. Baird.{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=82}} Baird takes upon himself the task of not merely seeing Prabhupada as “an authentic proponent of Vaishnavism” but of examining as an academic scholar the way Prabhupada reads the ''Bhagavad-gita''.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=200}}

[[File:SP in a lecture in front of Rupa Goswami samadhi.jpg|left|thumb|360x360px|Prabhupada lectures on ''The Nectar of Devotion'' in front of [[Rupa Goswami|Rupa Goswami’s]] ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' in [[Vrindavan]]. (India, 1972)]]
Whereas many scholars, Baird writes, see “some degree of progression” in the ''Gita'', with different themes emphasized in different parts of the book, Prabhupada “reads the complete teaching of the book, indeed of [[Vedas|Vedic literature]] generally, into any passage”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=201}} It appears “that he considers it legitimate to interpret any verse in the light of the whole system found in the ''Gītā'' whether it is explicitly mentioned in that verse of the Gītā or not”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=203}} In this way, he reads “Krishna consciousness” even into portions of the text where Krishna is not explicitly mentioned.{{sfn|Baird|1986|pp=201‒203}} Prabhupada cites later passages in the ''Gita'' to explain earlier passages.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=213}} Indeed, he even quotes from other texts in the canon (whether written before the ''Gita'' or after{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=213}}) to indicate the intention of the ''Gita'', “as though they have the same authority as the ''Gita'' itself”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=213}} And so: “In all, a wide range of texts are used to serve as authorities for understanding the ''Gītā''. Swami Bhaktivedanta not only treats specific texts in a way that would be unusual among Western scholars, but he sees specific texts in the light of the Vedas in general”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=216}}
Whereas other scholars, Baird writes, would give great attention to the overall structure of the ''Gita'', Prabhupada gives the structure scant notice, preferring instead to make this point: “In every chapter of ''Bhagavad-gītā'', Lord Kṛṣṇa stresses that devotional service unto the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Supreme Personality of Godhead]] is the ultimate goal of life”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=217}}
Prabhupada uses the text of the ''Gita'' to present various aspects of Krishna theology.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=207}} And “he also goes beyond specific texts and the ''Gītā'' itself when he makes it the occasion for the inculcation of a Vaishnava lifestyle,”{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=203}} typified by chanting the ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|maha-mantra]]'', regulating one’s sexual activity, offering food to Krishna, and following a vegetarian diet.{{sfn|Baird|1986|pp=203‒207}} And so: “Swami Bhaktivedanta is more interested in expounding the principles of Krishna consciousness than in merely explicating the text at hand”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=205}} In one instance cited, “the text recommends one thing [''[[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|astanga-yoga]]''] and Bhaktivedanta Swami cancels that and offers the ''mahāmantra''”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=205}}
As for competing interpretations: “Bhaktivedanta often seeks to show the superiority of the Vaishnava position and the error of other positions”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=208}} “The position that is attacked with the most regularity and vigor is that of Advaita Vedanta,”{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=208}} “the system of thought that is commonly used to provide the structure for Western understandings of ‘Hinduism’”,{{sfn|Baird|1987|p=105}} whose advocates Prabhupada calls Mayavadins, impersonalists, or monists.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=208}} For Advaita Vedanta he reserves his strongest condemnations.{{sfn|Baird|1987|p=105}}
Nor does Prabhupada only criticize “impersonalists”. Rather, “Scholars in particular come under Swami Bhaktivedanta’s condemnation because they are merely ‘mental speculators’”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=220}} In Prabhupada’s view, Baird says, “Since these scholars are not surrendered to Krishna, they are not Krishna conscious; they are merely offering their own ideas rather than the truth within the ''[[Guru–shishya tradition|paramparā]]'' system [the lineage of masters and disciples]”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=220}} Prabhupada “seldom engages in the kind of argumentation that scholars are accustomed to when deciding between alternative positions”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=221}} Instead he takes a position as a [[Guru|spiritual master]] within the disciplic succession and “merely declares" what is true.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=221}} And so, Baird says, “The gulf between Swami Bhaktivedanta’s presentation and that of the scholarly [[Exegesis|exegete]] is simply unbridgeable, for their purposes operate on different levels”.{{sfn|Baird|1986|p=200}}{{efn|For a discussion of Baird’s critique, see Tamal Krishna Goswami's ''A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti: Essential Teachings of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' (2012), pp. 66–71.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|pages = 66-71}}}}
But what some scholars might see as faults, others see as virtues. Thomas Hopkins sees Prabhupada’s translations and purports as successfully conveying the meaning of the text precisely because Prabhupada draws upon the commentaries of his predecessors and brings to his work the understandings of his entire tradition.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|pp=140–141}} Moreover, Hopkins says, Prabhupada does this in such a way that the entire text becomes comprehensible to a modern reader, not only theoretically but practically.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=142}} Translations of such texts as the ''Gita'', Hopkins says, cannot be done mechanically.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=146}} The translator has to understand the spirit and the experience that lie behind the text.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=146}} Where Prabhupada’s translations expand the text, they do so “for the sake of making the meaning more clear, rather than obscuring it”.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=144}} Hopkins says, “Writing a commentary is not a merely intellectual or academic exercise—it has a practical goal: to engage people with a living spiritual tradition”.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=142}} Prabhupada, he says, brings the meaning of the text out of the past and into the present, giving it meaning in terms of people’s lives.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=141}}

== Challenges and controversies ==

In Prabhupada’s efforts to establish and expand Krishna consciousness, some of the difficulties he faced were internal to his new and growing movement. He had to train disciples unaccustomed to Vaishnava culture and philosophy and engage them in furthering his Hare Krishna movement;{{sfn|Deadwyler|2004|p=154}} he had to set up and then guide his Governing Body Commission to see to ISKCON's global management. He often had to intervene when clashes and controversies within ISKCON grew out of hand. He had to sort out difficulties faced by individual disciples, ensure a proper understanding of his teachings, and, more broadly, transplant an entire cultural movement.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|pp=1, 23}} He also faced challenges from the outside world.

=== Cult image and “brainwashing” ===

Until the mid-1970s the attitude of the Western public towards Prabhupada and his movement was cordial. News reports tried to reliably describe the Hare Krishna devotees, their beliefs, and their religious practices. The spirit of curiosity prevailed, while hostility was almost nonexistent.{{sfn|Melton|1989|p=92}}

But by the mid-1970s this changed. The rapidly expanding Hare Krishna movement — distinctive, foreign, highly visible, and vigorous (often over-vigorous) in spreading its message — became an early target for a nascent “[[anti-cult movement]]”. No longer was the Hare Krishna movement seen to represent an authentic spiritual tradition. Rather, it was now one of a myriad of “[[Cult|destructive cults]]” that won converts and took over their lives by “[[Brainwashing|mind control]]” and “[[brainwashing]]”. When young adults, supposedly robbed of free will and “programmed” by mind control, became Hare Krishna devotees, some parents hired “[[Deprogramming|deprogrammers]]” to kidnap them and “free them from the cult”. “Deprogrammings” typically involved days or weeks of isolation, browbeating, and intense verbal haranguing and harassment.{{sfn|Cox|1983|p=57}}{{sfn|Shinn|1983|p=95}}{{sfn|Rochford|1995|p=217}}{{sfn|Goswami2012|p=38}}

After one such “deprogramming” failed, the [[New York County District Attorney|New York City District Attorney]]’s Office charged two local Hare Krishna leaders with illegally imprisoning two Hare Krishna followers by brainwashing them.{{sfn|Schumach|1977}}{{efn|The case is People v. Murphy (N.Y. 1977) 98 Misc.2d 235.}}

Prabhupada instructed his disciples to fight these charges, among other ways by entering his books into evidence.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=53}} Meanwhile, two hundred scholars signed a document defending ISKCON as an authentic Indian missionary movement.{{sfn|Melton|1989|p=95}}

In March of 1977 a [[New York Supreme Court|New York State Supreme Court]] justice threw out the charges and recognized that ISKCON represents a [[Good faith|bona fide]] religious tradition.{{sfn|Schumach|1977}} Nonetheless, in America and Europe the “cult” label and image persisted for the rest of Prabhupada’s lifetime and beyond.{{sfn|Rochford|1995|p=217}}

As scholar [[James A. Beckford|James Beckford]] notes, in the 1970s Hare Krishna devotees became increasingly active in selling their literature and collecting donations from the public,{{sfn|Beckford|1985|p=26}} so they were sharply criticized for what was seen as harassing people for money at airports and other public places. As [[Edwin Bryant (Indologist)|Bryant]] and Ekstrand comment, “Questionable fund-raising tactics, confrontational attitudes to mainstream authorities, and an isolationist mentality, coupled with the excesses of neophyte proselytizing zeal, brought public disapproval”{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=4}} — something that Prabhupada had to deal with too.

=== Institutionalization ===

As ISKCON evolved towards being a worldwide organization, it suffered from the inevitable travails of institutionalization. Young disciples, mostly from an [[anti-establishment]], [[Anti-authoritarianism|anti-authoritarian]] background, became members of the GBC and found themselves running a worldwide institution. Preaching sometimes started giving way to revenue production; gender issues arose; leaders sometimes fell, and scandals broke out. Bureaucracy intruded on spontaneity, and many members left. As much as Prabhupada tried to leave management to the GBC, much of this he too had to deal with personally.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=4}}{{sfn|Anuttama Dasa|Mukunda Goswami|2004|p=408}}

=== Child abuse ===

Prabhupada directed his disciples to train children in boarding schools called ''[[Gurukula|gurukulas]]'', where they would receive education from spiritual teachers. However, as reported by sociologist of religion [[E. Burke Rochford]], through mismanagement these schools became like orphanages. After Prabhupada’s departure it came to light that physical and sexual abuse occured within these schools due to lack of oversight.{{sfn|Rochford|2007|pp=75-91}}

=== Obstacles in India ===

In India, Prabhupada faced a special set of challenges. He had much to accomplish there, but his American and European disciples were inexperienced in how to get things done in India and even how to live there.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=37}}

When Prabhupada’s young American followers came to India in the early 1970s and began holding festivals, including public ''sankirtana'', many Indians were surprised to see Westerners adopting Indian modes of worship and devotion. Some local people, including even some Indian officials, suspected that the American devotees must be undercover operatives of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA).{{sfn|Mehta|1993|p=78}}{{sfn|Cole|2007|p=33}}

Outspoken and uncompromising as he was in the way he presented Krishna’s teachings, in India, as elsewhere, Prabhupada found himself battling with opposing views of all sorts.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=99}} Therefore another challenge came from Prabhupada’s consistent rejection of the common Hindu notion of caste by birth. Since Prabhupada, like his predecessors, insisted that anyone, from any race or nation, could become spiritually purified and fit to perform the duties of priests, he faced opposition from Hindu [[Brahmin|''brahmins'']] who held that performing such duties was an exclusive birthright of their caste.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=192}}{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|p=155}}

When Prabhupada resolved to build a temple on land in [[Juhu|Juhu, Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), the man who had sold ISKCON the land tried to [[Fraud|swindle]] the devotees and take it back. The man had deep political connections in the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Bombay municipality]] and employed lawyers and even thugs to drive the devotees off, but Prabhupada persisted and eventually won.{{sfn|Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|2002|pp=536-537}}{{efn|For a book-length telling of this saga, see ''I’ll Build You a Temple'' by [[Giriraja Swami]].}}

=== Deviations ===
While working to establish his movement, Prabhupada had to deal with problems caused even by leading disciples, who, monks or not, could still hold on to intellectual baggage, disdain for authority, and ambitions for power.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}} In 1968 Prabhupada's first ''sannyasi'' disciple openly disregarded Prabhupada’s instructions to him and twisted core tenets of Prabhupada’s teachings. This foreshadowed succession problems and issues of authority that Prabhupada’s movement would face both during Prabhupada’s presence and after.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}
Unlike Indian gurus who declared themselves ''[[Avatar|avatars]]'', divine appearances of God, Prabhupada from the very beginning of his preaching called himself only a servant or representative of God.{{sfn|Daner|1976|p=19}} But in 1970 four of Prabhupada’s early ''sannyasis'' announced at a large ISKCON gathering that Prabhupada’s followers had failed to recognize that Prabhupada was actually Krishna, God himself. Prabhupada expelled those ''sannyasis'' from his Society (he eventually readmitted them, after they recanted their claim).{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

In 1972, without consulting Prabhupada, eight of the twelve members of the GBC held a meeting in New York aimed at centralizing control of ISKCON's activities and finances. Their plans would have lessened Prabhupada's own oversight and set aside his emphasis on the autonomy of each ISKCON center. This prompted Prabhupada to suspend the entire GBC "until further notice", establish direct lines of communication with each temple's leaders, and re-emphasize spiritual purity, the selfless and voluntary nature of devotional life, and the exemplary conduct befitting ISKCON leaders. This, he said, is what he wanted, not corporate bureaucracy and excessive centralization. (He later unsuspended the GBC).{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}
In 1975 a clash broke out when a team of ten parties of itinerant ''sannyasis'', assisted by two hundred ''[[Brahmacharya|brahmacharis]]'', criss-crossed America, visiting ISKCON temples to extoll renunciation and a missionary spirit — and urge ''brahmacharis'' to abandon the temples and join the ''sannyasi'' parties. The temples, the team argued, were led by presidents who were ''[[Gṛhastha|grihasthas]]'' (married men), and grihasthas had a propensity for enjoyment that undermined what should be an austere temple atmosphere.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}
The conflict reached its peak in 1976 in Mayapur at ISKCON’s annual global gathering when a ''sannyasi''-dominated GBC passed resolutions severely restricting the role of women and families in ISKCON.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}} After hearing from both sides, Prabhupada came down against this type of discrimination, calling it “fanaticism”, and had the GBC undo the resolutions. Prabhupada said, "I cannot discriminate — man, woman, child, rich, poor, educated, or foolish. Let them all come, and let them take Krishna consciousness".{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|1997}}

== Controversial statements ==

Prabhupada sometimes made statements that criticize various ideals of modern society or speak offensively of certain groups.{{sfn|Burt|2023|p=57}}

Two essays by Ekkehard Lorenz in ''The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant''{{efn| The editors of the volume, [[Edwin Bryant (Indologist)|Edwin Bryant]] and Maria Ekstrand, sought to include in the book “a wide range of voices”, including those not only of well-credentialed academics but also of current ISKCON members and of former members (in the editors’ words, the movement’s “most vocal” critics),{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=6}} of whom Lorenz is one.{{sfn|Smith|2004|p=186}} According to Bryan and Ekstrand, this lack of strictly academic treatment in favor of real-life reflections contributed to the "interplay between detached analysis and passionate advocacy" that "brings the volume to life and constitutes its strength".{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=7}}}} compile controversial statements made by Prabhupada on [[slavery]], [[Caste|lower castes]], [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], [[Darwinism|Darwin’s theory of evolution]], the [[moon landing]], and women.{{sfn|Smith|2004|pp=185-186}}

Reviewing the essays, scholar of religion [[Ravi M. Gupta|Ravi Gupta]] writes that they depict Prabhupada as “racist, sexist, intellectually dishonest, ungrateful, unethical, unsophisticated, and unaware of the norms of the societies in which he lived” and blame his teachings “for condoning abuse of children, abuse of women, and abuse by leadership, while promoting dictatorship, intolerance, and autocratic rule by the guru”.{{sfn|Gupta|2005|p=82}} As scholar of religion Måns Broo puts it, the compilation “paints a picture of a not very pleasant man, one far removed from the Gaudiya Vaishnava ideals described in the classical texts of the tradition”.{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=39}} And as yet another scholar of religion, Fred Smith, writes, “Lorenz, a former ISKCON member himself, vengefully presents a thoroughly damning view of Bhaktivedanta”.{{sfn|Smith|2004|p=186}}

While Prabhupada’s followers have had to contend with what the statements say, scholars have studied and commented on them.{{sfn|Broo|2006|pp=47–48}}{{sfn|Lakshmi Nrsimha Das|2004|pp=183–193}}

*On slavery:
<blockquote>"The blacks were slaves. They were under control. And since you have given them equal rights they are disturbing, most disturbing, always creating a fearful situation, uncultured and drunkards. What training they have got? They have got equal rights? It is best, to keep them under control as slaves but give them sufficient food, sufficient cloth, not more than that. Then they will be satisfied".{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=372}}</blockquote>

*On caste:
<blockquote>"''Shudras'' [people of low caste] have no brain".{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=372}} "''Shudras'' does [sic] not require any training. ''Shudra'' means no training. Ordinary worker class. Otherwise, other three, especially two, namely the ''brahmins'' and ''kshatriyas'', they require very magnificent training".{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=371}}</blockquote>

*On Hitler, [[Jews]], and [[the Holocaust]]:
<blockquote>"Sometimes [a person] becomes a great hero — just like [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Kamsa]] or, in the modern age, [[Napoleon]] or Hitler. The activities of such men are certainly very great, but as soon as their bodies are finished, everything else is finished".{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=369}}</blockquote>

