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→‎{{anchor|Battery swapping|Tesla station}}Battery-swap proposal: Battery swapping has nothing to do with the Supercharger network. This topic would be better covered on a standalone page or on the History of Tesla, Inc. page.
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=={{anchor|Battery swapping|Tesla station}}Battery-swap proposal==
Tesla announced the "Tesla station" during a June 2013 demonstration event, which showed extremely fast recharging was possible through a 90-second [[battery swapping]] process as an alternative to regular Supercharger [[fast charger]]s for [[Tesla Model S]] vehicles. It was expected that a small fee would be assessed for the battery-swap process.<ref name=ya20130621>{{cite news |last=Siler|first=Steve |title=Tesla launches battery-swapping service for two-minute recharging |url=http://autos.yahoo.com/blogs/motoramic/tesla-launches-battery-swapping-two-minute-recharging-115343291. |access-date=June 23, 2013 |newspaper=Yahoo Autos |date=June 21, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=svmn20130621>{{cite news |last=Green|first=Catherine |title=Tesla shows off its battery-swapping station: 90 seconds and less than $100 |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_23511079/tesla-shows-off-its-battery-swapping-station-90 |access-date=June 23, 2013 |newspaper=Silicon Valley Mercury News |date=June 21, 2013}}</ref> By December 2014, 18 months after the initial announcement, no Tesla battery swapping stations were opened to the public. That month, Tesla announced a pilot battery-swap program would be implemented at a single California site to gauge demand.<ref name=tm20141219/><ref name=jalop20141217/><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/10/15/teslas-battery-swap-stations-december/ |title=Tesla's battery-swap stations will finally arrive in December|website=Engadget}}</ref> The pilot battery-swap site at [[Harris Ranch]] opened in March 2015,<ref name=LAT-20150310/> but with little demonstrated use by June, Tesla shut down the pilot battery swapping station.<ref name="pm20150610" />

===Early plans and projections===
[[File:Tesla chassis, Sydney - Martin Place, 2017 (01).jpg|thumb|right|Tesla uses a [[Skateboard (automotive platform)|"skateboard chassis"]], in which the battery is carried under the floor, allowing it to be dropped out and swapped]]
In an interview published in 2009, Tesla CEO Elon Musk claimed that automated battery swapping would be the standard method of recharging its vehicles.<ref>{{cite interview |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36 |title=What's the big idea? Charging Ahead |subject=Elon Musk |interviewer= |date=January 2009 |magazine=Popular Science |access-date=February 21, 2023 |quote=Q: How will drivers recharge the battery pack in the Model S?<br/>A: You'll head to a battery-swap station, drive your car onto rails that lock your car into position like at a car wash, and a customized forklift device will grab the pack from beneath the car, pull it out, and replace it with another pack. It'll take roughly five minutes — less time than filling your gas tank. For a high-speed recharge, the car will also have onboard chargers that let you plug into any wall socket and charge up in 45 minutes.}}</ref> The Tesla Model S was designed from the outset to support fast charging through battery swapping,<ref name="et_video20130621">{{cite AV media <!--|people=[[Elon Musk]]--> |last1=Anthony |first1=Sebastian |title=Tesla demos 90-second battery swap tech, coming to Supercharger stations in 2013 - ExtremeTech |url=http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/159370-tesla-demos-90-second-battery-swap-tech-coming-to-supercharger-stations-in-2013 |website=www.extremetech.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819112748/http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/159370-tesla-demos-90-second-battery-swap-tech-coming-to-supercharger-stations-in-2013 |archive-date=August 19, 2017 |url-status=live |date=June 21, 2013 |quote=When you come to the Tesla Station—it shouldn't really be called a "Supercharging Station," it should just be called a "Tesla Station". ... The only decision you need to make, when you come to one of our Tesla Stations, is do you prefer ''faster'' or ''free''?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/27/report-tesla-model-s-being-designed-with-battery-swaps-in-mind/ |title=REPORT: Tesla Model S was designed with battery swaps in mind |first=Sebastian |last=Blanco |publisher=Autoblog Green|date=September 27, 2009 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref> with Tesla publicly discussing the capability as early as March 2009.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.teslamotors.com/about/press/releases/tesla-unveils-world%E2%80%99s-first-mass-produced-highway-capable-ev |title=Tesla unveils world's first mass-produced, highway-capable EV |date=March 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403005234/http://www.teslamotors.com/about/press/releases/tesla-unveils-world%E2%80%99s-first-mass-produced-highway-capable-ev |publisher=Tesla Motors |archive-date=April 3, 2011 |url-status=dead |quote= Moreover, the floor-mounted battery pack is designed to be changed out in less time than it takes to fill a gas tank, allowing for the possibility of battery-pack swap stations.}}</ref> Tesla filed a Form 10-Q with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] in May 2013, which included several factors that influenced the adoption of its vehicles stating "our capability to rapidly swap out the Model S battery pack and the development of specialized public facilities to perform such swapping, which do not currently exist but which we plan to introduce in the near future".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ir.teslamotors.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1193125-13-212354&CIK=1318605 |title=Form 10-Q |date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615104638/http://ir.teslamotors.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1193125-13-212354&CIK=1318605 |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |publisher=Tesla Motors, Investor Relations}}</ref>

