Mudugar: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Attappadi Tribal Chief.jpg|thumb|Attappadi Tribal Chief at [[Silent_Valley_National_Park#Rivers|Kuntipuzha River]]|300px]] |
[[Image:Attappadi Tribal Chief.jpg|thumb|Attappadi Tribal Chief at [[Silent_Valley_National_Park#Rivers|Kuntipuzha River]]|300px]] |
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'''Mudugar [[indigenous people]]''' (also loosely referred to as [[Adivasi]]s, [[tribal]]s, tribes people, [[Scheduled Tribe]] or hill people) live in the [[Attappadi]] valley in [[Palghat district]] of [[Kerala]], [[South India]]. Some Mudugar also live in [[Cuddalore district ]], [[Nilgiri District ]] and [[Dharmapuri District]] of [[Tamilnadu]]. |
'''Mudugar [[indigenous people]]''' (also loosely referred to as [[Adivasi]]s, [[tribal]]s, tribes people, [[Scheduled Tribe]] or hill people) live in the [[Attappadi]] valley in [[Palghat district]] of [[Kerala]], [[South India]]. Some Mudugar also live in [[Cuddalore district ]], [[Nilgiri District ]] and [[Dharmapuri District]] of [[Tamilnadu]]. |
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==Disambiguation== |
==Disambiguation== |
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The Mudugar are often misidentified as [[Muthuvan]] or [[Muduvan]], even in the [[Census of India]] [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|List of Scheduled Tribes]]. In fact, Muthuvan and Muduvan are one and the same and live far away, predominantly in the [[Cardamom Hills]] and [[Anamalai|Anamalai hills]] of [[Idukki district]]. |
The Mudugar are often misidentified as [[Muthuvan]] or [[Muduvan]], even in the [[Census of India]] [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|List of Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> |
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In fact, Muthuvan and Muduvan are one and the same and live far away, predominantly in the [[Cardamom Hills]] and [[Anamalai|Anamalai hills]] of [[Idukki district]]. |
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<ref>C.R. Sathyanarayanan "''SHARING AND COLLECTIVE EXISTENCE: TENETS OF LIVELIHOOD PURSUITS AMONG THE MUDUVANS OF ANAMALAI HILLS, SOUTH INDIA''" Anthropological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Mysore. retrieved 4/2/2007[http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalsathya.doc SHARING AND COLLECTIVE EXISTENCE]</ref>, <ref>Ethnologue Report "''Muthuvan A language of India''", ISO 639-3: muv, retrieved 4/1/2007[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=muv ''Muthuvan A language of India''"]</ref>, <ref>"''People of India : Kerala : Volume XXVII''" edited by T. Madhava Menon, Deepak Tyagi and B. Francis Kulirani. New Delhi, Affiliated East-West Press for Anthropological Survey of India, (2002), 3 Parts, xlii, 1704 p., ills., maps, $88 (Vol. XXVII). ISBN 81-85938-99-7. retrieved on 318/2007[https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no28259.htm People of India : Kerala]</ref>, <ref>[]</ref> |
<ref>C.R. Sathyanarayanan "''SHARING AND COLLECTIVE EXISTENCE: TENETS OF LIVELIHOOD PURSUITS AMONG THE MUDUVANS OF ANAMALAI HILLS, SOUTH INDIA''" Anthropological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Mysore. retrieved 4/2/2007[http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalsathya.doc SHARING AND COLLECTIVE EXISTENCE]</ref>, <ref>Ethnologue Report "''Muthuvan A language of India''", ISO 639-3: muv, retrieved 4/1/2007[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=muv ''Muthuvan A language of India''"]</ref>, <ref>"''People of India : Kerala : Volume XXVII''" edited by T. Madhava Menon, Deepak Tyagi and B. Francis Kulirani. New Delhi, Affiliated East-West Press for Anthropological Survey of India, (2002), 3 Parts, xlii, 1704 p., ills., maps, $88 (Vol. XXVII). ISBN 81-85938-99-7. retrieved on 318/2007[https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no28259.htm People of India : Kerala]</ref>, <ref>[]</ref> |
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==Occupations== |
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Many of the Mudugar and [[Irula]] now work as day labourers and transport agents. Some work for the Forest Department in [[Silent Valley National Park]] as forest guards and visitor guides. |
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16 out of 21 tribal colonies in the Attappady range are notorious for [[ganja]] cultivation. The tribals, who are in abject poverty, are easily won over by the so called ''ganja mafia'', There is a plan to employ 50 tribals, @ Rs. 500/month, from these 21 tribal settlements as forest guards.<ref name="Hindu3/12/06">Prabhakaran, G., "Plan afoot to uproot ganja from Silent Valley", The Hindu March 12, 2006.[http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/12/stories/2006031209650500.htm uproot ganja]</ref>. |
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==Customs== |
==Customs== |
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'''Marriage''' is normal at age 12 - 14 and includes many rituals and ceremonies. The wedding is usually conducted in the groom's house. The groom has to give dowry to the bride's father. There is a grand vegetarian feast on the wedding day. Occurrence of in-breeding is up to 80%, resulting in a significantly high combined fetal, infant and child [[mortality rate]] of 38%. It is normal and acceptable for an adolescent to marry their first or second cousin or even the second spouse of a parent. [[Polygamy]] is prevalent.<ref> Stephen Joseph and P. M. Mathew (2005) "''Effects of Inbreeding in the Mudugar and Irular Tribal Populations in Kerala''", J. Hum. Ecol., 17(4): 247-250[http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-17-0-000-000-2005-Web/JHE-17-4-237-317-2005-Abst-PDF/JHE-17-4-247-250-2005-1250-Joseph-S/JHE-17-4-247-250-2005-1250-Joseph-S.pdf "''Effects of Inbreeding in the Mudugar''"]</ref> |