*On science:
<blockquote>"Darwin’s theory stating that no human beings existed from the beginning but that humans evolved after many, many years is simply nonsensical".{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=125}} Prabhupada referred to [[Charles Darwin]] and his followers as “rascals”.{{sfn|Brown|2020|p=122}}</blockquote>

*Prabhupada dismissed reports of the [[Apollo 11|1969 moon landing]]:
<blockquote>"Recently they have said that they have gone to the moon but did not find any living entities there. But ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'' and the other Vedic literatures do not agree with this foolish conception".{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=125}}</blockquote>

*On women:
<blockquote>"Women cannot properly utilize freedom, and it is better for them to be dependent".{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=379}} "Women in general should not be trusted".{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=378}} "Women are generally not very intelligent".{{sfn|Lorenz|2004|p=378}}</blockquote>

Responding to Lorenz’s article, Gupta (both an academic and an ISKCON member){{sfn|Gupta|2005|p=81}} writes that Lorenz “simply quotes Prabhupada out of context and then interprets his statements with no regard to Chaitanya Vaishnava theology, the social contexts in which Prabhupada lived, or Prabhupada’s own application of his teachings”.{{sfn|Gupta|2005|p=82}}

Regarding context, Broo observes that when Prabhupada speaks, for example, about castes, the immediate context is that of an envisioned “ideal society” made up of self-sufficient agrarian communities in which people would be divided into different occupational groups “based not on hereditary but on individual qualifications”.{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=46}}
[[File:1973 NY B CT016028 DRUM.tif|thumb|360x360px|An interview with Prabhupada in New York. (1973) ]]
As another example of context, one of Prabhupada’s followers notes in a journal review that Prabhupada was actually speaking of Hitler disparagingly, because the “great heroes” Hiranyakashipu and Kamsa with whom he compared Hitler were Puranic diabolical tyrants.{{sfn|Lakshmi Nrsimha Dasa|2004|p=202}}

Yet the reviewer admits that Prabhupada “did not usually condemn Hitler”.{{sfn|Lakshmi Nrsimha Dasa|2004|p=202}} Therefore Smith suggests that although scholars of religion will naturally view Prabhupada “within the context of his Gaudiya Vaishnava predecessors”, Prabhupada’s statements (such as those concerning Hitler) also “must be understood in the context of the intellectual and political culture in which he matured” — specifically that of mid-twentieth-century Bengal, brewing with anti-colonialist nationalism championed by such figures as [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], and therefore more favorably disposed to [[Nazi Germany]] than to [[Great Britain]].{{sfn|Smith|2004|pp=186-187}}{{efn|[[Subhash Chandra Bose|Bose]]'s influence and his efforts to mobilize people against [[British Raj|British rule]] significantly contributed to the growth of anti-British sentiments in Bengal and throughout India. [[Nazi Germany]] was sympathetic to India's independence and during the [[World War II]] offered financial and military assistance to Bose's [[Indian National Army]] in their struggle against [[Great Britain]]. }}

Both Broo and Smith also mention Prabhupada’s “flair for drama and overstatement”.{{sfn|Smith|2004|p=185}}{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=47}} Prabhupada, it seems, loved to make politically incorrect statements to reporters.{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=46}} As Broo comments, “It is difficult to decide how seriously any single remark is meant to be taken from a transcript”.{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=46}}

Nonetheless, both Broo and Smith comment that this is not enough to clear Prabhupada from blame for the more radical of his politically incorrect statements.{{sfn|Broo|2006|p=47}}{{sfn|Smith|2004|p=185}} Smith speaks of Prabhupada’s  “racism”,{{sfn|Smith|2004|p=186}} One disciple reviewer writes, “A few selected quotes about race and gender from the extensive Bhaktivedanta Vedabase do look unreasonable even in terms of Vaishnava values”,{{sfn|Lakshmi Nrsimha Dasa|2004|p=200}} and another disciple-academic notes, “Some of Prabhupada’s statements seem blatantly sexist”.{{sfn|Tamal Krishna Goswami|2012|p=80. Goswami says this as part of a contrast: “Some of Prabhupāda’s statements seem blatantly sexist, yet he opened his movement to women”.}}

Scholars have commented, however, on the contrast between such controversial statements and the full picture of what Prabhupada actually taught and did. Prabhupada’s statements about women, for instance, have received extensive consideration from [[Kim Knott]], a scholar in religious studies who in relation to ISKCON describes her perspective as that of both an “outsider” and a “western feminist”.{{sfn|Knott|2004|p=292}} Knott writes:

<blockquote>"What was Prabhupada’s view of these matters? It seems clear from his commentaries, lectures, and conversations that he endorsed the view of the potential liability of a woman’s body both for the soul that resides within it and for others. However, he was most adamant on the point that ''bhakti yoga'', the path of Krishna Consciousness, provided the possibility of transcending the body, whether female or male".{{sfn|Knott|2004|p=296}}</blockquote>

[[File:1972 MAY YB CT088002.tif|alt=An elderly Hindu monk with a shaved head and in orange traditional robes points his finger at a written note to a young Western bespectacled woman who as she is looking intently at the note. Younger monks are visible in the background. |thumb|360x360px|Prabhupada gives [[Diksha|second initiation]] (''[[Gayatri Mantra|gayatri]]'') to Visakha Devi in [[Mayapur]]. (1972)|left]]
Knott relates Prabhupada’s telling two of his earliest women disciples, “If you think of yourselves as women, how will you make any advancement? You must see yourself as a spirit soul, eternal servant of Krishna”.{{sfn|Knott|2004|p=296}}

Knott continues:
<blockquote>"This was his first point, then, that being a ''Vaishnavi'' [a female ''Vaishnava''], a true servant of Krishna, changed the terms of the debate about women. Additionally, through his behavior and teachings he demonstrated that, as ''Vaishnavis'', women devotees — irrespective of their material form compared to men — were equally acceptable as servants of Krishna, equally empowered with intelligence, equally open to spiritual advancement and to contributing to the advancement of others".{{sfn|Knott|2004|p=296}}</blockquote>

Reflecting upon the tension between ancient philosophical ideals and immediate contemporary realities, Knott writes:

<blockquote>"It is commendable in the face of this tension that the founder of the Hare Krishna movement made a philosophy and practice that had once been largely closed to women available to them, allowing them effective equality with men and the opportunity to serve in the same ways despite his own cultural background and the ideal prescriptions of his tradition".{{sfn|Knott|2004|p=300}}</blockquote>

In this way, she writes, Prabhupada took time, place, and circumstance into account and acted in the spirit of Krishna consciousness, “in the manner of Chaitanya”.{{sfn|Knott|2004|pp=300-301}}

Along the same lines, author Steven J. Rosen tells of a meeting between Prabhupada and a leading black disciple, Ghanasyama Dasa (later [[Bhakti Tirtha Swami]]), during the last months of Prabhupada’s life: “Srila Prabhupada smiled and called him near. Prabhupada then embraced him with tears of love and gratitude. Rubbing Ghanashyam’s head, Srila Prabhupada said, ‘Your life is successful, thank you very much.’”{{sfn|Rosen|2007b}}{{efn|Rosen comments, “For Prabhupada to be crying and embracing and rubbing the head of his disciple was something very special. Soon, all the devotees around the world were hearing of Ghanashyam’s good fortune.” Bhakti-tirtha Swami tells of the incident in an online video: https://vanipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Tirtha_Swami_Remembers_Srila_Prabhupada, YouTube video, starting at 22:00.}}{{efn|Telling of the same incident, religious studies scholar Akshay Gupta mentions that Prabhupada rarely showed such abundant affection to his disciples, including those who were white or Indian. {{sfn|Gupta|2021}}}}{{efn|Similarly, Bhuta-bhavana Dasa, one of Prabhupada’s [[African Americans|African-American]] disciples, tells of a meeting in which Srila Prabhupada said to him and other black disciples who had come to Africa to spread Krishna consciousness, “Four hundred years ago your ancestors were taken away from here as slaves. But, ah, just see, you have returned as masters.” Bhuta-bhavana comments, “Generally in the black community if you refer to slavery, it’s not a very jovial thing, but Prabhupada made it wonderful. We had returned to Africa in Krishna consciousness”.{{sfn|Bhuta Bhavana Dasa|2018}}}}

Commenting on underlying causes for such controversies, scholar of religion [[Larry Shinn]] attributes the conflict between his teachings and western cultural values to "[Prabhupada]'s insistence on the infallibility of the Krishna scriptures and (...) the authenticity of Prabhupada’s Krishna faith and practice".{{sfn|Shinn|2004|p=xviii}}{{efn|[[Larry Shinn]] writes: "Perhaps Prabhupada’s piousness centering upon his deep faith in Krishna was both his greatest strength and the source of ISKCON’s most consistent tension in America. As an ''[[acharya]]'' or teacher of the Krishna scriptures and devotional faith, Prabhupada was a “holy man,” a guru whose translations of the Sanskrit scripture of the ''Bhagavata Purana'', the ''Bhagavad Gita'', and of Chaitanya’s teachings were the center of his own devotional life and of his education of his new American devotees. His insistence on the infallibility of the Krishna scriptures and his interpretation of them continues to be a source of unrest within ISKCON, and certainly between ISKCON and its surrounding culture.... In one respect, it was the authenticity of Prabhupada’s Krishna faith and practice that enticed new converts to ISKCON and also caused the society to stand out in contrast, and even opposition, to western religious and cultural values".{{sfn|Shinn|2004|p=xviii}}}}

When Prabhupada’s controversial statements seem difficult to defend, his followers have responded in different ways: Some remain silent; others speak of context or allege that, because of negative biases, Prabhupada is being unfairly quoted; and still others are willing to distinguish between his statements they consider “absolute” and those they consider “relative” — that is, they accept “that some of Bhaktivedanta Swami’s teachings are relative to the circumstances and times in which he grew up and lived his life before coming to the US and therefore may or may not be true, in contrast to his absolute spiritual teachings”.{{sfn|Broo|2006|pp=39-40}}{{sfn|Kaunteya Das|2022}} And yet other followers see this path as “exceedingly risky” — after all, who is to decide which teachings are relative and which are not? Broo concludes that this is an issue “not likely to be resolved soon”.{{sfn|Broo|2006|pp=47-48}}

== Influence ==

By explaining the teachings of bhakti yoga and Gaudiya Vaishnavism and arousing interest in them worldwide, Prabhupada made a lasting contribution.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|pp=136, 142}} Through his writings and his movement, many [[Western world|Westerners]] have become aware of ''bhakti'' for the first time.{{sfn|Basham|1983|p=174}} He translated and commented on important spiritual texts, particularly the ''Bhagavad-gita'', the ''Srimad-Bhagavatam'', and the ''Caitanya-caritamrta'', making these texts accessible to a global audience.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|p=140}} His commentaries brought the traditional wisdom of these writings into a contemporary context, making possible a deeper comprehension of their spiritual meaning and its practical application in one’s life.{{sfn|Hopkins|1983|pp=136, 142}}  

[[File:1975 LA V V750078 CT069063.tif|thumb|360x360px|Prabhupada with J. Stillson Judah, scholar of religion, Los Angeles. (1975)]]
Although the “steady procession of Hindu swamis” who had come to America before Prabhupada had generally aligned their views with the monistic [[Advaita Vedanta]] of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] (AD 788‒820) and the idea of “the ultimate absorption of the self into an impersonal Reality or Brahman”,{{sfn|Judah|1974|p=19}} Prabhupada rejected Advaita Vedanta{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=6}} and coherently argued that the Absolute is ultimately the [[Svayam Bhagavan|Personality of Godhead]].{{sfn|Sherbow|2004|pp=140‒141}}

[[Ferdinando Sardella|Sardella]] has written that in the twelve years between Prabhupada’s arrival in America and his demise, Prabhupada “managed to build ISKCON into an institution comprising thousands of dedicated members, establish Caitanya Vaishnava temples in most of the world’s major cities, and publish numerous volumes of Caitanya Vaishnava texts (in twenty-eight languages), tens of millions of which were distributed throughout the world”.{{sfn|Sardella|2019|p=83}} Prabhupada also spread the chanting of the Hare Krishna mantra worldwide.{{sfn|Sardella|2019|p=83}}

In 2013 Rochford wrote, “[T]he fact that ISKCON has survived for nearly 50 years, despite significant change, is a testament to the devotees’ resilience and to the power of Prabhupada’s teachings and vision for ISKCON”.{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|p=12}}

In India Prabhupada’s movement has become a well-respected institution, with recognition at all levels of Hindu society.{{sfn|Kazmin|1998}}{{sfn|Newsweek|2006}} ISKCON has large temple complexes active in cities like Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Kolkata.{{sfn|Pandey|2020}}{{sfn|Popham|1998}} ISKCON’s center in Mayapur has become an Eastern Indian place of pilgrimage for millions every year. Thousands of middle-class Hindus, both in India and elsewhere, have joined ISKCON.{{sfn|Pandey|2020}} And Hindus both in India and in the [[Hinduism by country|Hindu diaspora]] have provided ISKCON vast support.{{sfn|Brekke|2019|p=84}}{{sfn|Newsweek|2006}}

But Prabhupada's legacy also faces scrutiny on various fronts. Criticisms have emerged regarding the movement's organizational structure, controversies have arisen surrounding continuity of leadership after his passing,{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|pp=35–37}}{{sfn|Nesti|2000|p=151}} and misdeeds and even criminal acts have been committed by some ISKCON members, including once-respected former leaders.{{sfn|Rose|2020|p=755}}{{efn|Sources that have discussed ISKCON’s post-charismatic crises and disruptions include Bryant and Ekstrand (2004), Dwyer and Cole (2007), and Rochford (2007).}} Concerns have been expressed about the movement's adaptability to modern values, especially concerning gender roles and societal norms.{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|pp=6–7}} And although ISKCON has benefited from the support and participation of a large and growing number of Indian families in its congregations outside India,{{sfn|Vellely|1998}}{{sfn|Kazmin|1998}} the “Hinduization” of ISKCON has in many places tended to diminish the involvement of other audiences.{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|pp=26–28}}

Nonetheless, Prabhupada's influence endures through his writings and ISKCON's ongoing activities. Despite significant setbacks, the movement he started continues to grow.{{sfn|Sardella|2012|p=247}}

== Recognition ==
=== From scholars ===
Kim Knott writes that scholars describe Prabhupada as a charismatic spiritual leader and emphasize his “humanity” and “uniqueness”.{{sfn|Knott|1997}} Prabhupada’s missionary successes in such a short period, and at such an advanced age, she writes, are extolled by scholars using terms such as “stunning”, “remarkable”, and “extraordinary”.{{sfn|Knott|1997}} In the same vein, [[Klaus Klostermaier]], scholar of Hinduism and Indian history, refers to Prabhupada as "probably, the most successful propagator of Hinduism abroad".{{sfn|Klostermaier|1998|p=183}}
Representing such thoughts, [[Harvey Cox]], American theologian and Professor of Divinity Emeritus at Harvard University, said:
<blockquote>There aren't many people you can think of who successfully implant a whole religious tradition in a completely alien culture. That's a rare achievement in the history of religion. In his case it's even all the more remarkable for his having done this at such an advanced age. When most people would have already retired, he began a whole new phase of his life by coming to the United States and initiating this movement. He began simply, with only a handful of disciples. Eventually he planted this movement deeply in the North American soil, throughout other parts of the European-dominated world, and beyond. Although I didn't know him personally, the fact that we now have in the West a vigorous, disciplined, and seemingly well-organized movement–not merely a philosophical movement or a yoga or meditation movement, but a genuinely religious movement--introducing the form of devotion to God that he taught, is a stunning accomplishment. So when I say [he’s] “one in a million,” I think that's in some ways an underestimate. Perhaps he was one in a hundred million.{{sfn|Cox|1983|pp=40-41}}</blockquote>

=== From officials ===
Prabhupada's success in spreading [[Sanātana Dharma|Indian spirituality]] among non-Indians across the world brought him acclaim from Indian political leaders.{{sfn|Ivanenko|2008|pp=73-74}}
[[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Ministers]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]{{sfn|Ivanenko|2008|p=43}}, [[Narendra Modi]], and [[President of India|Indian Presidents]] [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] and [[Pranab Mukherjee]] have praised Prabhupada and his work.{{sfn|Ivanenko|2008|pp=73-74}}
In 1998, speaking at the opening ceremony of an ISKCON temple in New Delhi, Prime Minister Vajpayee said:
<blockquote>"If today the Bhagavad Gita is printed in millions of copies in scores of Indian languages and distributed in all nooks and corners of the world, the credit for this great sacred service goes chiefly to ISKCON.... For this one accomplishment alone, Indians should be eternally grateful to the devoted spiritual army of Swami Prabhupada's followers. The voyage of Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada to the United States in 1965 and the spectacular popularity his movement gained in a very short spell of twelve years must be regarded as one of the greatest spiritual events of the century".{{sfn|Pandey|2020}}</blockquote>

[[File:PM Narendra Modi on 125th birth of Prabhupada (Hindi with English subtitles ).webm|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] speaks on Prabhupada's 125th birth anniversary. (2 September 2021){{sfn|Modi|2021b}}|280x280px|left]]
Releasing a 125-[[Indian rupee|rupee]] commemorative coin on the occasion of Prabhupada's 125th birth anniversary,{{sfn|India Govt Mint|2021}} Prime Minister Modi praised Prabhupada for his efforts “to give India’s most priceless treasure to the world” and said that what Prabhupada was able to accomplish in spreading the thought and philosophy of India to the world “was nothing less than a miracle.”{{sfn|Modi|2021b}}
On the fiftieth anniversary of Prabhupada’s voyage to the West, [[United States Congress|US Congresswoman]] [[Tulsi Gabbard]] praised the "compassion that drove Srila Prabhupada to attempt something so brave and so daring to deliver the message of Lord Chaitanya and the Holy Name to all of mankind".{{sfn|Gabbard|2015}}

== Commemoration ==

=== Shrines, memorials, museums ===
[[File:Samadhi Mandir of Srila Prabhupada (front), Mayapur 07102013.jpg|alt=A tall ornate domed structure, topped with a spear and flanked by green lush trees.|thumb|280x280px|''Pushpa-samadhi'' of Prabhupada in [[Mayapur]], [[West Bengal]].]]
In keeping with [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|''Gaudiya-Vaisnava'']] rites, after Prabhupada's death at the [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan|Krishna-Balarama temple]] in [[Vrindavan]] ([[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh, India]]), his disciples interred his body on the temple premises and erected a marble ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'', or shrine, over his burial site.{{sfn|New York Times|1977}}{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2013|p=38}} In [[Mayapur]] ([[West Bengal]]), they built a much larger ''pushpa-samadhi'' — a shrine sanctified with flowers from Prabhupada's burial ceremony.{{sfn|Silva da Silveira|2014}} Daily ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (traditional worship) is offered to larger-than-life statues of Prabhupada at both sites.{{sfn|Silva da Silveira|2014}}

Another shrine is dedicated to Prabhupada in [[New Vrindaban]] ([[West Virginia|West Virginia, USA]]), where a residence built to host Prabhupada during his occasional visits evolved into the elaborate Prabhupada's Palace of Gold.{{sfn|Bromley|Shinn|1989|p=199}} After opening to the public in 1979, two years after Prabhupada’s death, the memorial site is now a place of worship and an attraction for pilgrims and tourists,{{sfn|McCarthy|2013}} listed in America’s [[National Register of Historic Places]].{{sfn|Hanz|2023}} Other rooms ‌in which Prabhupada stayed while in Vrindavan, Mumbai, Los Angeles, London, Melbourne and several other places around the world have been preserved as museums.