===Demonstration===
At an event in June 2013 at Tesla's design studio in Los Angeles, CEO [[Elon Musk]] demonstrated a battery swap operation with the Tesla Model S, which took slightly longer than 90 seconds each for the two cars participating in the demo. The swapping operation took less than half the time needed to refill a gasoline-powered car used for comparison purposes during the event.<ref name=forbes20130621>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markrogowsky/2013/06/21/tesla-90-second-battery-swap-tech-coming-this-year/ |title=Tesla 90-Second Battery Swap Tech Coming This Year |first=Mark |last=Rogowsky |work=[[Forbes]] |date=June 21, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=greenCarCongress20130621>{{cite web |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/06/model2-20130621.html |title=Tesla Motors demonstrates battery swap in the Model S |publisher=[[Green Car Congress]] |date=June 21, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref> A patent was filed in 2014 and granted in 2019.<ref>{{cite patent |number=10300801B2 |country=US |status=grant |title=Battery Swapping System and Techniques |invent2=Clarke, Alan |invent3=Brown, Matthew Lee |invent1=Gaffoglio, Eric Orlando |assign=Tesla, INc. |gdate=May 28, 2019}}</ref>

===Pilot implementation===
Additionally at the June 2013 demonstration, Tesla had planned to deploy a [[battery swapping]] station at each of its existing Supercharger stations, which would be renamed ''Tesla stations''.<ref name=svmn20130621/><ref name=et_video20130621/> Each swapping station was projected to cost {{USD|500,000}} and have approximately 50 batteries available without requiring reservations.<ref name=forbes20130621/>

While Supercharger use was free, the battery swap was expected to carry approximately the same cost as a full tank (approximately {{convert|15|USgal}}) of premium gasoline,<ref name=et_video20130621/> approximately {{USD|60}} to {{USD|80}} at June 2013 prices. Owners also would have the option to swap back to their own battery pack, fully charged, on the return trip for no extra payment. Tesla also planned to offer an option to keep the pack received on the swap, paying the price difference if the battery received is newer; or to receive the original pack back from Tesla for a transport fee. The billing would be handled via customer credit card on file with Tesla.<ref name=forbes20130621/> When the pilot service launched in 2015, the cost was set to {{USD|80}}.<ref name=Lambert-2016-05-10>{{cite news |url=https://electrek.co/2016/05/10/tesla-battery-swap-program-supercharger/ |title=Tesla is committed to its Supercharger network, but the battery swap program is stalling |author=Lambert, Fred |date=May 10, 2016 |work=electrek |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref>

The first Tesla Station with battery-swapping capability was scheduled to be built in [[California]] late in 2013,<ref name=gom20130807>
{{cite news |last=Fehrenbacher|first=Katie |title=Record sales, upbeat Q2 earnings for electric car maker Tesla |url=http://gigaom.com/2013/08/07/record-sales-upbeat-q2-earnings-for-electric-car-maker-tesla/ |access-date=August 8, 2013 |newspaper=Gigaom |date=August 7, 2013 }}</ref> but this was subsequently delayed. Elon Musk said at an event in February 2014 that a few battery swap stations would be opened in the next few months along the route between Los Angeles and San Francisco, and that the initial stations would be studied before deciding to build any more.<ref name="finpost20140228">{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2014/02/28/tesla-motors-inc-musk-renewables/?__lsa=a67f-764c |title=Tesla Motors Inc's Elon Musk says renewable energy shift to bring 'strife' for utilities|author=Alan Ohnsman and Mark Chediak|agency=Bloomberg News|newspaper=Financial Post |date=February 28, 2014|access-date=March 19, 2014}}</ref>

