1985 Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
4,916,399 edits
Alter: title, doi, jstor, s2cid, url. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: jstor, doi. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine
 
(23 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox summit meeting
{{Infobox summit meeting
| name = 1985 Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference
| name = 1985 Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference
Line 7: Line 8:
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| country = {{flag|Angola}}
| country = Angola
| date = 4-7 September 1985
| date = 4–7 September 1985
| motto =
| motto =
| venues =
| venues =
Line 23: Line 24:
}}
}}


The '''1985 Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference''' was held in [[Luanda]], [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Angola]] from 4 to 7 September with the senior officials meeting being held on 2 and 3 September.<ref name="NAM Declarations">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-178145/ |title=NAM Declarations – Conference of NAM Foreign Ministers at Luanda- Letter from Angola (excerpts) |date=5 November 1985 |publisher=[[United Press International]] |access-date=8 April 2023 }}</ref> It was the seventh meeting of foreign ministers of the Non-Aligned movement.<ref name="AU">{{cite web |url=https://archives.au.int/bitstream/handle/123456789/638/AHG%20Res%20141%20%28XXI%29%20_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=RESOLUTION ON THE SEVENTH MINISTERIAL MEETING OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES |date=1985 |publisher=[[African Union]] |access-date=8 April 2023 }}</ref> The successful organization of the event was perceived as a boost for the [[MPLA]] which effectively prevented disruption of the event by [[UNITA]].<ref name="Marcum">{{cite journal |last=Marcum |first=John A. |date=1986 |title=Angola: Twenty-Five Years of War |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/45319494 |journal=[[Current History]] |volume=85 |issue=511 |pages=193–231 |doi= |jstor= |s2cid= }}</ref> Issues discussed at the conference included the situation in [[South Africa]], [[great power]] rivalry, [[Middle East]] situation, question of [[Palestine]], peace in [[Lebanon]] and other.<ref name="NAM Declarations"/> The final document invited member states to work on the creation of the new information order in which [[UNESCO]]'s support shall play a prominent role.<ref name="UN Yearbook">{{cite book |title=[[Yearbook of the United Nations]]: Volume 39 |publisher=Department of Public Information |ISBN=0-7923-0503-5 |pages=371 |date=1985}}</ref>
The '''1985 Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference''' ({{lang-pt|1985 Conferência Ministerial do Movimento dos Países Não-Alinhados}}) was held in [[Luanda]], capital of [[Angola]] from 4 to 7 September with the senior officials meeting being held on 2 and 3 September.<ref name="NAM Declarations">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-178145/ |title=NAM Declarations – Conference of NAM Foreign Ministers at Luanda- Letter from Angola (excerpts) |date=5 November 1985 |publisher=[[United Press International]] |access-date=8 April 2023 }}</ref> The organization of the conference in the circumstances of the ongoing [[Angolan Civil War]] was described as a large scale organizational undertaking and a considerable achievement.<ref name="Munslow">{{cite journal |last=Munslow |first=Barry |date=1986 |title=Angola: Second congress of the MPLA‐workers' party |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13523278608414814 |journal=[[Journal of Communist Studies]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=204–207 |doi= 10.1080/13523278608414814|jstor= |s2cid= }}</ref>

== Summary ==
The Conference was the seventh meeting of foreign ministers of the Non-Aligned movement.<ref name="AU">{{cite web |url=https://archives.au.int/bitstream/handle/123456789/638/AHG%20Res%20141%20%28XXI%29%20_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=RESOLUTION ON THE SEVENTH MINISTERIAL MEETING OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES |date=1985 |publisher=[[African Union]] |access-date=8 April 2023 }}</ref> The successful organization of the event was perceived as a boost for the [[MPLA]] which effectively prevented disruption of the event by [[UNITA]].<ref name="Marcum">{{cite journal |last=Marcum |first=John A. |date=1986 |title=Angola: Twenty-Five Years of War |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/45319494 |journal=[[Current History]] |volume=85 |issue=511 |pages=193–231 |doi= 10.1525/curh.1986.85.511.193|jstor= 45319494|s2cid= }}</ref> Issues discussed at the conference included the situation in South Africa, [[great power]] rivalry, Middle East situation, question of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], peace in [[Lebanon]] and other.<ref name="NAM Declarations"/> Representative of [[Singapore]] [[Yeo Cheow Tong]] highlighted the issue of the [[Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia]] describing Cambodia, Afghanistan and Central America as targets of exploitation by external powers.<ref name="Singapore">{{cite web |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/speeches//record-details/37cbd0e9-a160-11e9-9972-001a4a5ba61b |title=SPEECH BY MR YEO CHEOW TONG, MINISTER OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND HEALTH, AT THE MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES AT LUANDA ON SATURDAY, 7 SEPTEMBER 1985 |date=1985 |publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information]] |access-date=12 April 2023 }}</ref> The conference confirmed the choice of the city of [[Harare]] as the host of the upcoming [[8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement]] showing additional solidarity with the countries affected by the policies of the [[apartheid]] regime.<ref name="Morphet">{{cite journal |last=Morphet |first=S. |date=1989 |title=The Non-Aligned Movement and the Foreign Ministers' Meeting At Nicosia |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/004711788900900502 |journal=[[International Relations (journal)|International Relations]] |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=393–405 |doi= 10.1177/004711788900900502|jstor= |s2cid= 144239760}}</ref><ref name="Dunn">{{cite book |title=Diplomacy at the Highest Level: The Evolution of International Summitry |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Press LTD]] |isbn=978-1-349-24917-6 |pages=150 |date=1996}}</ref><ref name="Glement">{{cite thesis |last=Glement |first=Nnamdi Okolie |date=1990 |title=SUPER POWERS AND THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT I970-1986 |type=Doctoral Thesis |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/144513630 |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref> [[Indonesia]] as well initially expressed its own wish to host the upcoming summit but withdrew its candidacy in the interest of [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="Sindunegoro">{{cite journal |last=Sindunegoro |first=Karjadi |date=1991 |title=Indonesia's Foreign Policy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41394566 |journal=[[Pakistan Horizon]] |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=19–26 |doi= |jstor= 41394566|s2cid= }}</ref> President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] warned member states to keep their unity in face of imperialism which wants to use inner quarrels divide the movement.<ref name="GS">{{cite web |url=https://arhiva.glassrpske.rs/novine/1985/09/GlasSrpske19850905.pdf |title=Počela ministarska konferencija nesvrstanih zemalja u Luandi |date=5 September 1985 |page=5 |publisher=[[Glas Srpske|Glas]] |access-date=8 April 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Glement"/>