[[[File:Prabhupada's birth site in Kolkata.jpg|alt=A black rectangular pedestal with an inscription, topped by a white ornate marble slab draped with a flower garland, standing under a double-branched tree.|left|thumb|200x200px|Prabhupada's birthplace.]]
Prabhupada’s birthplace, in the [[Tollygunge]] neighborhood of Kolkata, was inaugurated as a memorial site in 2001, on the 125th anniversary of Prabhupada’s birth, by [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|West Bengal Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]].{{sfn|Pandey|2021}} In the [[Ultadanga]] neighborhood of Kolkata, the building, known as Bhaktivinode Asan where Prabhupada first met his guru, [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]], has also been restored as a heritage site.{{sfn|Banerjee|2022}}

[[File:Prabhupada family and Jaladuta monument.jpg|thumb|360x360px|left|Prabhupada's son Vrindavan Chandra De (back, in red shirt) in front of the ''Jaladuta'' monument with his family (standing) and the monument's team (seated, left to right): concept director, manager, and [[:uk:Журавель Володимир Миколайович|sculptor]]. ISKCON Kolkata. (August 2015)]]
On August 13, 2015, the fiftieth anniversary of Prabhupada’s departure from Kolkata to the United States, a two-meter-high bronze monument, created by Ukrainian sculptor [[:uk:Журавель Володимир Миколайович|Volodymyr Zhuravel]], was unveiled in Kolkata by the [[List of governors of West Bengal|Governor of West Bengal]] [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] and [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor of Pondicherry]] [[Kiran Bedi]].{{sfn|Jaisinghani|2015}} The monument was created in two parts — one depicting Prabhupada’s departure for America, the other his arrival. After the monument was unveiled, the “departure” part was installed at the ISKCON temple in Kolkata, the “arrival” part in front of the ISKCON temple in Boston.{{sfn|Smullen|2018}}

=== Biographies, memoirs, diaries ===
In 2008 Ketola wrote that there were more than thirty historical, biographical, and autobiographical works centering on Prabhupada.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=8}} Since then they have increased.
Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami’s official six-volume biography ''Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta'' (“carefully researched”, Ketola reports{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=8}}) has more recently been joined by a shorter biography, ''Swami in a Strange Land'', by Joshua Greene.{{sfn|Patel|2018|pp=179-181}} Both authors are Prabhupada’s disciples. Among memoirs that focus on specific times or places, Ketola mentions several, including Hayagriva Dasa’s ''The Hare Krishna Explosion''.{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=8}})
Ketola also notes two published diaries kept by direct assistants of Prabhupada: Tamal Krishna Goswami’s ''TKG’s Diary'' and Hari Sauri Dasa’s multi-volume ''Transcendental Diary''.{{efn|E. Burke Rochford writes in his Foreword to one volume, “For scholars and students of religion the material presented represents a critically important historical record”. Foreword to A Transcendental Diary: November 1975–April 1976, p. xv{{sfn|Ketola|2008|p=9}}}}
{{Collapsible list
|expand =
|bullets = on
|title = List of biographical publications about A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
|framestyle = border: none
|titlestyle = color:darkblue
|''Ācārya: The Lifestory of A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Bhaktisiddhanta Das (2021), {{ASIN|B095PTSKC7}}
|''Ācārya: Portraits of His Divine Grace A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Sesa Dasa (1996), {{ISBN|978-0947259051}}
|''Blazing Sadhus'' by Achyutananda Das (2016), {{ISBN|978-1537508863}}
|''By His Example: The Wit and Wisdom of A.{{nbsp}}C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Guru Das (2004), {{ISBN|978-1887089364}}
|''Chasing Rhinos With The Swami'' by Shyamasundar Das (2016), in 3 volumes, {{ISBN|978-1495177088}}
|''Dancing White Elephants: Traveling with Srila Prabhupada in India, August 1970—March 1972'' by [[Giriraja Swami|Giriraj Swami]] (2023), {{ISBN|978-1-925850-03-1}}
|''Five Years, Eleven Months and a Lifetime of Unexpected Love: A Memoir'' by Visakha Dasi (2016), {{ISBN|978-1522838449}}
|''The Great Transcendental Adventure: Pastimes of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in Australia and New Zealand by Kurma Dasa (1999),'' {{ISBN|9780947259228}}
|''The Hare Krishna Explosion: The Birth of Krishna Consciousness in America, 1966‒1969'' by Hayagriva Dasa (1985), {{ISBN|9780932215017}}
|''He Lives Forever'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2022), {{ISBN|979-8353149606}}
|''I'll Build You a Temple — The Juhu Story'' by [[Giriraja Swami|Giriraj Swami]] (2021), {{ISBN|978-1925850017}}
|''In Conversation with Srila Prabhupada'' by Lokanath Swami (2016), {{ASIN|B09HKRBMHG}}
|''ISKCON in the 1970s'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (1997), {{ISBN|978-0911233728}} |''Jaya Srila Prabhupada!'' by Bhakti Vikasa Swami (2014), {{ISBN|978-9382109112}}
|''Journey to the Pacific Rim'' by Bali Mardan Das, {{ISBN|9788193291801}}
|''Life with the Perfect Master: A Personal Servant's Account'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2022), {{ISBN|979-8411706741}}
|''Memories – Anecdotes of a Modern–Day Saint'' by Siddhanta Dasa (2020), in 4 volumes {{ISBN|9788192970226|9780972259712|9789389050806}}
|''Miracle on Second Avenue'' by [[Mukunda Goswami]] (2011), {{ISBN|978-0981727349}}
|''Mission in the Service of His Divine Grace: Birth of of the Hare Krsna Movement in South Africa'' by Riddha Dasa (2003), {{ISBN|978-1901593013}}
|''The Mayapur Vrindavan Festivals with Srila Prabhupada (1972‒77)'' by Lokanath Swami (2020), {{ISBN|9780620694827}}
|''My Days with Prabhupada: A Young Man’s Path to God in the Hare Krishna Movement'' by Umapati Swami (2016), {{ASIN|B01EVBQ6M4}}
|''My Glorious Master: Remembrances of Prabhupada's Mercy on a Fallen Soul'' by Bhurijana Dasa (1996), {{ISBN|9780992521943}}
|''My Memories of Srila Prabhupada'' by Bhakti Vikasa Swami (2012), {{ISBN|978-9382109303}}
|''Ocean of Mercy'' by [[Bhakti Charu Swami]] (2016), {{ISBN|978-0892135332}}
|''Our Srila Prabhupada — A Friend to All'' by Mulaprakrti Devi (2000), {{ASIN|B004Q6XSXA }}
| ''A Place of Sandalwood and Roses,'' by Govinda Dasi (2023), {{‎ISBN|979-8987382912}}
|''Prabhupada Antya-lila: Final Pastimes of Srila Prabhupada'' by [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] (1988), {{ISBN|978-0936979014}}
|''Prabhupada Appreciation'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2022), {{ISBN|979-8357966339}}
|''Prabhupada at Radha-Damodara'' by Mahanidhi Swami (2013), {{ASIN|B00CTRMKKK}}
|''Prabhupãda in Malaysia ''by Janananda Das Goswami (2020), {{ISBN|978-8193859711}}
|''Prabhupada-lila'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]] (1987), {{ISBN|978-0911233360}}
|''Prabhupada Meditations'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2023) in 2 volumes, {{ISBN|979-8446353095}}
|''Prabhupada: Messenger Of The Supreme Lord'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Sastvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2014), {{ISBN|978-8189574307}}
|''Prabhupāda Nectar: Anecdotes from the Life of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada ''by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (1984), {{ISBN|9780911233223}}
|''Prabhupada Stories'' by Govinda Dasi
|''Servant of the Servant'' by [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] (2019), {{ISBN|9788193992166}}
|''Srila Prabhupada and His Disciples in Germany'' by Bhakti Gauravani Goswami (2021), {{ISBN|9789391545048}}
|''Srila Prabhupada is Coming: My Personal Memories of His Divine Grace, A.C. Bhaktivehanta Swami Prabhupada'' by Mahamaya Dasi (2000), {{ISBN|9780970453013}}
|''Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (2008), in 7 volumes, {{ISBN|978-8189574222}}
|''Srila Prabhupada Uvaca'' by Srutakirti Dasa
|''Swami in a Strange Land'' by Joshua M. Greene (Yogeshvara Dasa) (2018), {{ISBN|9789387944091}}
|''TKG's Diary: Prabhupãda's Final Days'' by [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]] (1999), {{ISBN|9788187216124}}
|''A Transcendental Diary'' by Hari Sauri Dasa (2021), in 5 volumes, {{ISBN|978-1880404379}} |''Vrindaban Days: Memories of an Indian Holy Town'' by Howard Wheeler (Hayagriva Swami) (1990) {{ISBN|9780932215208}}
|''With Srila Prabhupada in the Early Days (1966‒1969): A Memoir'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]] (1997), {{ISBN|978-0911233841}}
|''"You Cannot Leave Boston"'' by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami]], in 2 volumes (1998) {{ASIN|B09HKSY9L7}}
}}
}}


* {{cite book
=== Film, and filmed memoir collections ===
|title={{IAST|Vairāgya-vidyā}}

|language=bn
In 1996 Gaurav Seth produced the fifty-five-minute biographical film ''Prabhupada: A Lifetime in Preparation''.{{sfn|IMDb|1996}} In 2017 John Griesser, a Prabhupada disciple, produced an uncritical 91-minute film: ''Hare Krishna! The Mantra, the Movement, and the Swami who started it All''.{{sfn|Jenkins|2017}}
|date=1977

Disciples have also undertaken two video projects collecting memories of Srila Prabhupada, one entitled ''Remembering Srila Prabhupada'',{{sfn|PrabhupadaMemories}} the other ''Following Srila Prabhupada''.{{sfn|TheTVDB}}

The Bhaktivedanta Archives, in North Carolina, serves as a repository for Srila Prabhupada’s manuscripts and letters, for photographs of Srila Prabhupada, and for audio recordings.{{efn|1=https://www.prabhupada.com/About/AAbout.html. Claire C. Robison describes the Archives, though not by name, in “ISKCON–Christian Encounters,” Chapter 16 in The Routledge Handbook of Hindu-Christian Relations. p=194}}
{{multiple image
| width = 140
| footer = 125-[[Indian rupee|rupee]] commemorative coin released by [[Narendra Modi]] on Prabhupada's 125th birth anniversary.
| image1 = Front side of Rs 125 commemorative coin for Prabhupada's 125th birth.jpg
| image2 = Back side of Rs 125 commemorative coin for Prabhupada's 125th birth.jpg
}}
}}
: A collection of his early Bengali essays, which were originally printed in a monthly magazine that he edited called {{IAST|Gauḍīya Patrika}}. Starting in 1976, [[Bhakti Charu Swami]] reprinted these essays in Bengali language booklets called {{IAST|Bhagavāner Kathā}} (Knowledge of the Supreme) [from 1948 & 1949 issues], {{IAST|Bhakti Kathā}} (The Science of Devotion), {{IAST|Jñāna Kathā}} (Topics of Spiritual Science), {{IAST|Muni-gānera Mati-bhrama}} (The Deluded Thinkers), and ''Buddhi-yoga'' (The Highest Use of Intelligence), which he later combined into ''Vairāgya-vidyā''. In 1992, an English translation was published called ''Renunciation Through Wisdom''.<ref>{{cite book|author=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|date=1992|title=Renunciation Through Wisdom|url=https://archive.org/details/renunciationthro0000acbh/page/n8/mode/1up|translator=Bhakti Charu Swami|translator-link=Bhakti Charu Swami|trans-title={{IAST|Vairagya Vidyā}}|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|isbn=0-947259-04-X|lccn=95120622|oclc=30848069|pages=vii-viii}}</ref>

* {{cite book
=== Stamps, coin, and plaque ===
|title=Buddhi-yoga

|language=bn
In 1996 the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative stamp in Prabhupada’s honor and in 2021 a 125-[[Indian rupee|rupee]] commemorative coin.{{sfn|Times of India, September 13, 2021}}

In 2001 the City of New York installed a plaque in [[Tompkins Square Park]] to mark the “Hare Krishna tree”, the [[elm]] under which Prabhupada and his early followers first began chanting the ''Hare Krishna mantra'' in 1966.{{sfn|Tompkins Square Park |1966}}
[[File:TompkinsHareKrishnaTree.JPG|left|thumb|280x280px|The plaque near the Hare Krishna Tree in [[Tompkins Square Park]], New York.]]