By December 2014, 18 months after the proof-of-concept demonstration, no battery-swapping stations had been opened to the public;<ref name="auto"/><ref name=jalop20141217/> on December 19, Tesla implemented a "Battery Swap Pilot Program" to build a single battery-swapping station near the Supercharger station at [[Harris Ranch]] near [[Coalinga, California]]. The Harris Ranch swapping station was used for "assess demand" for the paid service, offered only to invited Model S owners by appointment. The company stated they would "evaluate relative demand from customers ... to assess whether it merits the engineering resources and investment necessary" for the upgrade of additional first-generation Supercharger stations. The scheduled duration of the swap had doubled to three minutes.<ref name=tm20141219>{{cite web |author1=Tesla Motors Team |title=Battery Swap Pilot Program |url=http://www.teslamotors.com/blog/battery-swap-pilot-program |publisher=Tesla Motors |access-date=December 20, 2014 |date=December 19, 2014 }}</ref> By the time the service launched in 2015, actual swap times varied from five to fifteen minutes.<ref name=Lambert-2016-05-10/>

Work on the battery swapping station, housed in a former car wash building, was underway by late December.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.teslarati.com/peek-teslas-battery-swap-station-harris-ranch/ |title=A Peek into Tesla's Battery Swap Station at Harris Ranch |author=Liu, Gene |date=December 27, 2014 |work=Teslarati |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref><ref name=DK-20150527>{{cite news |url=https://dailykanban.com/2015/05/27/tesla-and-its-customers-find-its-not-easy-being-green/ |title=Tesla And Its Customers Find It's Not Easy Being Green |author=Niedermeyer, Edward |date=May 27, 2015 |work=Daily Kanban |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref> The Harris Ranch swapping station was open by March 2015.<ref name=LAT-20150310>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-tesla-battery-swap-harris-ranch-20150310-story.html |title=Tesla battery swap at Harris Ranch? Not quite |author=Fleming, Charles |date=March 10, 2015 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref> When journalist Edward Niedermeyer observed the battery swap station over the [[Memorial Day]] weekend in May 2015, it was serving as a secondary Supercharger station, powered by diesel generators, rather than swapping batteries.<ref name=DK-20150527/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/05/elon-musk-tesla-twitter-fables.html |title=When I First Saw Elon Musk for Who He Really Is |author=Niedermeyer, Edward |date=May 27, 2022 |work=Slate |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref> In June 2015, Tesla announced that of 200 invitations sent out to try the pilot pack-swap station, only approximately five tried it. Tesla then invited all California Model S owners to try it out but expected a low usage rate.<ref name=pm20150610>
{{cite news |title=Elon Musk Says Tesla May Be Giving Up on Battery Swapping Stations |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/hybrid-electric/a15962/elon-musk-tesla-battery-swap/ |access-date=June 24, 2015 |work=Popular Mechanics |date=June 10, 2015 }}</ref><!-- There is a bit more about this in a link on the Talk page by a citizen journalist who reported use of the swap station at Harris Ranch, California. Per that report, the swap station stays fairly busy 9am to 5 pm on many days. --> A survey showed that most users were not interested.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/teslas-battery-swapping-plan-isnt-working-out-2015-6?r=US&IR=T&IR=T |title=Tesla's battery-swapping plan isn't working out |first=Benjamin |last=Zhang |work=Business Insider |location=US |date=June 27, 2015 |access-date=August 8, 2016}}</ref>

===Discontinuation===
The company later indicated that battery swapping capabilities was no longer a significant part of Tesla's plans for on-road energy replacement for their vehicles.<ref name="pm20150610" /> Musk noted that Supercharger technology had advanced sufficiently and claimed "people don't care about pack swap" at the 2015 annual shareholder meeting.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20150610/BLOG06/150619976/tesla-sours-on-swappable-batteries |title=Tesla sours on swappable batteries |author=Nelson, Gabe |date=June 10, 2015 |work=Automotive News |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref> By November 2016, the battery swap station at Harris Ranch was no longer accepting appointments.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://insideevs.com/news/329836/tesla-battery-swap-location-shut-down-for-now/ |title=Tesla Battery Swap Location Shut Down For Now |date=November 9, 2016 |author=Lovejoy, Steven |work=InsideEVs |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref>

In 2021, Tesla China denied that it was planning to begin battery swapping based on a new business registration, and added the concept of battery swapping was "riddled with problems and not suitable for widescale use."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://electrek.co/2021/03/01/tesla-denies-report-back-into-the-battery-swap-takes-jab-nio/ |title=Tesla denies report that it is going back into the battery swap, takes jab at NIO in the process |author=Lambert, Fred |date=March 1, 2021 |work=Electrek |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref>