'''Marriage''' is normal at age 12 - 14 and includes many rituals and ceremonies. The wedding is usually conducted in the groom's house. The groom has to give dowry to the bride's father. There is a grand vegetarian feast on the wedding day. Occurrence of in-breeding is up to 80%, resulting in a significantly high combined fetal, infant and child [[mortality rate]] of 38%. It is normal and acceptable for an adolescent to marry their first or second cousin or even the second spouse of a parent. [[Polygamy]] is prevalent.<ref> Stephen Joseph and P. M. Mathew (2005) "''Effects of Inbreeding in the Mudugar and Irular Tribal Populations in Kerala''", J. Hum. Ecol., 17(4): 247-250[http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-17-0-000-000-2005-Web/JHE-17-4-237-317-2005-Abst-PDF/JHE-17-4-247-250-2005-1250-Joseph-S/JHE-17-4-247-250-2005-1250-Joseph-S.pdf "''Effects of Inbreeding in the Mudugar''"]</ref> |
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Revision as of 18:31, 2 April 2007
Mudugar indigenous people (also loosely referred to as Adivasis, tribals, tribes people, Scheduled Tribe or hill people) live in the Attappadi valley in Palghat district of Kerala, South India. Some Mudugar also live in Cuddalore district , Nilgiri District and Dharmapuri District of Tamilnadu.
Disambiguation
The Mudugar are often misidentified as Muthuvan or Muduvan, even in the Census of India List of Scheduled Tribes.
In fact, Muthuvan and Muduvan are one and the same and live far away, predominantly in the Cardamom Hills and Anamalai hills of Idukki district.
[1], [2], [3], [4]
Occupations
The main traditional occupation of the Mudugars is collection of non-timber forest products like honey, spices, herbs, medicines and wild foods.
Many of the Mudugar and Irula now work as day labourers and transport agents. Some work for the Forest Department in Silent Valley National Park as forest guards and visitor guides.
16 out of 21 tribal colonies in the Attappady range are notorious for ganja cultivation. The tribals, who are in abject poverty, are easily won over by the so called ganja mafia, There is a plan to employ 50 tribals, @ Rs. 500/month, from these 21 tribal settlements as forest guards.[5].
Customs
Marriage is normal at age 12 - 14 and includes many rituals and ceremonies. The wedding is usually conducted in the groom's house. The groom has to give dowry to the bride's father. There is a grand vegetarian feast on the wedding day. Occurrence of in-breeding is up to 80%, resulting in a significantly high combined fetal, infant and child mortality rate of 38%. It is normal and acceptable for an adolescent to marry their first or second cousin or even the second spouse of a parent. Polygamy is prevalent.[6]
Birth: Before her delivery a woman is kept in a separate specially made hut near her house. When birth contractions begin, a mid wife who has mastery over sorcery, accompanies her. After delivery the women and the baby are declared unclean for six months. She leads a peaceful life without domestic work for three months, with the husband doing her usual tasks.
Death: When a person dies, couriers travel through out the hamlets, chanting the name of the dead. The relatives and the neighbors sprinkle coriander mixed with water on the dead body and a coin is pasted on the forehead. The dead body is completely covered with a white cloth and placed in a bamboo cot. The people who come for the burial service resolve any problems they had with the dead person and thus he is expected to be completely freed for his eternal journey.
A whole day is spent dancing and singing, thanking god for letting the person live as long as they did. In that dance they show symbols that God gave and God took. Mudugar people do not cry when somebody dies. When the father dies, his first born son shaves his head and when the mother dies the second son shaves his head. If there are no males in the family girls do so instead.[7]
References
- ^ C.R. Sathyanarayanan "SHARING AND COLLECTIVE EXISTENCE: TENETS OF LIVELIHOOD PURSUITS AMONG THE MUDUVANS OF ANAMALAI HILLS, SOUTH INDIA" Anthropological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Mysore. retrieved 4/2/2007SHARING AND COLLECTIVE EXISTENCE
- ^ Ethnologue Report "Muthuvan A language of India", ISO 639-3: muv, retrieved 4/1/2007Muthuvan A language of India"
- ^ "People of India : Kerala : Volume XXVII" edited by T. Madhava Menon, Deepak Tyagi and B. Francis Kulirani. New Delhi, Affiliated East-West Press for Anthropological Survey of India, (2002), 3 Parts, xlii, 1704 p., ills., maps, $88 (Vol. XXVII). ISBN 81-85938-99-7. retrieved on 318/2007People of India : Kerala
- ^ []
- ^ Prabhakaran, G., "Plan afoot to uproot ganja from Silent Valley", The Hindu March 12, 2006.uproot ganja
- ^ Stephen Joseph and P. M. Mathew (2005) "Effects of Inbreeding in the Mudugar and Irular Tribal Populations in Kerala", J. Hum. Ecol., 17(4): 247-250"Effects of Inbreeding in the Mudugar"
- ^ pradeepsz (2007)"Tribal people in Attappadi" ,NowPublic Technologies, retrieved 321/2007"Tribal people in Attappadi"