=== Schools ===

Various ISKCON-related schools and other institutions have been named after Srila Prabhupada, including the Bhaktivedanta Research Centre in Kolkata, which holds a full collection of the works of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati as well as publications from the first twenty years of the Gaudiya Math.{{sfn|Sardella|2019|pp=85–86}}

=== Roads ===

In 1978 a prominent entrance road into Vrindavan was named Bhaktivedanta Swami Marg after Prabhupada.{{sfn|Pandey|2019}}

== Bibliography ==

=== Translations with commentary ===

* Bhagavad-gītā As It Is, {{ISBN|9780892131341}}
* Srimad-Bhagavatam (Bhagavata Purana) (multiple volumes) {{ISBN|9789177693000}} (completed by disciples)
* Śrī Īśopaniṣad, {{ISBN|9780892131389}}
* Sri Caitanya-caritamrta (multiple volumes), {{ISBN|9780947259068}}
* The Nectar of Instruction, {{ISBN|9780912776859}}

=== Summary studies ===

* Teachings of Lord Caitanya, {{ISBN|9780912776088}}
* Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead (multiple volumes), {{ISBN|9780892133338}}
* The Nectar of Devotion, {{ISBN|9780912776057}}

=== Other books ===

* Easy Journey to Other Planets (1990), {{ISBN|9780912776101}}
* The Perfection of Yoga, {{ISBN|9780912776361}}
* Beyond Birth and Death, {{ISBN|9780912776415}}
* On the Way to Kṛṣṇa, {{ISBN|9780912776392}}
* Rājā-vidyā: The King of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-1602930094}}
* Elevation to Kṛṣṇa Consciousness, {{ISBN|9780912776439}}
* Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Matchless Gift, {{ISBN|9780912776613}}
* Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Topmost Yoga System, {{ISBN|9780912776118}}
* Perfect Questions, Perfect Answers, {{ISBN|9780912776620}}
* Teachings of Lord Kapila, the Son of Devahūtī, {{ISBN|9789383095988}}
* The Science of Self-Realization, {{ISBN|9781845990398}}

=== Posthumously published ===

* Mukunda-mala-stotra: The Prayers of King Kulasekhara, {{ISBN|9780892132751}} (completed by disciples)
* Narada-bhakti-sutra, {{ISBN|9780892132737}} (completed by disciples)
* Light of the Bhagavata, {{ISBN|9789171492678}}
* Message of Godhead, {{ISBN|9780892132997}}
* Renunciation Through Wisdom, {{ISBN|9780947259044}}
* Beyond Illusion and Doubt, {{ISBN|9780892133369}}
* Teachings of Queen Kunti, {{ISBN|9780892131020}}
* Civilization And Transcendence, {{ISBN|9780892132980}}
* Dharma, The Way Of Transcendence, {{ISBN|9780892133260}}
* Kṛṣṇa, the Reservoir of Pleasure, {{ISBN|9780892131495}}
* The Path of Perfection, {{ISBN|9789382176510}}
* The Quest for Enlightenment, {{ISBN|9780892132928}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|20em}}
==References==
=== Academic and documentary ===
{{refbegin|30em}}

*{{citation
|last = Anderson
|first = John
|title = The Hare Krishna Movement in the USSR
|journal = Religion in Communist Lands
|volume = 14
|issue = 3
|year = 1986
|publisher = Puebla Institute
|pages = 316-317
|isbn = 978-0945102038
|doi = 10.1080/09637498608431277
}}
}}
* {{cite book

|title=Bhakti-ratna-boli
*{{citation
|language=bn
|last1 = Anuttama Dasa
|last2 = Mukunda Goswami
|author2-link = Mukunda Goswami
|chapter = On Staying in ISKCON: Personal Story IV
|pages = 404-415
|editor1-last = Bryant
|editor1-first = Edwin F.
|editor1-link = Edwin Bryant (Indologist)
|editor2-last = Ekstrand
|editor2-first = Maria L.
|title = The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant
|year = 2004
|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
|place = New York
|isbn = 978-0231122566
}}
}}


===Translations with commentary===
*{{citation
* {{cite book
|editor-last = Asher
|title=Srimad Bhagwatam
|editor-first = Catherine
|volume=3 vols.
|title = Reference Encyclopaedia India 2001
|location=Delhi
|volume = 1
|publisher=League of Devotees
|year = 1995
|date=1962–1965
|publisher = South Asia Publications
|lccn=sa64001457
|place = Columbia, MO
|oclc=64215631
|isbn = 9780945921424
}}
}}
* {{cite Q|Q854700|display-translators=0
|location=New York
*{{citation
|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]
|last = Baird
|first = Robert D.
|editor-last = Neville
|editor-first = Robert C.
|title = Swami Bhaktivedanta and the Bhagavadgita As It is
|work = Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavadgita
|series = SUNY Series in Religious Studies
|pages = 200-221
|publisher = [[State University of New York Press]]
|publication-date= 15 October 1986
|place = Albany, NY
|url = https://archive.org/details/modernindianinte0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up
|isbn = 9780887062971
}}
}}
* {{cite Q|Q108771214|display-translators=0
|location=Boston, Mass.
*{{citation
|publisher=ISKCON Books
|last = Baird
|first = Robert D.
|title = The Response of Swami Bhaktivedanta
|work = Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism
|editor1-last = Coward
|editor1-first = Harold G.
|publisher = [[State University of New York Press]]
|place = Albany, NY
|year = 1987
|isbn = 9780887065729
|url = https://archive.org/details/modernindianresp0000unse_a2y9
}}
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam}}
*{{citation
|last = Baird
|volume=30 vols.
|location=New York
|first = Robert D.
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|title = ISKCON and the Struggle for Legitimation
|date=1972–1977
|journal = Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library
|lccn=73169353
|year = 1988
|issue = 3 #70
|pages = 157-170
|issn = 0301-102X
|url = https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/journals/bjrl/70/3/article-p157.xml
}}
}}
* {{cite Q|Q108771289|display-translators=0
|volume=17 vols.
*{{citation
|location=New York
|last = Basham
|date=1973–1975
|first = Arthur L.
|author-link = Arthur Llewellyn Basham
|title = Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West
|editor-last = Gelberg
|editor-first = Steven J.
|year = 1983
|publisher = [[Grove Press]]
|pages = 162-195
|isbn = 9780394624549
|url = https://archive.org/details/harekrishnaharek00gelb
}}
}}
* {{cite book
|title=[[Upadesamrta|The Nectar of Instruction]]
*{{citation
|last = Beck
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|first = Guy L.
|date=1975
|title = Gaudiya Vaishnavism and ISKCON: An Anthology of Scholarly Perspectives
|lccn=75039755
|editor-last = Rosen
|editor-first = Steven J.
|editor-link = Steven J. Rosen
|publisher = Rasbhiharilal and Sons
|place = Vrindavana
|pages = 459-472
|year = 2007
|isbn = 9788184030297
|url = https://archive.org/details/GVAndISKCON
}}
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Teachings of Lord Kapila, the Son of Devahūtī}}
*{{citation
|location=New York
|last = Beckford
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|first = James A.
|date=1977
|title = Cult Controversies: The Societal Response to the New Religious Movements
|lccn=77011077
|publisher = [[Tavistock Publications]]
|place = London, New York
|year = 1985
|isbn = 9780422796309
|url = https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/144078338602200319
}}
}}
*{{citation
|last1 = Berg
|first1 = Travis Vande
|last2 = Kniss
|first2 = Fred
|year = 2008
|title = ISKCON and Immigrants: The Rise, Decline, and Rise Again of a New Religious Movement
|journal = [[The Sociological Quarterly]]
|volume = 49
|number = 1
|pages = 79-104
|doi = 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00107.x
}}
*{{citation
|last = Bhat
|first = N. Suman
|title = Torch-Bearers of Krishna Cult
|year = 2005
|publisher = Sura Books
|isbn = 9788174785428
}}
*{{citation
|editor1-last = Bromley
|editor1-first = David G.
|editor1-link = David G. Bromley
|editor2-last = Shinn
|editor2-first = Larry
|editor2-link = Larry Shinn
|title = Krishna Consciousness in the West
|edition = First
|place = Lewisburg, PA
|publisher = [[Associated University Presses]]
|year = 1989
|isbn = 9780838751442
|url = https://archive.org/details/krishnaconscious0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up
}}
*{{citation
|last1 = Bromley
|first1 = David G.
|author-link = David G. Bromley
|last2 = Shupe
|first2 = Anson D.
|author2-link = Anson D. Shupe
|title = Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare
|publisher = [[Beacon Press]]
|place = Boston, MA
|year = 1981
|isbn = 9780807032565
|url = https://archive.org/details/strangegodsgreat00brom
}}
*{{citation
|last = Broo
|first = Måns
|year = 2006
|title = Bhaktivedanta Swami’s rhetoric of violence
|journal = Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis
|volume = 19
|pages = 38–50
|doi = 10.30674/scripta.67299
}}
*{{citation
|last = Brooks
|first = Charles R.
|title = The Hare Krishnas in India
|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]
|year = 1989
|place = Princeton, NJ
|isbn = 9780691000312
|url = https://archive.org/details/harekrishnasinin00broo
}}
*{{citation
|last = Brown
|first = Cheever
|year = 2020
|title = Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts
|publisher = [[Springer]]
|isbn = 9783030373405
|url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/Asian_Religious_Responses_to_Darwinism/atQPEAAAQBAJ
}}
*{{citation
|last = Brown
|first = Sara Black
|year = 2021
|title = From Meditation to Bliss: Achieving the Heights of Progressive Spiritual Energy through Kirtan Singing in American Gaudiya Vaishnava Hinduism
|journal = Religions
|volume = 12
|issue = 8
|pages = 600
|doi = 10.3390/rel12080600
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{citation
|last = Penprase
|first = Bryan E.
|date = 5 May 2017
|title = The Power of Stars
|publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]
|pages = 137
|isbn = 9783319525976
|url = https://archive.org/details/powerofstars0000penp
}}
*{{citation
|editor-last = Bryant
|editor-first = Edwin
|editor-link = Edwin Bryant (Indologist)
|editor2-last = Ekstrand
|editor2-first = Maria
|title = The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant
|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
|year = 2004
|isbn = 978-0231122566
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC
}}
*{{citation
|editor-last = Bryant
|editor-first = Edwin
|editor-link = Edwin Bryant (Indologist)
|title = Krishna: A Sourcebook
|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
|year = 2007
|url = https://ia600100.us.archive.org/29/items/Pushtimarg/Bryant_Edwin_F._%28editor%29_-_Krishna__A_Sourcebook.pdf
|isbn = 978-0-19-514891-6
}}
*{{citation
|translator-last = Bryant
|translator-first = Edwin
|translator-link = Edwin Bryant (Indologist)
|title = Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Śrīmad Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Book X
|publisher = Penguin Book Classics
|year = 2003
|isbn = 978-0140447996
}}
*{{citation
|last = Burr
|first = Angela
|year = 1984
|title = I am Not My Body
|publisher = Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd
|place = New Delhi
|isbn = 9780706922967
|url = https://archive.org/details/iamnotmybodystud0000burr
}}
*{{citation
|last = Burt
|first = Angela
|title = An Uncertain Future: The Crisis of Succession in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness
|editor-last = Knott
|editor-first = Kim
|editor2-last = Francis
|editor2-first = M.
|work = Innovation, Violence and Paralysis: How do Minority Religions Cope with Uncertainty?
|year = 2020
|publisher = [[Routledge]]
|location = London
|pages = 88–90
|doi = 10.4324/9781315595542
|isbn = 9781315595542
}}


===Summary studies===
*{{citation
{{Vaishnavism}}
|last = Burt
* {{cite book
|first = Angela
|title=Teachings of Lord Caitanya, a treatise on factual spiritual life
|year = 2023
|location=New York
|title = Hare Krishna in the Twenty First Century
|publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
|publisher=[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]
|date=1968
|isbn = 9781009079150
|lccn=68029320
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=me7QEAAAQBAJ
}}
}}
* {{cite Q|Q4205088|display-authors=0
|title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead}}
*{{citation
|volume=2 vols.
|last = Čargonja
|first = H.
|location=Boston, Mass.
|publisher=ISKCON Press
|year = 2022
|title = Realisations, Arrangements, and Ecstasies: Narratives of Religious Experience in the Hare Kṛṣṇa Movement
|journal = [[Journal of Hindu Studies]]
|volume = 15
|issue = 2
|pages = 121–47
|doi = 10.1093/jhs/hiac005
}}
}}
* {{cite book
|title=The Nectar of Devotion: The Complete Science of Bhakti-yoga
*{{citation
|location=New York
|last1 = Castleman
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|first1 = Harry
|date=1970
|last2 = Podrazik
|lccn=78118082
|first2 = Walter J.
|title = All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975
|publisher = [[Ballantine Books]]
|year = 1976
|isbn = 9780345256805
}}
*{{citation
|last = Chatterjee
|first = Debayudh
|title = After Inner Moonlight: Ginsberg’s Involvement with the Hare Krishna Movement
|journal = The Web Log of the Jadavpur University Society for American Studies
|year = 2013
|url = https://jusasonline.wordpress.com/2013/08/31/following-inner-moonlight-ginsbergs-involvement-with-the-hare-krishna-movement/
}}
*{{citation
|last = Chryssides
|first = George D.
|author-link = George Chryssides
|title = Exploring New Religions
|publisher = [[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]]
|year = 1999
|isbn = 9780826459596
|url = https://archive.org/details/exploringnewreli0000chry/
}}
*{{citation
|last = Cox
|first = Harvey
|author-link = Harvey Cox
|title = Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West
|editor1-last = Gelberg
|editor1-first = Steven J.
|year = 1983
|pages = 21-60
|publisher = [[Grove Press]]
|isbn = 9780394624549
|url = https://archive.org/details/harekrishnaharek00gelb
}}
*{{citation
|last = Daner
|first = Francine Jeanne
|title = The American Children of Krsna: A Study of the Hare Krsna Movement
|publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]
|year = 1976
|isbn = 9780030135460
|url = https://archive.org/details/americanchildren0000dane
}}
*{{citation
|last = Rahul Peter Das
|author-link = Rahul Peter Das
|title = ‘Vedic’ in the Terminology of Prabhupāda and His Followers
|journal = [[Journal of Vaiṣṇava Studies]]
|volume = 6
|issue = 2
|pages = 141–159
|year = March-April 1998
}}
*{{citation
|last = Lakshmi Nrsimha Dasa
|title = Book Review of The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant
|journal = [[Journal of Vaishnava Studies]]
|volume = 13
|number = 1
|year = 2004
}}
*{{citation
|last = Ravindra Svarupa Dasa
|author-link = Ravindra Svarupa Dasa
|chapter = The Devotee and the Deity: Living a Personalistic Theology
|editor1-last = Waghorne
|editor1-first = Joanne Punzo
|editor2-last = Cutler
|editor2-first = Norman
|title = Gods of Flesh; Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India
|publisher = Anima Publications
|place = Chambersburg
|year = 1985
|isbn = 9780890120378
}}
*{{citation
|last = Davis
|first = Richard N.
|title = The Bhagavad Gita: A Biography
|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]
|place = New Jersey
|year = 2015
|isbn = 9780691139968
|url = https://archive.org/details/bhagavadgitabiog0000davi
}}
*{{citation
|last = De Backer
|first = Luc
|title = Conversion and Ritualisation: an Analysis of How Westerners Enter the International Society for Krishna Consciousness and Assimilate its Values and Practices
|publisher = [[ProQuest]]
|place = Ann Arbor
|year = 2016
|url = https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/654/1/_De_Backer%2C%20Luc.%20Conversion.pdf
}}
*{{citation
|last = Deadwyler
|first = William
|chapter = Patterns in ISKCON Historical Self Perception
|editor1-last = Bromley
|editor1-first = David G.
|editor1-link = David G. Bromley
|editor2-last = Shinn
|editor2-first = Larry
|editor2-link = Larry Shinn
|title = Krishna Consciousness in the West
|edition = First
|place = Lewisburg, PA
|publisher = [[Associated University Presses]]
|year = 1989
|isbn = 9780838751442
|url = https://archive.org/details/krishnaconscious0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up
}}
*{{citation
|last = Desai
|first = Krishnakant
|last2 = Awatramami
|first2 = Sunil
|last3 = Madhu Pandit Das
|chapter = The No Change in ISKCON Paradigm
|pages = 194-213
|editor1-last = Bryant
|editor1-first = Edwin
|editor1-link = Edwin Bryant (Indologist)
|editor2-last = Ekstrand
|editor2-first = Maria
|title = The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant
|place = New York
|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
|year = 2004
|isbn = 978-0231122566
|url = https://content.iskcon.org/icj/11/11-book.html
}}
*{{citation
|editor-last = Dwyer
|editor-first = Graham
|editor2-last = Cole
|editor2-first = Richard J.
|title = Hare Krishna in the Modern World
|place = United Kingdom
|publisher = [[Arktos Media]]
|year = 2013
|isbn = 978-1907166471
}}
*{{citation
|editor-last = Dwyer
|editor-first = Graham
|editor2-last = Cole
|editor2-first = Richard J.
|title = The Hare Krishna Movement: Forty Years of Chant and Change
|place = London
|publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]]
|year = 2007
|isbn = 978-1845114077
|url = https://archive.org/details/harekrishnamovem0000unse
}}
*{{citation
|last = Dwyer
|first = Graham
|title = Krishna Prasadam: The Transformative Power of Sanctified Food in the Krishna Consciousness Movement
|journal = Religions of South Asia
|volume = 4.1
|place = London
|publisher = [[Equinox Publishing]]
|year = 2010
|issn = 1751-2689
|eissn = 1751-2697
|doi = 10.1558/rosa.v4i1.89
}}
}}