===Regulatory issues===
The [[California Air Resources Board]] (CARB) classifies [[Zero Emission Vehicle]]s (ZEVs) according to their range and speed of range replenishment through charging or refueling, granting more credits for cars that had a long range and short replenishment times.<ref name=LAT-20150310/> As initially released in 2012, the Model S with an 85&nbsp;kW-hr battery was classified as a Tier 3 ZEV, which meant it had a minimum range of at least {{cvt|200|mi}} on a single charge without considering replenishment speed, earning Tesla four credits per Model S sold. Later that year, CARB reclassified it as a Tier 5 ZEV, which meant the Model S had a minimum range of {{cvt|300|mi}} and range replenishment of {{cvt|285|mi}} within 15&nbsp;minutes, earning seven credits per vehicle.<ref name=DK-20150527-2>{{cite news |url=https://dailykanban.com/2015/05/27/analysis-understanding-teslas-potemkin-swap-station/ |title=Analysis: Understanding Tesla's Potemkin Swap Station |author=Niedermeyer, Edward |date=May 27, 2015 |work=Daily Kanban |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref> The language of the ZEV regulation allowed CARB to credit a vehicle with fast replenishment capabilities through a technology demonstration, such as the June 2013 event, regardless of whether that capability was in widespread use, which was perceived as a [[loophole]]; Niedermeyer said "it's no surprise that Tesla engineered the Model S to be swap-capable" to earn the extra credits.<ref name=DK-20150527-2/>

CARB staff subsequently considered modifying the ZEV regulation to exclude battery swapping as a "fast refueling" technology altogether; this change would deny Tesla some of the ZEV credits that the manufacturer might otherwise receive when the battery-swapping station was placed in service in California.<ref name=greenCarCongress20130621/> During the public comment phase, Tesla proposed "manufacturers wishing to receive fast refueling designation submit data on an annual basis to ARB staff showing that their fast refueling technology is both available and in use by customers", resulting in a modified proposal.<ref name=ZEV-2013reasons>{{cite web |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/regact/2013/zev2013/zevfsoroal.pdf |website=CEPA - Air Resources Board - ZEV 2013 |location=US |access-date=December 26, 2014 |title=ZEV 2013 Final Statement of Reasons}}</ref>{{rp|9–10}} Starting with the 2015 model year, the ZEV regulation was updated so that fast-replenishment capability was based on "actual fast refueling events", rather than merely demonstrating the potential to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/regact/2013/zev2013/zev2013.htm |title=Zero Emission Vehicles 2013 |date=October 24, 2013 |publisher=California Air Regulations Board |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref>{{rp|§1962.1(d)(5)(B)}}


==Megacharger==
==Megacharger==

Revision as of 22:38, 28 July 2023

"Tesla station" redirects here. For Nikola Tesla's Colorado Springs laboratory, see Tesla Experimental Station.

Tesla Supercharger station with ten charging stalls

A Tesla Supercharger is a high-voltage direct current fast-charging technology built by American vehicle manufacturer Tesla, Inc. for electric cars.

The Supercharger was introduced on September 24, 2012, with six Supercharger sites.[1] As of April 2023, Tesla operates more than 45,000 supercharger stations at over 5,000 sites worldwide,[2] including about 2,000 in North America, 2,000 in the Asia/Pacific region, and 1,000 in Europe.[3] Superchargers supply electrical power at 72 kW, 150 kW or 250 kW, with that amount increasing over time.[4]

Tesla Model S was the first car to be able to use the network, followed by the Tesla Model X, Tesla Model 3, and Tesla Model Y. Some Tesla cars have free supercharging for life, while others have annual or one-time credits. Usage is typically billed by the energy consumed, although stations in jurisdictions that prohibit billing-by-consumption instead bill by time spent charging.[5] An idle fee may be charged (depending on the percent occupancy of the Supercharger station[6]) for continuing to be plugged into the Supercharger after charging has been completed.[6]

Tesla has taken steps to focus the use of the Superchargers on making longer journeys. In late 2017, Tesla restricted commercial, ride-hailing service, taxicab, and government usage of the public Supercharger network, requiring paying on a pay-per-use basis.[7]

Technology

Version Image Max power Features / Notes Ref.
V1 100 kW Power halved when another vehicle is plugged into the neighboring charger. [8][9]
V2 150 kW Power halved when another vehicle is plugged into the neighboring charger.
Max power output gradually upgraded from 120 to 150 kW via software updates. 		[10]
V3 250 kW Equipped with thinner, lighter cable that uses liquid cooling. [11][12]
V4 350 kW
(limited to 250 kW) 		Equipped with longer cable and provision for credit card reader for charging non-Tesla vehicles, 800V capable.
As of March 2023, the maximum power output is limited to 250 kW at 400V. 		[13]
Urban 72 kW [14]
When both pairs of this V1 Tesla Supercharger station stalls (A and B) are occupied, they share the available power of up to 150 kW combined.