===Discography===
*{{citation
* {{cite AV media
|last = Eck
|title=Krishna Consciousness
|first = Diana L.
|type=12 in. [[LP record]]
|author-link = Diana L. Eck
|location=New York, NY
|title = Kṛṣṇa Consciousness in Historical Perspective
|publisher=Happening Records
|work = Back to Godhead magazine
|date=1966
|publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
|oclc=11402285
|volume = 14
|id=[https://www.discogs.com/A-C-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Krishna-Consciousness/release/2706370 CA2210]
|issue = 10
}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|title=The Happening Album: "Krishna Consciousness" {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/the-happening-album-krishna-consciousness/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedantas|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128135346/http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/the-happening-album-krishna-consciousness/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|year = 1979
* {{cite AV media
|url = https://back2godhead.com/krsna-consciousness-historical-perspective/
|title=Govinda
}}
|type=12 in. [[LP record]]
|location=Los Angeles, CA
*{{citation
|publisher=Golden Avatar Productions
|last = Emmott
|first = D.H.
|date=1973
|lccn=94748438
|title = Alexander Duff and the Foundation of Modern Education in India
|oclc=12622399
|journal = [[British Journal of Educational Studies]]
|id=[https://www.discogs.com/AC-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Prabhupada-Govinda/release/2734043 GOPI-108]
|volume = 13
}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|title=Gopinatha single, Govinda LP {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/gopinatha-single-govinda-lp/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedantas|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926141715/http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/gopinatha-single-govinda-lp/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|number = 2
* {{cite AV media
|year = 1965
|title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa Meditation}}
|pages = 160-169
|type=2 x 12 in. [[LP record]]s
|doi = 10.1080/00071005.1965.9973133
|location=Germany
}}
|publisher=Radha Krsna Productions
|date=1974
*{{citation
|oclc=17247069
|last = Fahy
|id=[https://www.discogs.com/AC-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Prabhupada-Krsna-Meditation/release/2580755 RKP-1005]
|first = John
}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|title=KRSNA Meditation Album {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/krsna-meditation-album/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedanta|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307115147/http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/krsna-meditation-album/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|title = Between Heaven and a Hard Place: Inhabiting the Space Between an Enchanted Past and a Utopian Future
|journal = The Unfamiliar, and Anthropological Journal
|volume = 4
|number = 1
|year = 2014
|url = http://journals.ed.ac.uk/unfamiliar/article/view/1113
|doi = 10.2218/unfamiliar.v4i1.1113
}}
*{{citation
|last = Fahy
|first = John
|title = Becoming Vaishnava in an Ideal Vedic City
|publisher = [[Berghahn Books]]
|year = 2019
|isbn = 9781789206104
|doi = 10.2307/j.ctv1dwq1d0
|url = https://books.google.com/books/about/Becoming_Vaishnava_in_an_Ideal_Vedic_Cit.html
}}
*{{citation
|last = Farkas
|first = Judit
|title = Eco Valley or New Vraja Dham? Competing Emic Interpretations of the Hungarian Krishna Valley
|journal = Religions
|volume = 12(8)
|pages = 622
|doi = 10.3390/rel12080622
|doi-access=free
|year = 2021
}}
*{{citation
|author-last = Gallagher
|author-first = Eugene V.
|author-link = Eugene V. Gallagher
|author2-last = Willsky-Ciollo
|author2-first = Lydia
|title = New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World (in 2 vols.)
|publisher = [[ABC-Clio|ABC-CLIO]]
|year = 15 February 2021
|url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/New_Religions/ZETPEAAAQBAJ
|isbn = 9781440862366
}}


===Other works===
*{{citation
* {{cite book
|last = Gallagher
|title=[[Back to Godhead]] (magazine)
|first = Eugene V.
|date=1944–1966
|title = The New Religious Movements Experience in America
|lccn=45002240
|publisher = [[Greenwood Press]]
}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Popular Religious Magazines of the United States |year=1995 |editor1-first=P. Mark |editor1-last=Fackler |editor2-first=Charles H. |editor2-last=Lippy |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] |isbn=0-313-28533-0 |pages=58–60}}</ref>
|place = Westport, CT; London
* {{cite Q|Q108770844|display-authors=0
|year = 2004
|title=Easy Journey to Other Planets (by practice of Supreme Yoga)
|series = The American Religious Experience
|location=Vrindaban, U.P. (India)
|isbn = 9780313328077
|publisher=The League of Devotees
}}
}}
* {{cite Q|Q108772725|display-authors=0
|publisher=ISKCON Press
*{{citation
|last = Gelberg
|first = Steven J.
|editor1-last = Bromley
|editor1-first = David G.
|editor1-link = David G. Bromley
|editor2-last = Shinn
|editor2-first = Larry
|editor2-link = Larry Shinn
|title = Krishna Consciousness in the West
|edition = First
|place = Lewisburg, PA
|publisher = [[Associated University Presses]]
|year = 1989
|isbn = 9780838751442
|url = https://archive.org/details/krishnaconscious0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up
}}
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa, the Reservoir of Pleasure}}
*{{citation
|location=Boston, Mass.
|last = Getz
|publisher=ISKCON Press
|first = Marshall J.
|date=1970
|title = Subhas Chandra Bose: A Biography
|isbn=0-89213-149-7
|publisher = [[McFarland]]
|oclc=1086768968
|place = Jefferson
|year = 2002
|isbn = 9780786480678
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R7iJCgAAQBAJ
}}
}}
* {{cite Q|Q108770415|display-editors=0
|isbn=0-912776-41-2
*{{citation
|last = Goldberg
|first = Philip
|title = American Veda: From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation How Indian Spirituality Changed the West
|publisher = Harmony Publishing
|place = New York
|year = 2013
|isbn = 978-0385521352
|url = https://archive.org/details/americanvedafrom0000gold
}}
}}
* {{cite Q|Q108770991

|location=New York
*{{citation
|publisher=ISKCON Press
| last = Gupta
|date=1972
| first = Akshay
| title = Constructing a Hindu Black Theology
| journal = Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies
| volume = 34
| page = 50
| year = 2021
| url = https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1796&context=jhcs
}}
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Elevation to Kṛṣṇa Consciousness}}
*{{citation
|location=New York
|last = Gupta
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|first = Akshay
|date=1973
|title = Is a Guru as Good as God? A Vedāntic Perspective
|lccn=73076635
|journal = Journal of Dharma Studies
|volume = 5
|pages = 1-13
|year = 2022
|doi = 10.1007/s42240-022-00126-5
}}
}}
* {{cite book

|title={{IAST|On the Way to Kṛṣṇa}}
*{{citation
|location=New York
|last = Gupta
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|first = Ravi M.
|date=1973
|author-link = Ravi M. Gupta
|lccn=72084842
|title = Book Review of The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant
|journal = [[ISKCON Communications Journal]]
|volume = 11
|year = 2005
|url = https://content.iskcon.org/icj/11/11-book.html
}}
}}
* {{cite book

|title={{IAST|Rāja-vidyā: The King of Knowledge}}
*{{citation
|location=New York
|last = Gupta
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|first = Ravi M.
|date=1973
|author-link = Ravi M. Gupta
|lccn=72084845
|editor-last = Flood
|editor-first = Gavin
|editor-link = Gavin Flood
|title = The Chaitanya Vaiṣṇava Vedānta of Jīva Gosvāmī: When knowledge meets devotion
|publisher = [[Routledge]]
|series = Routledge Hindu Studies
|place = New York
|year = 2007
|isbn = 9780415405485
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FRYHZ2WmIDkC
}}

*{{citation
|last = Gupta
|first = Ravi M.
|author-link = Ravi M. Gupta
|title = He is our Master: Jesus in the Thought of Swami Prabhupada
|journal = [[Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies]]
|volume = 23
|number = 1
|year = 2010
|pages = 7
|doi = 10.7825/2164-6279.1459
}}
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Matchless Gift}}
*{{citation
|location=New York
|last = Gupta
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|first = Ravi M.
|date=1974
|author-link = Ravi M. Gupta
|lccn=73076634
|last2 = Valpey
|first2 = Kenneth
|title = The Bhagavata Purana: Selected Readings
|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
|place = New York
|year = 2016
|isbn = 9780231542340
}}
}}
* {{cite book
|title=Perfect Questions, Perfect Answers
*{{citation
|location=New York
|last = Haddon
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|first = Malcolm
|date=1977
|title = Anthropological proselytism: Reflexive questions for a Hare Krishna ethnography
|lccn=74027525
|journal = [[The Australian Journal of Anthropology]]
|volume = 24
|year = 2013
|pages = 250–269
|doi = 10.1111/taja.12050
}}
}}
* {{cite Q|Q108772906
|location=New York
*{{citation
|date=1977
|last = Hopkins
|first = Thomas J.
|title = Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West
|editor-last = Gelberg
|editor-first = Steven J.
|year = 1983
|publisher = [[Grove Press]]
|pages = 101-161
|isbn = 9780394624549
|url = https://archive.org/details/harekrishnaharek00gelb
}}
}}


==References==
*{{citation
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
|last = Hopkins
|first = Thomas J.
|chapter = The Social and Religious Background for Transmission of Gaudiya Vaishnavism to the West
|editor-last = Bromley
|editor-first = David G.
|editor2-last = Shinn
|editor2-first = Larry D.
|title = Krishna Consciousness in the West
|place = Lewisburg
|publisher = [[Bucknell University Press]]
|year = 1989
|pages =35-54
|isbn = 0-8387-5144-X
|url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/Krishna_Consciousness_in_the_West/F-EuD3M2QYoC?hl
}}
*{{citation
|last = Hopkins
|first = Thomas J.
|chapter = ISKCON’s Search for Self Identity
|editor-last = Dwyer
|editor-first = Graham
|editor2-last = Cole
|editor2-first = Richard J.
|title = The Hare Krishna Movement: Forty Years of Chant and Change
|place = London
|publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]]
|year = 2007
|isbn = 978-1845114077
|url = https://archive.org/details/harekrishnamovem0000unse
}}


==Further reading==
*{{citation
<!--Only references that are actually used and cited in the article should be
|last = Hume
placed here. List only books and journals (not websites of newspaper sources).
|first = Robert Ernest
Try maintaining a standard formatting style and add ISBN numbers if possible.
|author-link = Robert Ernest Hume
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cite_sources for further details.-->
|title = Thirteen Principal Upanishads
|place = England
|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
|year = 1921
|url = https://archive.org/details/TheThirteenPrincipalUpanishads_201903
}}
*{{citation
|last = Ingalls
|first = Daniel H. H.
|author-link = Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.
|title = Krishna: Myths, Rites, and Attitudes
|editor-last = Singer
|editor-first = Milton
|editor-link = Milton Singer
|place = Chicago
|publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]]
|year = 1968
|url = https://archive.org/details/krishnamythsrite0000unse_u4w7
}}
*{{citation
|last = Ivanenko
|first = S.I.
|title = Vaishnava tradition in Russia: history and current state. Teaching and practice. Social service, charity, cultural and educational activities
|publisher = Filosofskaya Kniga
|year = 2008
|place = Moscow
|language = Russian
|isbn = 978-5-902629-41-2
}}
*{{citation
|last = Jacobsen
|first = Knut A.
|title = Hindu Diasporas
|place = United Kingdom
|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
|year = 2024
|isbn = 9780198867692
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Oj7VEAAAQBA
}}
*{{citation
|last = Johnson
|first = Gregory
|chapter = The Hare Krishnas in San Francisco
|title = The New Religious Consciousness
|editor-last = Glock
|editor-first = Charles Y.
|editor-link = Charles Y. Glock
|editor2-last = Bellah
|editor2-first = Robert N.
|editor2-link = Robert N. Bellah
|place = Berkeley; Los Angeles
|publisher = [[University of California Press]]
|year = 1976
|isbn = 9780520030831
|url = https://archive.org/details/newreligiouscons0000unse
}}
*{{citation
|last = Jones
|first = Constance A.
|title = Encyclopedia of Hinduism
|place = New York
|publisher = [[Infobase Publishing]]
|year = 2007
|pages = 77–78
|isbn = 978-0-8160-5458-9
|url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-of-hinduism_202104
}}
*{{citation
|last = Judah
|first = J. Stillson
|title = Hare Krishna and the Counterculture
|place = New York
|publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]]
|year = 1974
|isbn = 9780471452003
|url = https://archive.org/details/harekrishnacount0000juda/page/n5/mode/2up
}}
*{{citation
|last = Kapoor
|first = O.B.L.
|title = The Philosophy and Religion of Sri Chaitanya: The Philosophical Background of the Hare Krishna Movement
|place = New Delhi
|publisher = [[Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers]]
|year = 1976
|isbn = 9788121502757
|url = https://archive.org/details/UnqV_the-philosophy-and-religion-of-sri-chaitanya-by-o-b-l-kapoor-munshiram-manoharlal-publications
}}
*{{citation
|last = Karapanagiotis
|first = Nicole
|title = Branding Bhakti: Krishna Consciousness and the Makeover of a Movement
|place = Bloomington
|publisher = [[Indiana University Press]]
|year = 2021
|isbn = 9780253054890
|url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/Branding_Bhakti/Gc1tzQEACAAJ?hl=ru
}}
*{{citation
|last = Kent
|first = Stephen А.
|author-link = Stephen A. Kent
|title = From Slogans to Mantras: Social Protest and Religious Conversion in the Late Vietnam War Era
|place = Syracuse, NY
|publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]]
|year = 2001
|isbn = 9780815629238
|url = https://archive.org/details/fromsloganstoman0000kent
}}
*{{citation
|last = Ketola
|first = Kimmo
|title = The Founder of the Hare Krishnas as Seen by Devotees: A Cognitive Study of Religious Charisma
|place = Leiden
|publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]]
|year = 2008
|volume = 120
|series = [[Numen (journal)|Numen]]
|isbn = 9789047433262
|url = https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=2j-wCQAAQBAJ
}}
*{{citation
|last = King
|first = Anna S.
|title = Krishna’s Cows: ISKCON’s Animal Theology and Practice
|journal = [[Journal of Animal Ethics]]
|volume = 2
|issue = 2
|date = 2012a
|pages = 179-204
|publisher = [[University of Illinois Press]]
|doi = 10.5406/janimalethics.2.2.0179
}}
*{{citation
|last = King
|first = Anna S.
|title = Krishna's prasadam: “Eating our way back to Godhead”
|journal = Material Religion: The Journal of Objects, Art and Belief
|volume = 8
|issue = 4
|pages = 440–465
|year = 2012b
|doi = 10.2752/175183412X13522006994773
}}
*{{citation
|last = Klostermaier
|first = Klaus K.
|author-link = Klaus Klostermaier
|title = Bhakti, Ahimsa, and Ecology
|journal = [[Journal of Dharma]]
|volume = 16
|issue = 3
|date = July-September 1991
|pages = 246–254
|issn = 0253-7222
|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-dharma_1991_16_index/
}}

*{{citation
|last = Klostermaier
|first = Klaus K.
|author-link = Klaus Klostermaier
|title = Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide
|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]
|year = 1998
|isbn = 9781851685387
|url = https://archive.org/details/hinduismbeginner0000klos
}}
*{{citation
|last = Klostermaier
|first = Klaus K.
|author-link = Klaus Klostermaier
|title = Hinduism: A Short History
|place = Oxford, UK
|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications|Oneworld]]
|year = 2000
|pages = 342
|isbn = 9781851682133
|url = https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos
}}

*{{citation
|last = Klostermaier
|first = Klaus K.
|author-link = Klaus Klostermaier
|title = A Survey of Hinduism
|edition = 3rd
|place = Albany, NY
|publisher = [[State University of New York Press]]
|year = 2007
|isbn = 9780791470824
|url = https://archive.org/details/surveyofhinduism0003klos
}}

*{{citation
|last = Knott
|first = Kim
|chapter = Healing the Heart of ISKCON: The Place of Women
|pages = 291-311
|editor-last = Bryant
|editor-first = Edwin F.
|editor-link = Edwin Bryant (Indologist)
|editor2-last = Ekstrand
|editor2-first = Maria L.
|title = The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant
|place = New York
|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
|year = 2004
|isbn = 978-0231122566
|url = https://content.iskcon.org/icj/11/11-book.html
}}
*{{citation
|last = Knott
|first = Kim
|title = Insider and Outsider Perceptions of Prabhupada
|journal = [[ISKCON Communications Journal]]
|volume = 5
|issue = 1
|date = 1997
|url = https://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1knott.html
|access-date = October 14, 2023
}}
*{{citation
|last = Knott
|first = Kim
|title = Insider and Outsider Perceptions of Prabhupada
|journal = [[Journal of Vaishnava Studies]]
|volume = 6
|issue = 2
|pages = 73-91
|date = March-April 1998
|url = https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/53276
}}
*{{citation
|last = Knott
|first = Kim
|title = The Debate About Women In The Hare Krishna Movement
|journal = [[ISKCON Communications Journal]]
|volume = 3
|issue = 2
|date = December 1995
|url = https://content.iskcon.org/icj/3_2/3_2knott.html
|access-date = 22 October 2023
}}
*{{citation
|last = Knott
|first = Kim
|title = My Sweet Lord: The Hare Krishna Movement
|place = Wellingborough, UK
|publisher = Aquarian Press
|year = 1986
|isbn = 9780850304329
|url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/My_Sweet_Lord/23_XAAAAMAAJ
}}
*{{citation
|last = Kotovsky
|first = G. G.
|title = My meeting with Srila Prabhupada
|journal = Vaishnavism: Open Forum
|volume = 1
|date = 1997
|pages = 109–114
|language = Russian
}}
*{{citation
|last = Lavezzoli
|first = Peter
|title = The Dawn of Indian Music in the West
|place = New York; London
|publisher = [[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]]
|year = 2006
|isbn = 9780826418159
|url = https://archive.org/details/dawnofindianmusi0000lave
}}
*{{citation
|last = Lestar
|first = Tamas
|author2-last = Böhm
|author2-first = Steffen
|title = Ecospirituality and sustainability transitions: agency towards degrowth
|journal = Religion, State and Society
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|editor2-first = Maria L.
|title = The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant
|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
|place = New York, NY
|year = 2004
|isbn = 978-0231122566
|url = https://content.iskcon.org/icj/11/11-book.html
}}
*{{citation
|last = Valpey
|first = Kenneth
|title = Attending Krsna’s Image: Caitanya Vaisnava murti-seva as Devotional Truth
|publisher = [[Routledge]]
|place = New York, NY
|year = 2006
|isbn = 9780415383943
|url = https://archive.org/details/attendingkrsnasi0000valp
}}
*{{citation
|last = White
|first = Charles S. J.
|title = A Catalogue of Vaishnava Literature on Microfilms in the Adyar Library
|publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]]
|place = Delhi
|year = 2004
|isbn = 9788120820678
|url = https://archive.org/details/catalogueofvaisn0000unse
}}
*{{citation
|last = Wolf
|first = David
|chapter = Child Abuse and the Hare Krishnas: History and Response
|pages = 321-344
|editor-last = Bryant
|editor-first = Edwin F.
|editor-link = Edwin Bryant (Indologist)
|editor2-last = Ekstrand
|editor2-first = Maria L.
|title = The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant
|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
|place = New York
|year = 2004
|isbn = 978-0231122566
|url = https://content.iskcon.org/icj/11/11-book.html
}}
*{{citation
|last = Zeller
|first = Benjamin E.
|title = Prophets and Protons: New Religious Movements and Science in Late Twentieth-Century America
|publisher = [[New York University Press]]
|place = New York; London
|year = 2010
|series = The New and Alternative Religions Series
|isbn = 9780814797211
|url = https://archive.org/details/prophetsprotonsn0000zell
}}
*{{citation
|last = Zeller
|first = Benjamin E.
|chapter = Food Practices, Culture, and Social Dynamics in the Hare Krishna Movement
|editor-last = Hammer
|editor-first = Olav
|title = Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production
|pages = 681–702
|year = 2012
|doi = 10.1163/9789004226487_028
}}

*{{citation
|last = Zeller
|first = Benjamin E.
|chapter = The Hare Krishna Look: ISKCON Adornment as Religious Activism
|editor-last = Zeller
|editor-first = Benjamin E.
|editor2-last = Dallam
|editor2-first = Marie W.
|title = Religion, Attire, and Adornment in North America
|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
|pages = 295-319
|year = 2023
|isbn = 9780231555548
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PI-WEAAAQBAJ
}}

{{refend}}

=== Media ===
==== News ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book

| last = Goswami
*{{citation
| first = Satsvarupa dasa
|last = Banerjee
|first = Sudeshna
| year = 2002
| author-link = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami
|title = Birthplace of Gaudiya Mission and Iskcon reopens as a temple-cum-museum: The single-storeyed stucture spread over eight cottahs at Gauribari Lane off Raja Dinendra Street
| title = Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta Vol 1–2
|newspaper = [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]
| publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|date = 25 February 2022
| location = [[Los Angeles]]
|url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/birthplace-of-gaudiya-mission-and-iskcon-reopens-as-a-temple-cum-museum/cid/1853393
| edition = 2nd
| isbn = 0-89213-357-0
}}
}}
* {{cite book

| last1 = Ekstrand
*{{citation
|last = BBC
| first1 = Maria
| last2 = Bryant
|title = BBC News – Americas – Krishnas to file for bankruptcy
| first2 = Edwin H.
|work = [[BBC|BBC UK]]
| year = 2004
|date = 8 February 2002
| title = The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant
|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/americas/18082852
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| location = New York
| isbn = 0-231-12256-X
}}
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Rhodes
*{{citation
|last = Berkeley
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| year = 2001
|title = Hare Krishna! A San Francisco Śrīla Prabhupāda Pilgrimage
| title = The challenge of the cults and new religions
|website = Berkeley Art and Interreligious Pilgrimage Project
| publisher = Zondervan
|date = 5 January 2023
| location = Grand Rapids, Mich
|url = https://pilgrimage.gtu.edu/pilgrimage/hare-krishna-a-san-francisco-srila-prabhupada-pilgrimage-2/
| isbn = 0-310-23217-1
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}}
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|first = Alexander
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|date = 28 November 2011
| year = 2005
|title = Krishna Holy Book Faces Ban in Tomsk
| title = Cults (contemporary world issues)
|work = [[The Moscow Times|Moscow Times]]
| publisher = ABC-CLIO
|url = https://themoscowtimes.com/news/krishna-holy-book-faces-ban-in-tomsk-11391
| location = Santa Barbara, Calif
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111226060418/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/krishna-holy-book-faces-ban-in-tomsk-11391
| isbn = 1-85109-618-3
|archive-date = 26 December 2011
}}
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Cole
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|last = Corley
| first1 = Richard
|first = Felix
| last2 = Dwayer
| first2 = Graham
|date = 5 January 2012
| year = 2007
|title = RUSSIA: Has "madness" of banning religious publications been stopped?
| title = The Hare Krishna movement: forty years of chant and change
|work = [[Forum 18]]
| publisher = I. B. Tauris
|url = https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1656
| location = London
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120324084058/https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1656
| isbn = 978-1-84511-407-7
|archive-date = 24 March 2012
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}}
* {{cite book
| last = Goswami
*{{citation
| first = Satsvarupa dasa
|last = Garga Samhita
| year = 1984
|title = Verse 1.2.28 [Garga Samhita]
| edition = abr
|website = Wisdom Library; The portal for Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Jainism, Mesopotamia etc...
| author-link = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami
|date = 16 July 2022
| title = Prabhupada: he built a house in which the whole world can live
|url = https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/garga-samhita-english/d/doc1122607.html
| publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|access-date = 22 October 2023
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| isbn = 0-89213-133-0
}}
}}
* {{cite book

| editor-last = Gelberg
*{{citation
| editor-first = Steven J
|last = Goodstein
|first = Laurie
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|title = Hare Krishna Movement Details Past Abuse at Its Boarding Schools
| title = Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: five distinguished scholars on the Krishna movement in the West.
| author=Harvey Cox
|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
| author2=Larry D. Shinn
|date = 9 October 1998
| author3=Thomas J. Hopkins
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/09/us/hare-krishna-movement-details-past-abuse-at-its-boarding-schools.html
| author4=A.L. Basham
|access-date = 6 February 2024
| author5=Shrivatsa Goswami
| location = New York
| publisher = Grove Press
| ref = {{sfnRef|Cox et al.|1983}} }}
* {{cite book
| last = Klostermaier
| first = Klaus K.
| author-link = Klaus Klostermaier
| year = 2000
| title = Hinduism: a short history
| location = Oxford
| publisher = Oneworld Publications
| isbn = 1-85168-213-9
| url = https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos
}}
}}
* {{cite book

| last = Klostermaier
*{{citation
|last = Hanz
| first = Klaus K
| author-link = Klaus Klostermaier
|first = Joyce
| year = 2007
|title = Daycation: Palace of Gold in West Virginia on National Register of Historic Places
| edition = 3rd
|publisher = TribLIVE
| title = A survey of Hinduism
|date = 8 January 2023
| location = New York
|url = https://triblive.com/local/valley-news-dispatch/daycation-palace-of-gold-in-west-virginia-on-national-register-of-historic-places/
| isbn = 978-0-7914-7081-7
|access-date = 27 February 2024
| publisher = State University of New York Press
}}
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Bhaktivedanta Swami
*{{citation
| first = A. C.
|last = Jaisinghani
|first = Bella
| year = 2003
| title = The Science of self-realization
|title = Iskcon founder's journey to west completes 50 years
|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
| location = [[Los Angeles]]
|place = Mumbai
| isbn = 91-7149-447-2
|date = 13 August 2015
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/iskcon-founders-journey-to-west-completes-50-years/articleshow/48460372.cms
}}
}}
* {{cite journal

| last = Shinn
*{{citation
|last = Jenkins
| first = Larry D
| author-link = Larry Shinn
|first = Mark
| editor-last = Bromley
|title = ‘Hare Krishna!’ takes an uncritical look at a controversial spiritual movement and its leader
| editor-first = David G
|date = 13 July 2017
| editor-link = David G. Bromley
|work = [[The Washington Post]]
| year = 1987
|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/hare-krishna-takes-an-uncritical-look-at-a-controversial-spiritual-movement-and-its-leader/2017/07/13/1b80eb62-6324-11e7-8adc-fea80e32bf47_story.html
| title = The future of an old man's vision. ISKCON in the twenty-first century
|access-date = 9 February 2024
| journal = The Future of New Religious Movements
| pages = 123–140
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NHNeOx8UZJYC&q=New+Vrindavan%5D%5D+in+West+Virginia&pg=PA123
| ref = CITEREFShinnBromley1987
| isbn = 978-0-86554-238-9
| access-date = 25 October 2020
| archive-date = 22 April 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165944/https://books.google.com/books?id=NHNeOx8UZJYC&q=New+Vrindavan%5D%5D+in+West+Virginia&pg=PA123
| url-status = live
}}
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Knott
*{{citation
|last = Kazmin
| first = Kim
| year = 1997
|first = Amy Louise
| title = Insider and outsider perceptions of Prabhupada
|title = The Hare Krishnas caught up with me in New Delhi
| journal = [[ISKCON Communications Journal]]
|date = 25 April 1998
| pages = 5: 1
|newspaper = [[Financial Times]]
| url = http://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1knott.html
|url = https://archive.org/stream/FinancialTimes1998UKEnglish/Apr%2025%201998%2C%20Financial%20Times%2C%20%2325%2C%20UK%20%28en%29_djvu.txt
| access-date = 26 November 2011
|quote = At the ceremony, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] praised devotees for their work towards 'the globalisation of the Gita'. He cited the rapid spread of the movement as proof of 'the disillusionment of leading western minds' with 'materialist ideologies that are incapable of satisfying the real needs of man'. For the Hare Krishnas, long dismissed as fringe weirdos, it was the ultimate stamp of legitimacy.
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
}}
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212259/http://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1knott.html

| url-status = live
*{{citation
|last = Kenigsberg
|first = Ben
|title = Summer Movie Release Schedule 2017 (English)
|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
|date = 5 May 2017
}}
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Knott
*{{citation
| first = Kim
|last = LA Times
| year = 2005
|newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| contribution = Insider/outsider perspectives in the study of religions
|title = Hare Krishnas Say Suit Spurs Bankruptcy Filing
| title = The Routledge companion to the study of religion
|date = 6 March 2016
| publisher = Routledge
|url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-feb-09-me-chbrief9.2-story.html
| editor-first = John
|access-date = 7 February 2024
| editor-last = Hinnells
| page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=XmRGuH6eopMC&pg=PA243 243]
| isbn = 978-0-415-33311-5
}}
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Shinn
*{{citation
|last = Maurya
| first = Larry D.
| author-link = Larry Shinn
|first = Abhai
| year = 1987
|date = 22 December 2011
|title = Russians kick up an unholy row over holy book
| title = The dark lord: cult images and the Hare Krishnas in America
| publisher = Philadelphia: Westminster Press
|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| isbn = 0-664-24170-0
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Russians-kick-up-an-unholy-row-over-holy-book/articleshow/11231943.cms
| oclc = 15017927
|access-date = 22 October 2023
| ol = 2737873M
}}
}}
* {{cite journal

| last1 = Goswami
*{{citation
| first1 = Srivatsa
|last = McCarthy
| year = 1983
|first = Ellen
| title = Review: Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta
|title = Can Hare Krishnas at Palace of Gold in W.Va. rebuild its tarnished community?
| journal = Journal of Asian Studies
|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]
| volume = 42
|date = 11 January 2013
| issue = 4
|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/can-hare-krishnas-at-palace-of-gold-in-wva-rebuild-its-tarnished-community/2013/01/04/38dbf6a8-ebc8-11e1-a80b-9f898562d010_story.html
| pages = 986–988
| doi = 10.2307/2054828
| ref = {{sfnRef|Goswami et al.|1983}}
| issn = 0021-9118
| jstor = 2054828
| last2 = Dasa Goswami
| first2 = Satsvarupa
| last3 = Cox
| first3 = Harvey
| last4 = Hopkins
| first4 = Thomas J.
| last5 = Judah
| first5 = J. Stillson| s2cid = 164018245
}}
}}
* {{cite book

| editor-last = Sharma
*{{citation
| editor-first = Jagdish Saran
|last = Mehta
|first = Mona
| year = 1981
| title = Encyclopaedia Indica
|title = Moscow courts had dismissed Gita cases
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PQkMAAAAIAAJ
|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| oclc = 8033900
|date = 28 December 2011
| ol = 13760440M
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/moscow-courts-had-dismissed-gita-casesltbr-/ampnbsp/articleshow/11273929.cms
|access-date = 6 February 2024
| access-date = 23 September 2016
| archive-date = 22 April 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165944/https://books.google.com/books?id=PQkMAAAAIAAJ
| url-status = live
}}
}}
* {{cite book

| last1 = Shinn
*{{citation
| first1 = Larry D.
|last = Newsweek
| author-link1 = Larry Shinn
|title = Beliefwatch: Krishnas' New Look
| last2 = Bromley
|magazine = [[Newsweek]]
| first2 = David G.
|date = 23 July 2006
| author-link2 = David G. Bromley
|url = https://www.newsweek.com/beliefwatch-krishnas-new-look-112457
| title = Krishna consciousness in the West
|quote = [Hare Krishnas] are now part of the culture in ways that the average person couldn't have imagined some 20 or 25 years ago. ... ISKCON communities offer premarital counseling, interfaith activities, social-service programs and baby-sitting—just the kind of institutional structure that many early converts were fleeing.
| publisher = Bucknell University Press
}}
| location = Lewisburg [Pa.]

| year = 1989
*{{citation
| isbn = 0-8387-5144-X
|last = New York Times
|title = Swami Prabhupada, 'Hare Krishna', Dead
|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
|page = 2
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/16/archives/swami-prabhupada-hare-krishna-head-founder-of-movement-81-came-to.html
|date = 16 November 1977
|access-date = 12 February 2024
}}
}}
* {{cite web |url=https://singdancepray.com/ |title=Sing, Dance and Pray: The Inspirational story of Srila Prabhupada |publisher=Singdancepray.com |date= |accessdate=19 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719140710/https://singdancepray.com/ |url-status=live }}

*{{citation
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|title = Young Ascetics Honor Lord Krishna
|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
|date = 6 September 1972
|page = 47
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/06/archives/young-ascetics-honor-lord-krishna-young-members-of-ascetic-sect.html
}}

*{{citation
|last = Pandey
|first = Jhimli Mukherjee
|title = Iskcon complaint gets UP to revoke road name rejig
|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
|place = Kolkata, India
|date = 11 July 2019
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iskcon-complaint-gets-up-to-revoke-road-name-rejig/articleshow/70166126.cms
}}

*{{citation
|last = Pandey
|first = Jhimli Mukherjee
|title = Iskcon acquires founder’s birthplace in Tollygunge, West Bengal CM unveils ‘spiritual park’
|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
|place = Kolkata, India
|date = 2 September 2021
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iskcon-acquires-founders-birthplace-in-tollygunge-cm-unveils-spiritual-park/articleshow/85846413.cms
}}

*{{citation
|last = Pandey
|first = Kirti
|title = AC Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada Swami birth anniversary: Krishna devotee who founded the million-strong ISKCON
|work = [[Times Now]]
|date = 1 September 2020
|url = https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/ac-bhaktivedanta-prabhupada-swami-birth-anniversary-krishna-devotee-who-founded-the-million-strong-iskcon/645946
|quote = "If today the Bhagavad Gita is printed in millions of copies in scores of Indian languages and distributed in all nooks and corners of the world, the credit for this great sacred service goes chiefly to ISKCON. ... For this one accomplishment alone, Indians should be eternally grateful to the devoted spiritual army of Swami Prabhupada's followers. The voyage of Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada to the United States in 1965 and the spectacular popularity his movement gained in a very short spell of twelve years must be regarded as one of the greatest spiritual events of the century."
}}

*{{citation
|last = Popham
|first = Peter
|title = India's PM takes to robots for Krishna
|newspaper = [[The Independent]]
|date = 12 April 1998
|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/india-s-pm-takes-to-robots-for-krishna-1156126.html
|quote = "Some people say my government is opposed to globalisation. But let me say I am all in favour of the globalisation of the message of the Bhagavad Gita. ... What we need today is the application on a national scale of the work-related ideology of the Bhagavad Gita. This will create a new work culture, and a new work culture will create a new India."
}}

*{{citation
|last = Press Trust of India
|title = Devotees from 106 countries practice yoga to mark ISKCON
|newspaper = [[Business Standard]]
|place = Kolkata
|date = 13 August 2015
|url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/devotees-from-106-countries-practice-yoga-to-mark-iskcon-50th-115081302009_1.html
}}

*{{citation
|last = PTI
|title = PM Modi releases special commemorative coin on ISKCON founder's 125th birth anniversary
|newspaper = [[Times of India]]
|date = 1 September 2021
|archive-date = 13 September 2021
|access-date = 13 September 2021
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-coin-on-iskcon-founders-125th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85835377.cms |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210913032001/https:/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-coin-on-iskcon-founders-125th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85835377.cms
}}

*{{citation
|last = Ritts
|first = Penny
|title = Devotee of Hindu Cult Explains Commission to Visit the West
|newspaper = [[Butler Eagle]]
|place = Butler, PA
|date = 22 September 1965
}}