The original V1 and V2 Tesla supercharging stations charge with up to 150 kW of power distributed between two cars with a maximum of 150 kW per car,[15][16] depending on the version.[17][18][19] V1 Superchargers are only capable of delivering a maximum of 105 kW per car.[18] Each Supercharger cabinet[20] with twelve charger modules[21][22][23][24] feeds two charging stalls (max 150 kW per car), so if two cars are charging at the same time their charging rate may be reduced.[25] On the original 85 kWh Model S, they take about 20 minutes to charge to 50%, 40 minutes to 80%, and 75 minutes to 100%. The charging stations provide high-power direct-current (DC) charging power directly to the battery, bypassing the internal charging power supply.[26]

In September 2017, Tesla announced the availability of urban Superchargers. The urban Superchargers are more compact than the standard Supercharger stalls, and will be primarily deployed in urban areas such as mall parking lots and garages. Compared to the standard Superchargers, urban Superchargers have a maximum power delivery of 72 kW. Instead of 150 kW distributed between two vehicles at a Supercharger A/B stall pair, each Urban Supercharger stall provides dedicated 72 kW capacity.[27]

In addition to the Superchargers, Tesla also has Tesla destination chargers, which are located places that a driver may stop for reasons other than charging, such as hotels, restaurants, and shopping centers. These chargers are slower (typically maximum of 22 kW or 11.5 kW for newer vehicles in the US) than Superchargers, and are intended to charge cars over several hours. As of September 2019, Tesla has distributed 23,963 destination chargers[28] worldwide.[29][30][31] Destination chargers are usually subsidized by the business that operates them as a free amenity to customers.[31]

Some Tesla supercharging stations use solar panels to offset energy use and provide shade.[32]

Tesla makes V3 superchargers at Giga New York.[33] Tesla first opened V3 stations in 2019, and they can provide up to 15 miles per minute (depending on circumstances).[34] A 1 MW charge box supplies 4 stalls at up to 250 kW each,[35][36] and can have a 575 kW battery storage. However the grid input is limited to around 350 kW.[citation needed] However, as the car battery is also limited by a charge curve, cars will not use the peak charge rate for the entire duration of battery charging.[37] For this reason, increasing the peak charge rate from 150 kW to 250 kW does not have a 1:1 proportional decrease in the time needed to reach full charge.

In late 2019, on a busy Thanksgiving weekend in San Luis Obispo, California, Tesla deployed a mobile Supercharger set-up on a flatbed trailer, offering additional charging capacity powered by a Tesla Megapack energy storage system.[38][39]

Connectors and interoperability

Distribution of the plug standards used by Tesla superchargers worldwide.
  NACS
  CCS2
  GB/T
Tesla Supercharger outlets in Europe (left) and North America/South Korea (right)

As of March 2020, the network was exclusive to Model S, Model X, Model 3, and Model Y cars. Supercharging hardware is standard on all Model X, Model 3, and Model Y cars, and is standard on Model S cars equipped with a battery of 70 kWh or greater, and optional (with a one-time payment of US$2,000) on Model S vehicles equipped with a 60 kWh battery. The original Roadster is not equipped to charge from the Superchargers, but Tesla stated in 2012 that all future Tesla cars would include the ability.[40][41][42] Starting from early 2024, electric vehicles from competitors including Ford Motor Company, General Motors, and Mercedes-Benz will have access to the Supercharging network, as they transition to using the North American Charging Standard (NACS) open sourced by Tesla, either directly (2025) or via a Tesla-developed adapter.[43][44][45]

In the European market, Tesla had been using the standardized IEC 62196 Type 2 connector for Model S and Model X cars and Superchargers prior to 2018.[46] In November 2018, Tesla announced that it would update all Superchargers in the EU to add CCS/Combo2 connectors, as an additional connector to the existing DC Type 2 connector. In the same announcement it was stated that this CCS/Combo2 connector will be the connector used for the Model 3 slated to be released the following year.[47] This change brought Tesla into complete compatibility with the legislated charging standard for EU public charging. Existing Model S and X cars were to be given the option of an adapter for CCS/Combo2 that allows those cars to use the EU standard public infrastructure as well. There will remain an incompatibility with imported US Tesla cars (that all use a Tesla proprietary connector). In 2017, Tesla was the only automobile manufacturer offering direct current (DC) charging based on the IEC 62196-2 specification. Other manufacturers also use the IEC 62196-3 Combined Charging System (CCS) charging standard.[48] Other CCS charging networks can charge some Tesla cars faster than the Tesla V3 superchargers, depending on conditions.[49]

Tesla indicated on multiple occasions that they were interested in having discussions with other auto manufacturers about sharing the Supercharger network, however no agreements had been completed by mid-2017.[50][51] In December 2022, Tesla published specifications for its 1000 volt NACS hoping to attract other auto manufacturers, and extending the format war with CharIN's CCS standard.[52][53] Tesla announced in February 2023 it will open 3,500 new and existing U.S. Supercharger stations to non-Tesla vehicles by the end of 2024. This will allow Tesla to share in the $7.5 billion U.S. federal government incentives to build out charging infrastructure.[54] To that end, Tesla then also launched, in just a few locations, its "Magic Dock" version of the Supercharger.[55] The new dock holds a small captive NACS-to-CCS adapter, in which the charger (NACS) plug is docked when not in use. After a CCS car driver reserves a charger via the Tesla mobile app, the Magic Dock knows to release the CCS adapter attached to the NACS plug. The system "magic" is that the adapter always remains captive – either in the charger dock, for Tesla drivers, or on the plug for CCS.[56][57]

Network

Tesla Supercharger stations allow Tesla vehicles to be fast-charged and are often located near restaurants with restrooms and other commerce areas. In 2021, Tesla was in discussions to possibly open the network for usage by other EVs in Scandinavia.[58]

The average number of Tesla cars per Supercharger stall was 34 in 2016.[59][60] Cost estimates per station range from US$100,000 in 2013[61] to US$270,000 in 2015, depending on the number of stalls and other circumstances.[62] Tesla estimates that station equipment lasts 12 years.[63]

Most car charging occurs at home or work, a situation that Tesla has compared to cell phone charging.[64] As of 2014, less than 10% of charging came from Superchargers.[65] In the month of July 2019, Tesla delivered 72 GWh through Superchargers.[66]

Most Supercharger stations are owned by Tesla, but some are owned by fleet operators to charge their Tesla cars, such as taxis. These charger stalls are limited to 60 kW.[67] In December 2017, Tesla changed its terms of service so that any vehicles being used as taxis or for commercial, ride-share, or government purposes were effectively banned from using Superchargers. This ban only applies to vehicles bought after December 15, 2017. Other charging options would be provided for these vehicles.[68][69]

For 2021, Tesla states the network had 99.96% uptime (at least 50% daily capacity) and its power was 100% renewable (through solar power on-site and through purchasing electricity which was matched to renewable generation.)[70][71][72]

Costs

Unlimited supercharging for life is free for all Model S and Model X cars that were ordered before January 15, 2017,[73] or between August 2, 2019[74] and May 26, 2020,[75] or for vehicles that were purchased using a referral code during certain periods.[76]

Model S and Model X cars that were ordered between January 15, 2017, and November 2, 2018, received 400 kWh (about 1,000 miles or 1,600 km) of free Supercharging credits per year.[77] Once those credits are used, supercharging has a fee.[78]

Between May 2017 and September 18, 2018, Tesla allowed existing owners to give free unlimited supercharging for life to up to five friends if the friend purchased a new Tesla and used their referral code. Tesla also offered all existing Tesla owners who purchased a new Model S, Model X or Performance Model 3 for themselves with free unlimited supercharging for life on those cars.[79][80]

From time to time, Tesla has offered 1,000 or 2,000 miles of free supercharging as an incentive to purchase a new Tesla car.[81][82]

Other than the above situations, Tesla Model S and Model X cars purchased between November 2, 2018, and August 2, 2019, and all Model 3 and Model Y cars purchased at any time do not receive any supercharging credits.[74][83] Any charges are automatically billed to the Tesla account the car is associated with or to the credit card on file for that account.

Some jurisdictions require charging operators to bill users by time, not by kWh delivered, and Tesla uses 60 kW sections to bill for different power levels.[84][failed verification]

Idle fees

Since December 16, 2016, any car that remains connected to a Supercharger for more than 5 minutes after hitting the car's set charge limit may incur additional 'idle' fees. In the United States, there is no additional fee if the Supercharger station is less than half full, a fee of $0.50 per minute if the station is at least 50% full, and a fee of $1.00 per minute when the station is 100% full.[6] Any incurred fees must be paid by the time of the next service visit.[85]

Deployment

Global Supercharger station count (end of year)

In October 2014, there were 119 standard Tesla Supercharger stations operating in the United States, 76 in Europe, and 26 in Asia.[26]

The number of Supercharger stations worldwide grew to 280 by the end of 2014; 584 by the end of 2015; and 1,045 by the end of 2017.[68] By December 2014, two stations were solar powered.[86][32] A solar-assisted Supercharger was opened in Belgium in 2017.[87] As of April 2017, Tesla had plans to expand the network to 15,000 stalls.[88] As of March 2020, Tesla operates 16,103 Superchargers in 1,826 stations worldwide;[26] these include 908 stations in the U.S., 98 in Canada, 16 in Mexico, 520 in Europe, and 398 in the Asia/Pacific region.[3]

Tesla announced in November 2020 it has deployed 20,000 Supercharger stalls.[89] Six months later (May 2021), Tesla expanded to 25,000 Supercharger stalls[90] and 30,000 Supercharger stalls a year later (November 2021).[91] As of April 2023, the global Supercharger network has reached nearly 5,000 stations and close to 50,000 individual stalls.