*{{citation
|last = Schumach
|first = Murray
|title = Judge Rejects Charges of ‘Brainwashing’ Against Hare Krishna Aides
|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
|date = 18 March 1977
|page = 24
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/18/archives/judge-rejects-charges-of-brainwashing-against-hare-krishna-aides.html
|access-date = 9 February 2024
}}
*{{citation
|last = Sikes
|first = James R.
|title = Swami's Flock Chants in Park to Find Ecstasy
|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
|date = 10 October 1966
|page = 24
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/10/archives/swamis-flock-chants-in-park-to-find-ecstasy-50-followers-clap-and.html
}}

*{{citation
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|title = Children of ISKCON vs.ISKCON Timeline
|url = https://surrealist.org/gurukula/timeline/lawsuit.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180209234239/http:/surrealist.org/gurukula/timeline/lawsuit.html
|archive-date = 9 February 2018
|access-date = 22 July 2018
}}

*{{citation
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|title = The Search for the Godhead in Boston
|newspaper = [[The Boston Globe|Boston Sunday Globe]]
|date = 27 April 1969
|url = https://bostonglobe.newspapers.com/image/434626807/
|url-access = subscription
}}

*{{citation
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|title = AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award Has Been Launched
|website = The Wall
|date = 28 February 2023
|url = https://www.thewall.in/west-bengal/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-memorial-award-has-been-launched/tid/96550
|access-date = 20 October 2023
|language = Bengali
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165943/https:/www.thewall.in/news/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-memorial-award-has-been-launched
|archive-date = 22 April 2023
}}

*{{citation
|last = Tompkins Square Park
|title = Tompkins Square Park Highlights
|website = Hare Krishna Tree : NYC Parks
|date = 9 October 1966
|url = https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/tompkins-square-park/highlights/10823
|access-date = 20 October 2023
}}

*{{citation
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|website = Uncut
|url = https://www.uncut.co.uk/news/george-harrison-memorial-garden-opens-to-the-public-22326/
|date = 29 May 2013
|access-date = 18 March 2024
}}

*{{citation
|last = Vallely
|first = Paul
|title = Spirit of the Age: Rebirth of an ancient religion
|newspaper = [[The Independent]]
|date = 21 November 1998
|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/spirit-of-the-age-rebirth-of-an-ancient-religion-1186213.html
|quote = [T]here is a growing sense that the Hare Krishnas are forming a useful bridge to Britain's Indian community - and at the same time becoming reasonable and articulate exponents to the English of the Vedic way. Perhaps the Hare Krishnas are coming of age.
}}

*{{citation
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|first = Elena
|title = Dangers of putting Gita on trial
|newspaper = Russia & India Report
|date = 23 December 2011
|url = https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/23/dangers_of_putting_gita_on_trial_14075
|access-date = 6 February 2024
}}

*{{citation
|last = Попова
|first = Анна
|title = На поле дхармы
|newspaper = Lenta.ru
|language = Russian
|date = 28 December 2011
|url = https://lenta.ru/articles/2011/12/28/iskcon/
|access-date = 28 December 2011
}}

{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==== Officials ====
{{Commons category|Prabhupada}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
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Please be cautious adding more external links.
*{{citation
|last = India Govt Mint
|title = PM Modi Released Rs 125 Commemorative Coin To Honour ISKCON Founder
|year = 2021
|url = https://www.indiagovtmint.in/pm-modi-to-release-rs-125-commemorative-coin-to-honour-iskcon-founder-today/#
}}


Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising.
*{{citation
|last = Modi
|first = Narendra
|author-link = Narendra Modi
|title = PM releases a special commemorative coin on the occasion of 125th Birth Anniversary of Srila Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Ji
|year = 2021a
|url = https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-releases-commemorative-coin-on-125th-birth-anniversary-of-srila-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-ji-557050
}}


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*{{citation
|last = Modi
|first = Narendra
|author-link = Narendra Modi
|title = PM's speech at release of commemorative coin on 125th Jayanti of Swami Prabhupada Ji -With Subtitles
|date = 1 September 2021b
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWyILkAnNJk
|language = Hindi
|access-date = 12 February 2024
|quote = It is as if millions of minds are bound by one emotion and millions of bodies are connected by one common consciousness! This is the Krishna consciousness which has been spread by Prabhupada Swami ji to the entire world. (...) Prabhupada Swami was not only a supernatural devotee of Krishna, but he was also a great devotee of Bharat. (...) Srila Prabhupada Swami always used to say that he is traveling in the countries because he wants to give India's most priceless treasure to the world. (...) Swami ji's revered Guruji [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati|Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] ji saw that potential in him and instructed him to take the thought and philosophy of India to the world. Srila Prabhupada ji made this command of his Guru his mission, and the result of his efforts is visible in every corner of the world today. (...) When we visit any country and when people greet us with 'Hare Krishna', we feel so much warmth and pride. (...) Srila Prabhupada and ISKCON took up this great responsibility of propounding Bhakti Yoga to the world. He worked to connect Bhakti Vedanta with the consciousness of the world. This was no ordinary task. He started a global mission like ISKCON at the age of about 70, when people become inactive. This is a huge inspiration for our society and for every person. (...) Prabhupada Swami remained active for his resolutions from his childhood till his whole life. When Prabhupada ji went to America by sea, he was almost empty-pocket; he had only Gita and Shrimad Bhagwat! During the journey, he suffered heart attacks twice. When he reached New York, he did not have any arrangements for food and no place to stay. But what the world saw in the next 11 years, in the words of revered Atal ji, it was nothing less than a miracle.
}}


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{{refend}}


If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on
==== Videos ====
the article's talk page.
{{refbegin|30em}}


-->
*{{cite web
* {{URL|https://vedabase.io/en/|Bhaktivedanta Vedabase}} – Official online multilingual library of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
|last = IMDb
* {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Hinduism/Gurus_and_Saints/Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada/}}
|title = Following Srila Prabhupada (TV Series 1997– )
* {{IMDb name|nm4152034}}
|editor = Gaurav Seth
* {{BNF|118918976}} – Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1896–1977)
|publisher = [[IMDb]]
* {{WorldCat|id=lccn-n79133133}}
|year = 1996
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada}}
|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0192466/
|access-date = 27 February 2024
}}


{{Vaishnava philosophy}}
*{{citation
{{Navboxes|title=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Navigational boxes
|last = Gabbard
| titlestyle = background:#A4D8ED;
|first = Tulsi
| list=
|author-link = Tulsi Gabbard
{{Caitanya sampradaya}}
|title = Tulsi Gabbard Message for Srila Prabhupada's Journey to USA_ISKCON 50th Anniversary
{{Modern Gaudiya Vaishnavas}}
|year = 2015
{{Modern Hindu writers}}
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIKFItEm0Hg
{{Hindu reform movements}}
|access-date = 12 February 2024
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{{Bengal Renaissance}}
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{{Portal bar|Biography|Philosophy|Hinduism|India}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami}}
*{{citation
|last = Morarjee
|first = Sumati
|author-link = Sumati Morarjee
|title = Hare Krishna! The Mantra, The Movement And The Swami Who Started It All
|year = 2017
|time = 34:45
|url = https://archive.org/details/hare-krishna-the-mantra-the-movement-and-the-swami-who-started-it-all
|access-date = 12 February 2024
}}

*{{citation
|last = Syamasundar Das
|title = Hare Krishna! The Mantra, The Movement And The Swami Who Started It All
|year = 2017
|time = 1:04:45
|url = https://archive.org/details/hare-krishna-the-mantra-the-movement-and-the-swami-who-started-it-all
|access-date = 12 February 2024
}}

*{{citation
|last = Tripati
|first = Keshari Nath
|author-link = Keshari Nath Tripathi
|title = Unveiling of Brass Srila Prabhupada Statue Jaladuta Journey to USA
|year = 2015
|time = 4:35
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40R3m4cF2Gk
|access-date = 12 February 2024
}}

{{refend}}

=== ISKCON-related ===


{{refbegin|30em}}

*{{citation
|last = A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami
|title = Light of the Bhagavata
|publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
|place = Los Angeles, CA
|year = 1997
|isbn = 9789171492678
}}

*{{cite web
|last = BBT
|title = Languages
|website = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
|url = https://www.bbt.org/languages
|access-date = 23 October 2023
}}

*{{citation
|last = Bhaktivedanta Hospital
|title = History of Hospital
|website = Bhaktivedanta Hospital & Research Institute
|url = https://www.bhaktivedantahospital.com/about-us/about-hospital
|access-date = 21 October 2023
}}

*{{citation
|last = Bhaktivedanta Research
|title = Home
|website = BRC Global
|date = 1 March 2023
|url = https://brcglobal.org/
|access-date = 21 October 2023
}}

*{{cite AV
|last = Bhuta Bhavana Dasa
|title = Prabhupada Memories
|volume = 47
|editor = Siddhanta Dasa
|year = 2018
|time = 18:18
|url = https://youtube.com/uVFMcj2KFDw?t=1098
}}

*{{citation
|last = Child Protection Office
|title = ISKCON Child Protection Guidelines
|url = https://www.iskconchildprotection.org/_files/ugd/8a61c5_3cba6c1074e7427d893be8af35c40a79.pdf
|year = 2018
}}

*{{citation
|last = Das
|first = Daiva Rama
|date = 29 February 2020
|title = Major Street in Ahmedabad Renamed In Honor of Srila Prabhupada
|work = ISKCON News
|place = Gujarat, India
|url = https://iskconnews.org/major-street-in-ahmedabad-renamed-in-honor-of-srila-prabhupada,7214/
}}
*{{citation
|last = Garga Samhita
|title = Verse 1.2.28 [Garga Samhita]
|website = Wisdom Library; The portal for Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Jainism, Mesopotamia etc...
|date = 16 July 2022
|url = https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/garga-samhita-english/d/doc1122607.html
|access-date = 22 October 2023
}}

*{{cite web
|last = GBC
|title = List of Initiating Gurus in ISKCON
|year = 2024
|url = https://gbc.iskcon.org/list-of-initiating-gurus-in-iskcon/
}}

*{{cite web
|last = Haribol
|first = Thomas
|title = NE-BBT Releases 2022 Stats Showing Growth in Distribution, Printing, eBooks, and More
|website = ISKCON News
|date = 16 August 2023
|url = https://iskconnews.org/ne-bbt-releases-2022-stats-showing-growth-in-distribution-printing-ebooks-and-more/ |access-date = 23 October 2023
}}

*{{cite web
|last = ISKCON
|title = India
|website = ISKCON Centers - World wide directory of official ISKCON Centres & Branches
|date = 9 July 2011
|url = https://centers.iskcondesiretree.com/india/
|access-date = 23 October 2023
}}

*{{citation
|last = Prabhupada
|first = A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami
|title = The Jaladuta Diary
|publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
|year = 1965
|url = http://www.prabhupada.de/Prabhupada_Jaladuta-Diary.pdf
}}

*{{cite web
|last = PrabhupadaDotCom
|title = About Srila Prabhupada
|publisher = Prabhupada.com
|url = https://www.prabhupada.com/About/AAbout.html
|access-date = 27 February 2024
}}

*{{cite web
|last = PrabhupadaMemories
|title = Prabhupada Memories
|url = https://www.prabhupadamemories.com/
|access-date = 27 February 2024
}}

*{{citation
|last = Reviews
|title = Scholarly Appreciations of Srila Prabhupada's Books
|url = https://www.srilaprabhupada.co.in/scholarly-appreciations-of-srila-prabhupadas-books
|access-date = 23 August 2013
}}

*{{citation
|last = Smullen
|first = Madhava
|title = Srila Prabhupada and Jaladuta Sculpture Installed Outside ISKCON Boston
|work = ISKCON News
|date = 20 August 2018
|url = https://iskconnews.org/srila-prabhupada-and-jaladuta-sculpture-installed-outside-iskcon-boston/
}}

*{{cite web
|last = Vanipedia
|title = Timeline of Srila Prabhupada's Life
|url = https://vanipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Srila_Prabhupada%27s_Life
|year = 2024
}}

*{{cite web
|last = Vedabase
|title = Room Conversation — Varṇāśrama System Must Be Introduced
|website = Online Vedabase
|date = 14 February 1977
|url = https://vedabase.io/en/library/transcripts/770214r2may/
|access-date = 22 October 2023
}}

*{{cite web
|last = Vedabase
|title = Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 3.1.10
|website = Online Vedabase
|date = 21 May 1973
|url = https://vedabase.io/en/library/transcripts/730521sbdal/
|access-date = 22 October 2023
}}

*{{cite web
|last = Vedabase
|title = Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 4.25.10
|website = Online Vedabase
|date = 28 July 2021
|url = https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/4/25/10/
|access-date = 22 October 2023
}}

{{refend}}

=== Works by Prabhupada's followers ===

{{refbegin|30em}}

*{{citation
|last = Greene
|first = Joshua
|title = Here Comes the Sun. The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison
|place = Los Angeles, CA
|publisher = [[Turner Publishing Company|Turner Publishing]]
|year = 2006
|url = https://archive.org/details/herecomessunspir0000gree
|isbn = 9780471690214
}}
*{{citation
|last = Greene
|first = Joshua
|title = Swami in a Strange Land
|place = San Rafael
|publisher = Mandala Publishing
|year = 2016
|url = https://archive.org/details/QqIx_swami-in-a-strange-land-the-biography-of-ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-joshua-m.-greene
|isbn = 9781608876440
}}
*{{citation
|last = Griesser
|first = John
|author2-last = Griesser
|author2-first = Jean
|author3-last = Ross
|author3-first = Lauren
|title = Hare Krishna: The Mantra, the Movement and the Swami Who Started It All
|year = 15 December 2017
|url = https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/reviews/view/28458/hare-krishna-the-mantra-the-movement-and-the-swami-who-started-it-all
|place = India
|publisher=Spirituality & Practice
|access-date = 29 August 2023
}}

*{{citation
|last = Hayagriva Dasa
|title = The Spiritual Master: Emissary of the Supreme Person
|magazine = Back to Godhead
|issue = 38
|year = 1970
|url = http://back2godhead.com/newpdf-17-36/067_1970_01-38.pdf
}}

*{{citation
|last = Hayagriva Dasa
|title = The Hare Krishna Explosion: The Birth of Krishna Consciousness in America, 1966-1969
|place = Moundsville, WV
|publisher = Palace Press
|year = 1985
|url = https://theharekrishnamovement.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/the-hare-krishna-explosion.pdf
}}

*{{citation
|last = Jayadvaita Swami
|author-link = Jayadvaita Swami
|title = Vanity Karma: Ecclesiastes, the Bhagavad-gita, and the meaning of life
|place = Los Angeles, CA
|publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
|year = 2015
|isbn = 9780892134496
}}

*{{citation
|last = Kaunteya Das
|year = 2022
|title = Tough Questions, Difficult Answers on Srila Prabhupada’s Contentious Remarks
|publisher = Eye of the Storm Press
}}
*{{citation
|last = Kurma Dasa
|title = The Great Transcendental Adventure: Pastimes of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in Australia and New Zealand
|place = Botany, Australia
|publisher = Chakra Press
|year = 1999
|isbn = 9780947259228
|url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Great_Transcendental_Adventure/z0PpAAAACAAJ
}}

*{{citation
|last = Mukunda Goswami
|author-link = Mukunda Goswami
|title = Miracle on Second Avenue: Hare Krishna Arrives in the West
|publisher = Torchlight Publishing
|place = Badger, CA
|year = 2011
|isbn = 978-0981727349
}}

*{{citation
|last = Ravindra Svarupa Dasa
|author-link = Ravindra Svarupa Dasa
|title = Disease
|journal = Back to Godhead magazine
|publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
|volume = 27
|number = 1
|year = 1993
}}

*{{citation
|last = Rosen
|first = Steven J.
|title = Black Lotus: The Spiritual Journey of an Urban Mystic
|publisher = Hari-Nama Press
|year = 2007b
|isbn = 979-8640550719
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=evSbzQEACAAJ
}}

*{{citation
|last = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami
|author-link = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami
|title = Srila Prabhupada-lilamrta
|publisher = Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
|place = Los Angeles
|year = 2002
|isbn = 9780892133550
|url = https://archive.org/details/SatswarupaDasaGoswamiPrabhupadaLilamrtaCompl
}}

*{{citation
|last = Satyaraja Dasa
|title = A Spiritual Happening on the Lower East Side
|journal = Back to Godhead
|volume = 45
|issue = 2
|year = 2011
|url = https://btg.krishna.com/a-spiritual-happening-on-the-lower-east-side/
}}

*{{cite web
|last = TheTVDB
|title = Following Srila Prabhupada
|publisher = The TVDB
|url = https://thetvdb.com/series/following-srila-prabhupada
|access-date = 27 February 2024
}}
*{{citation
|last = Wheeler
|first = Howard
|title = Matchless Gifts
|journal = [[Back to Godhead]]
|volume = 12
|number = 3-4
|page = 12
|year = 1977
|publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
}}

{{refend}}

=== External links ===
{{Commons|Prabhupada}}
{{Commons|Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada}}

*[https://vanipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Vanipedia, an online encyclopedia of Prabhupada's legacy]
*[https://vedabase.io/ Vedabase, a multi-language searchable library of Prabhupada's works]
*[http://prabhupada.com/ The Bhaktivedanta Archives]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhupada, Bhaktivedanta Swami}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Bengali philosophers]]
[[Category:Devotees of Krishna]]
[[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
[[Category:Ascetics]]
[[Category:Gaudiya religious leaders]]
[[Category:Revivalists]]
[[Category:Hindu pacifists]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalist writers]]
[[Category:Indian Hare Krishnas]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian theologians]]
[[Category:Indian theologians]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness religious figures]]
[[Category:Presidents of religious organizations]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Kirtan performers]]
[[Category:Writers about activism and social change]]
[[Category:Khol players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:Spiritual practice]]
[[Category:Simple living advocates]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Bengali–English translators]]
[[Category:Hindu creationists]]

Revision as of 18:48, 24 March 2024

"Bhaktivedanta" and "Prabhupada" redirect here. For the college, see International Society for Krishna Consciousness. For other people called Prabhupada, see Prabhupad.