Tesla Global Supercharger Count
Quarter Stations Annual
growth		 Connectors Annual
growth		 Source
Q4 2012 7 . . . [92]
Q1 2013 7 . . . [92]
Q2 2013 9 . . . [93]
Q3 2013 30 . . . [94]
Q4 2013 63 800.0% . . [95]
Q1 2014 101 1,342.9% . . [96]
Q2 2014 156 1,633.3% . . [97]
Q3 2014 235 683.3% . . [98]
Q4 2014 380 503.2% . . [99]
Q1 2015 425 320.8% . . [100]
Q2 2015 480 207.7% . . [101]
Q3 2015 536 128.1% . . [102]
Q4 2015 584 53.7% . . [103]
Q1 2016 613 44.2% . . [104]
Q2 2016 661 37.7% . . [105]
Q3 2016 715 33.4% . . [106]
Q4 2016 790 35.3% . . [107]
Q1 2017 828 35.1% . . [108]
Q2 2017 884 33.7% . . [109]
Q3 2017 1,000 39.9% 7,000 . [110]
Q4 2017 1,128 42.8% . . [111]
Q1 2018 1,205 45.5% 9,300 . [112]
Q2 2018 1,308 48.0% 10,800 . [113]
Q3 2018 1,352 35.2% 11,128 59.0% [114]
Q4 2018 1,421 26.0% 12,002 . [114]
Q1 2019 1,490 23.7% 12,767 37.3% [115]
Q2 2019 1,587 21.3% 13,881 28.5% [115]
Q3 2019 1,653 22.3% 14,658 31.7% [115]
Q4 2019 1,821 28.1% 16,104 34.2% [116]
Q1 2020 1,917 28.7% 17,007 33.2% [117]
Q2 2020 2,035 28.2% 18,100 30.4% [117]
Q3 2020 2,181 31.9% 19,437 32.6% [117]
Q4 2020 2,564 40.8% 23,277 44.5% [117]
Q1 2021 2,699 40.8% 24,515 44.1% [118]
Q2 2021 2,966 45.7% 26,900 48.6% [119]
Q3 2021 3,254 49.2% 29,281 50.6% [120]
Q4 2021 3,476 35.6% 31,498 35.3% [121]
Q1 2022 3,724 38.0% 33,657 37.3%
Q2 2022 3,971 33.9% 36,165 34.4%
Q3 2022 4,283 31.6% 38,883 32.8%
Q4 2022 4,678 35% 42,419 35% [122]
Q1 2023 4,947 33% 45,169 34% [123]

North America

2012 saw six initial Supercharger stations[124][125] around the United States, located at strategic points on the Boston-to-Washington and Los Angeles-to-San Francisco highway corridors. By mid-July 2013, 15 stations were open across the United States, with the number expected to nearly double by the end of the summer.[126] The stations were developed and mass constructed in cooperation with Black & Veatch.[127] Supercharging stations were available in Canada along Ontario Highway 401 and Quebec Autoroute 20 corridor between Toronto and Montreal by 2014.[128]

The initial network was built in high-traffic corridors across North America, followed by networks in Europe and Asia in the second half of 2013. The first Supercharger corridor in the US opened with free access in October 2012. This corridor included six stations placed along routes connecting San Francisco, Lake Tahoe, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas.[40][41] A second corridor was opened in December 2012 along the Northeast megalopolis, connecting Washington, DC, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City and Boston. This corridor includes three stations in highway rest areas, one in Delaware and two adjacent ones in Connecticut.[42] At some stations, the electricity is paid by local business to attract customers.[129]

According to Musk, "...we expect all of the United States to be covered by the end of next year [2013]". He also said that early Tesla owners' use of the network would be free forever.[130]

Most of the southern Trans-Canada Highway was covered at the end of 2019.[131]

Europe

In early 2015, the first European Supercharger was upgraded with a 'solar canopy' (a carport with solar cells on the roof) in Køge, Denmark.[132] According to the person responsible for Tesla's Superchargers in the Nordic countries, Christian Marcus, the 12-stall Supercharger in Køge has 300 m2 (3,230 sq ft) solar cells with a projected annual production of about 40 MWh and is equipped with its own battery bank for temporary storage of excess production. Unlike most other European Supercharger stations, Tesla has bought the land on which the Køge Supercharger stands.[133] On April 26, 2016, Kostomłoty became the first charger to open in Poland.[134] Tesla opened a grid-connected 2-stall Supercharger at Nürburgring in 2019.[135][136] There are a few privately operated Supercharger stations such as the one opened on April 27, 2016, in Zarechye, Russia, with 3 stalls.[137]

The European Supercharger network is planned to allow a Model S to drive from the North Cape (near Honningsvåg) in Norway to Istanbul or Lisbon.[133] As of March 2021, the Supercharger closest to Istanbul is the one in Plovdiv (Bulgaria),[138] and the one nearest to Lisbon is Alcácer do Sal.[139] The map of current and planned sites[140] includes every European Union country except Malta and Cyprus, and represents all of the countries in the world in the top 10 of electric vehicle adoption rates.[139]

Tesla started testing the charging of non-Tesla cars in Netherlands in 2021, and in Norway in early 2022 on 15 large uncongested stations. Tesla opened up many uncongested and new stations for non-Tesla cars in several countries during 2022, including France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. The governments in Europe give large financial support for building new stations but require those to allow cars regardless of brand.

  • Type 2 compatible inlet implementing a three-phase AC charging and DC Supercharging on European Tesla Model S and Model X; a notch/teardrop-shaped keying planned for unprotected Mode 1 domestic charging was reused in 2019 for Supercharging}
    Type 2 compatible inlet implementing a three-phase AC charging and DC Supercharging on European Tesla Model S and Model X; a notch/teardrop-shaped keying planned for unprotected Mode 1 domestic charging was reused in 2019 for Supercharging}
  • Tesla logo at a Supercharger station in Germany
    Tesla logo at a Supercharger station in Germany
  • Tesla Supercharger stations are also available at highway rest areas. These are placed at a rest area at the Bundesautobahn 9 in Germany at the Münchberg / Nord Autohof exit.
    Tesla Supercharger stations are also available at highway rest areas. These are placed at a rest area at the Bundesautobahn 9 in Germany at the Münchberg / Nord Autohof exit.

Asia-Pacific

Superchargers operate in China, where Shanghai has 1,000 chargers at 100 locations in late 2021, Beijing has 800, and Tibet is accessible.[141]

Australia,[142] Japan, Macau, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand also have Superchargers.[26] Tesla contracts Infigen Energy to supply electricity for its Australian Superchargers.[143]

As of June 2015, Hong Kong had the highest density of Tesla Superchargers in the world, with eight stations with a total of 54 Supercharger stalls, allowing most Model S owners to have a Supercharger within 20 minutes' drive.[144][obsolete source]

Largest Supercharger stations

These are the top 10 largest Supercharger stations (by number of stalls) in the world:

Stalls Location Opened Notes
Country City Site
80 US Coalinga, CA Harris Ranch December 16, 2022 Across the road from a 18-stall station. 98 stalls at the combined locations.
76 US Tejon Ranch, CA The Outlets at Tejon September 1, 2021 Near a 24-stall station. 100 stalls at the combined locations.
72 China Shanghai Jing'an International Center December 2020 Covered station, over 2 floors located at Jing’an International Center[145][146]
62 US Santa Monica, CA Santa Monica February 18, 2022 Expanded to 62 stalls on July 10, 2022
56 US Firebaugh, CA Firebaugh November 2020
55 US Kettleman City, CA Bravo Farms November 21, 2021 Across the road from a 40-stall station. 95 stalls at the combined locations.
51 US Sutherlin, OR Sutherlin February 17, 2023 Largest US station outside California
50 China Shanghai Lilacs October 23, 2017
50 China Beijing Hairun January 4, 2018
49 US San Clemente, CA Outlets at San Clemente November 18, 2017 Expanded with 28 V3 chargers March 22, 2023.

Megacharger

Tesla announced a higher-capacity Megacharger as part of the unveiling of a prototype for its Tesla Semi, a semi-trailer truck, in November 2017. Trucks would charge using the Megacharger. Megachargers provide 400 miles (644 km) of charge in 30 minutes.[147][148][149] Analysts estimated it would likely have a charge output level of over one megawatt.[148]

The first Megacharger was installed at Giga Nevada in November 2021.[150] A second Megacharger was permitted for construction at a Pepsi facility in Modesto, California, in late 2021.[151]

The megawatt-class cable for the V4 charger supports three times the current density of the 2021/2022 superchargers (v3)—35 amps/mm2 vs. approximately 12 for the v3 superchargers—and the cable will be liquid-cooled to support 1000-amp charge rates at 1000 volts. The Tesla Cybertruck supports v4 chargers.[152][153]

Controversy

In Germany, most superchargers do not use a certified DC electricity meter and thus don't comply with German law. The retrofitting of the meters was expected to be completed by the end of 2023.[154]

See also

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External links

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