His Divine Grace
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami
Prabhupāda
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in Germany, 1974
Personal
Born
Abhay Charan De

(1896-09-01)1 September 1896
Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India
Died14 November 1977(1977-11-14) (aged 81)
Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh, India
Resting placeSrila Prabhupada's Samadhi Mandir, ISKCON Vrindavan
27°34′19″N 77°40′38″E / 27.57196°N 77.67729°E / 27.57196; 77.67729
ReligionHinduism
DenominationVaishnavism
SectGaudiya Vaishnavism
Notable work(s)Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is, Śrīmad Bhāgavatam (translation), Caitanya Caritāmṛta (trans.)
Alma materScottish Church College, University of Calcutta[1]
Monastic nameAbhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī
Organization
TempleGaudiya Math, ISKCON
PhilosophyBhakti yoga
Religious career
Period in office1966–1977
InitiationDiksha, 1933 (by Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati)
Sannyasa, 1959 (by Bhakti Prajnan Keshava)
PostFounder-Acharya of ISKCON
Websiteprabhupada.krishna.com
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (IAST: Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī Prabhupāda; 1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977[1]) was an Indian Hindu spiritual teacher who was the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON),[2] commonly known as the Hare Krishna movement.[1][3][4] Followers of ISKCON view Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada as a representative and messenger of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.[5]

Born in Calcutta (now Kolkata) to a Suvarna Banik family,[6] he was educated at the Scottish Church College.[1] While working at a small pharmaceutical business,[7] he met and became a follower of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati. In 1959, after his retirement, he left his family to become a sannyasi and started writing commentaries on Vaishnava scriptures.[8] As a travelling Vaishnava monk, he became an influential communicator of Gaudiya Vaishnavite theology across India and the Western world through his leadership of ISKCON, founded in 1966.[9][10] He was well regarded by a number of American religious scholars but was criticised by anti-cult groups.[11]

He has been subject to criticism over his racist views against black people, discrimination against lower castes, anti-Semitism, negative views on women, and advocacy of crimes of Adolf Hitler.[12][13][14]

Biography

Early life

Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada was born as Abhay Charan De on 1 September 1896 in Calcutta, India.[1] He was also called Nandulāl. His father was Gour Mohan De, who worked as a cloth merchant, and his mother was Rajani De.[15] Consistent with Bengali traditions, Abhay Charan's parents invited an astrologer to predict his horoscope.[15] The astrologer professed to De's family that later in his life, Abhay would become "a great exponent of religion."[15] Abhay grew up in a Vaishnav home and his father was devote in his spiritual practices.[15] Gaur Mohan regularly took Abhay to the Radha-Govinda temple as a child. Later in life, Prabhupad fondly remembers the murtis of that temple.[15]

Abhay Charan studied at the Scottish Church College.[1] During his first year, his family arranged for him to be married to Radharani Datta.[15] Until completing his fourth year in college, Abhay lived with his family and Radharani lived with hers.[15] In 1920, Abhay chose not to accept his graduation diploma after completing his fourth year, in support of the national movement occurring in India at the time.[15] The national movement advocated for national schools and self government, in opposition to British rule of India.[15]

After completing his education, Abhay started working at Bose's Laboratory as a department manager in Calcutta, India.[15]

Spirituality

In 1922, Abhay Charan met Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati (1874-1937) in Kolkata.[16] In 1933, in Allahabad, he took initiation into the faith from Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati and was named Abhay Charan Aravinda.[17]

In 1944, he started the publication called Back to Godhead,[18][19] for which he was writer, designer, publisher, editor, copy editor and distributor.[20] He was asked to spread the message of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in the English language.[21] In 1947, the Gaudiya Vaishnava Society gave him the title Bhaktivedanta, (bhakti-vedānta).[22] In the 1960s, after founding ISKCON, became known by the honorific Prabhupāda.[23]

From 1950 onwards, he lived at the medieval Radha-Damodar mandir in the holy town of Vrindavan, where he began his commentary and translation work of the Sanskrit work Bhagavata Purana.[24] His guru, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, had always encouraged him to publish books,[25] referring to the need for the literary presentation of the Vaishnava culture.[26]

Swami also lived at Gaudiya Matha at Mathura, where he wrote and edited the Gauḍīya Patrikā magazine. While there he donated the statue of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu which stands on the altar beside those of Radha Krishna (named Śrī Śrī Rādhā Vinodavihārījī). In September 1959, he was initiated as a sannyasi by his friend Bhakti Prajnana Keshava and was given the name Swami. He published the first book of Bhagavata Purana.[27]

Mission to the West

Main article: International Society for Krishna Consciousness
Prabhupada's Palace of Gold in West Virginia, in 1982

Swami was the first Hindu preacher to take advantage of the removal of national quotas by the 1965 Immigration Act of the United States.[28] In July 1966, he founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) in New York City.[2] He defended the name, arguing that Krishna included all other forms and concepts of God.[29] In 1967, a centre was started in San Francisco.[30][31] He travelled throughout the United States with his disciples, popularising the movement through street chanting (sankirtana), book distribution and public speeches. George Harrison of The Beatles produced a recording with some of the devotees in London and helped establish the Radha Krisna Temple in that city.[32]

Over the following years, his role as preacher and leader of the Krishna consciousness movement took him around the world several times setting up temples and communities in other countries.[33] By the time of his death in Vrindavan in 1977, ISKCON had become an internationally known expression of Vaishnavism.[30]

Through his mission, he followed and preached the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and introduced bhakti yoga to an international audience.[33][34] Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism this was viewed as the fulfilment of a long time mission to introduce Caitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings to the world.[35]

In India

Beginning his public preaching mission in India, he founded the League of Devotees in Jhansi in 1953.[36] On his return to India in 1971, he oversaw the construction of temples in Mumbai,[37] Mayapur and Vrindavan. He started a chain of ISKCON schools.

Swami died on 14 November 1977 at the age of 81, in Vrindavan, India. His body was buried in Krishna Balaram Mandir in Vrindavan.[1]

Views

Slavery

Swami said that black people should remain in bondage.

The blacks were slaves. They were under control. And since you have given them equal rights they are disturbing, most disturbing, always creating a fearful situation, uncultured and drunkards. What training they have got? They have got equal rights? It is best, to keep them under control as slaves but give them sufficient food, sufficient cloth, not more than that. Then they will be satisfied.[12]

Shudras

A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada has been criticized for statements he has made in relation to a person's caste.[12] He has commented extensively on shudras, saying, "shudras have no brain."[12] Nevertheless, Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada has also provided reason to respect shudras, stating, "anyone who knows the science of Krishna should be accepted as spiritual master, regardless of any material so-called qualifications, such as rich or poor, man or woman, or brahmana or shudra."[12]

Hitler and Jews

Swami mentioned Hitler to provide an example of a notorious villain, comparing him to Vedic demons, and using the term "hero" to describe one who has many gifts but squanders them for evil purposes:

Sometimes he becomes a great hero -- just like Hiranyakashipu and Kamsa or, in the modern age, Napoleon or Hitler. The activities of such men are certainly very great, but as soon as their bodies are finished, everything else is finished.[12]

He held Jews to be responsible for Holocaust:

Therefore Hitler killed these Jews. They were financing against Germany. Otherwise he had no enmity with the Jews... And they were supplying. They want interest money -- "Never mind against our country." Therefore Hitler decided, "Kill all the Jews."[12]

Women

A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada was known to be "kind and accommodating" to his female disciples, but much of his literary work, conversations, and lectures contradict his actions.[12] Prabhupada has made negative remarks about women, addressing topics such as adulteration, prostitution, women's lesser intelligence, and women's need for dependence on men.[12] Prabhupada has said that "women in general should not be trusted"[12][13] and "women are generally not very intelligent,"[12] among other statements. After studying Prabhupada's life, some scholars have argued that balancing religious beliefs and traditions at a given time and place can result in mixed interpretations of events.[17] Although he has received negative attention for his statements about women, he has also received admiration for making the philosophy and practice of the Hare Krishna movement available to women and men equally, which was not commonly seen prior.[17]

Evolution

Swami was an advocate of Vedic creationism and referred to Charles Darwin and his followers as "rascals".[38] He disputed evolution, and claimed that:

Darwin's theory stating that no human beings existed from the beginning but that humans evolved after many, many years is simply nonsensical.[39]

Religion

Swami said:

Actually, it doesn't matter – Krishna or Christ – the name is the same. The main point is to follow the injunctions of the Vedic scriptures that recommend chanting the name of God in this age.[40]

Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he pointed out that "today I may be a Hindu, but tomorrow I may become a Christian or Muslim. In this way faiths can be changed, but dharma is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection and it can not be changed, because it is permanent, according to him".[41] While the ISKCON theology of personal god is close to Christian theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of bhakti and a missionary he sometimes would add that "already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing with karatalas (hand-cymbals) and mridangas (drums)".[42]

His approach to modern knowledge was similar to that of sectarian Orthodox Judaism, where the skills and technical knowledge of modernity are encouraged, but the values rejected. "Whatever our engagement is, by offering the result to Krishna we become Krishna conscious".[43] Similar to many traditional religions, he considered sexuality and spirituality as conflicting opposites.[44]

Other

Swami rejected reports of the 1969 Moon landing citing his unwillingness to accept that no living beings were found in the Moon.[39]

Monuments

Srila Prabhupada Room at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan
Statue of Prabhupada at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan
Samadhi of Swami in Vrindavan.

A number of samadhis or shrines to Prabhupada were constructed by the members of ISKCON, with those in Mayapur and Vrindavan in India being notable. Prabhupada's Palace of Gold, built by the New Vrindavan community in 1979, was intended to be a residence for Prabhupada, but has now developed into a tourist attraction.[45]

In 1996 the Government of India issued a commemorative stamp[46] and in 2021, a Rs 125 commemorative coin in his honour.[47]

Legacy

In 2023, Scottish Church College and The Bhaktivedanta Research Center has established an academic award in honor of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award to keep alive the memory of Prabhupada's college life.[48][49][50][51][52][53]

Books and publishing

Srila Prabhupada's books are considered to be among his most significant contributions.[54][55] During the final twelve years of his life, Prabhupada translated over sixty volumes of classic Hindu scriptures (e.g. Bhagavad Gita, Chaitanya Charitamrita and Srimad Bhagavatam) into the English language.[41] His Bhagavad-gītā As It Is was published by Macmillan Publishers in 1968 with an unabridged edition in 1972.[56][57][58] It is now available in over sixty languages around the world with some of his other books available in over eighty different languages.[18][34]

The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust was established in 1972 to publish his works.[2][59]

In February 2014, ISKCON's news agency reported reaching a milestone of distributing over half a billion books authored by Swami since 1965.[60]

Bengali writings

  • Gītār Gān (in Bengali). c. 1973.
  • Vairāgya-vidyā (in Bengali). 1977.
A collection of his early Bengali essays, which were originally printed in a monthly magazine that he edited called Gauḍīya Patrika. Starting in 1976, Bhakti Charu Swami reprinted these essays in Bengali language booklets called Bhagavāner Kathā (Knowledge of the Supreme) [from 1948 & 1949 issues], Bhakti Kathā (The Science of Devotion), Jñāna Kathā (Topics of Spiritual Science), Muni-gānera Mati-bhrama (The Deluded Thinkers), and Buddhi-yoga (The Highest Use of Intelligence), which he later combined into Vairāgya-vidyā. In 1992, an English translation was published called Renunciation Through Wisdom.[61]
  • Buddhi-yoga (in Bengali).
  • Bhakti-ratna-boli (in Bengali).

Translations with commentary

Summary studies

Part of a series on
Vaishnavism
Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet.
Supreme deity
Vishnu / Krishna / Rama
Important deities
Dashavatara
Other forms
Consorts
Related
Holy scriptures
Puranas
Sampradayas
Others
Teachers—acharyas
Related traditions

Discography

Other works

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Jones, Constance (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9.
  2. ^ a b c Goswami et al. 1983, p. 986
  3. ^ Who's Who in Religion (2nd ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Marquis Who's Who. 1977. p. 531. ISBN 0-8379-1602-X. Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, leader, Hare Krishna Movement. Founder, Internat. Soc. for Krishna Consciousness, 1965.
  4. ^ J. Gordon Melton, Hare Krishna at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  5. ^ Satsvarupa dasa Goswami (1968). Prabhupada: Messenger of The Supreme Lord. India: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust Publications. pp. vi. ISBN 978-8189574307.
  6. ^ "Interview with Srila Prabhupada's Grand-Nephew - Sankarsan Prabhu". bvmlu.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  7. ^ Rhodes 2001, p. 178
  8. ^ Goswami 2002, Vol.1 Chapter 9
  9. ^ Klostermaier 2007, p. 217
  10. ^ Ekstrand & Bryant 2004, p. 23
  11. ^ Vasan & Lewis 2005, p. 129
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bryant, E.; Ekstrand, M. (2004). The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. Columbia University Press. pp. 350–377. ISBN 978-0-231-50843-8. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  13. ^ a b Rochford, E.B. (2007). Hare Krishna Transformed. New and Alternative Religions. New York University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-8147-7688-9. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  14. ^ Scheck, Frank (21 June 2017). "'Hare Krishna! The Mantra, the Movement and the Swami Who Started It All': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gosvāmī, Satsvarūpa Dāsa (December 2003). Prabhupada: Your Ever Well-Wisher. Satsvarupa dasa Goswami. ISBN 978-91-7149-469-6.
  16. ^ "Srila Prabhupada Biography". Hare Krishna Mandir. Sri Sri Krishna Balaram Mandir. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  17. ^ a b c Goswami, Tamal Krishna (26 July 2012). A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti: Essential Teachings of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-979663-2.
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  19. ^ Goswami 1984, p. xviii
  20. ^ Goswami 2002, Vol. 1 Chapter 5
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  22. ^ A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, Satsvarupa dasa Goswami (1998) The secrets of transcendental love, ISBN 0-89213-273-6, p. 73: "The spiritual harmony of knowledge and devotion is well expressed in the phrase bhakti-vedānta"
  23. ^ Chattopadhyay, Aparna (2004). Pearls of Spiritual Wisdom. Pustak Mahal, India. p. 37. ISBN 81-223-0858-9.
  24. ^ White, Charles S. J. (2004). A Catalogue of Vaishnava Literature on Microfilms in the Adyar Library. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-2067-3.
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  26. ^ Goswami 2002, Vol. 1 Chapter 4
  27. ^ Goswami 2002, Vol.1 Chapter This momentous hour of need
  28. ^ Jones 2007, p. xxxvi
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  30. ^ a b Vasan & Lewis 2005, p. 128
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  32. ^ Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 23
  33. ^ a b Smith, David Nichol (2003). Hinduism and modernity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Pub. p. 178. ISBN 0-631-20862-3.
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  35. ^ Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 5
  36. ^ League of Devotees article Archived 21 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine prabhupadaconnect.com
  37. ^ Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 27
  38. ^ Brown, Cheever. (2020). Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts. Springer. p. 122. ISBN 9783030373405
  39. ^ a b Bryant, E.; Ekstrand, M. (2004). The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. Columbia University Press. pp. 113–125. ISBN 978-0-231-50843-8. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  40. ^ Bhaktivedanta Swami 2003
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  42. ^ Cole & Dwayer 2007, p. 6
  43. ^ "Charisma and Religious Innovation: Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON". ISKCON Communications Journal. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2008. (self published)
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  45. ^ Shinn & Bromley 1987, p. 124
  46. ^ "prabhupada.krishna.com". www.krishna.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014. see "Commemorative Stamp" section, including image
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  48. ^ "এসি ভক্তিবেদান্ত স্বামী প্রভুপাদ মেমোরিয়াল এওয়ার্ড চালু হল | AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award Has Been Launched". 28 February 2023. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
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  51. ^ "The Statesman Dainik-Statesman epaper dated Mon, 27 Mar 23". epaper.thestatesman.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
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  56. ^ Maheswar Neog Professor Maheswar Neog Felicitation Volume Archived 3 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine (1990)
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  60. ^ Smullen, Madhava (12 February 2014). "BBT reaches half a billion books distributed since 1965". ISKCON News. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
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Further reading

External links

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