The final document invited member states to work on the creation of the new information order in which [[UNESCO]]'s support shall play a prominent role.<ref name="UN Yearbook">{{cite book |title=[[Yearbook of the United Nations]]: Volume 39 |publisher=Department of Public Information |isbn=0-7923-0503-5 |pages=371 |date=1985}}</ref> Gathered delegations took a [[minute's silence]] for [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Forbes Burnham]].<ref name="GS"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mugabe |first1=Robert |title=Keynote Address: THE STATE OF THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT |journal=The Black Scholar |date=March–April 1987 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=10–16 |doi=10.1080/00064246.1987.11412746 |jstor=41067354 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41067354 |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref> The final document of the conference which called upon the white minority government in [[Pretoria]] to pay compensation to Angola for the damage caused to life and property was subsequently approved by the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref name="Jornal de Angola">{{cite web |url=https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/detalhes.php?id=314911 |title=A verdade sobre Mavinga |date=25 September 2014 |publisher=[[Jornal de Angola]] |access-date=8 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schoeman |first1=Elna |last2=Kalley |first2=Jacqueline Audrey |last3=Andor |first3=Lydia Eve |title=Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997 |date=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313302473 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVrVK2ElINMC&dq=1985+Non-Aligned+Foreign+Ministers+Conference+luanda&pg=PA29 |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>

[[Central Intelligence Agency]] expressed expectation that the United States will come under sharp criticism initiated by Cuba and some of African countries in relation to its position on Palestine, black liberation in [[Namibia]] and South Africa, establishment of the [[New International Economic Order]] and the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]].<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T01058R000305030001-5.pdf |title=Nonaligned Meeting in Angola: Prelude to the General Assembly |date=27 August 1985 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=8 April 2023 }}</ref> The Agency believed that the event will serve NAM member states to prepare coordinated approach at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] session.<ref name="CIA"/> It also described [[SFR Yugoslavia]] as a frontrunner for the upcoming 8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (the country will eventually host [[9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|9th Summit]]) expecting it to become the first country in history to host the summit twice.<ref name="CIA"/> CIA noted [[Belgrade]]'s unwillingness to more explicitly distance itself from the radical wing of the movement under the fear for its position in the movement as one of only three European member states.<ref name="CIA"/>


== Participants ==
== Participants ==
=== Member states ===
=== Member states ===
Participating member states were:<ref name="NAM Declarations"/>
Participating member states were; [[Afghanistan]], [[Algeria]], [[Angola]], [[Argentina]], [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Benin]], [[Bhutan]], [[Bolivia]], [[Botswana]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Burundi]], [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Chad]], [[Colombia]], [[Comoros]], [[Congo]], [[Cyprus]], [[Cuba]], [[North Korea]], [[Democratic Yemen]], [[Djibouti]], [[Egypt]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Gabon]], [[Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Guyana]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Jamaica]], [[Jordan]], [[Kenya]], [[Kuwait]], [[Laos]], [[Lebanon]], [[Lesotho]], [[Liberia]], [[Libya]], [[Madagascar]], [[Malawi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Maldives]], [[Mali]], [[Malta]], [[Mauritania]], [[Mauritius]], [[Morocco]], [[Mozambique]], [[Nepal]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]], [[Oman]], [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], [[Pakistan]], [[Panama]], [[Peru]], [[Qatar]], [[Rwanda]], [[Sao Tome and Principe]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Senegal]], [[Seychelles]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Singapore]], [[Somalia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sudan]], [[Suriname]], [[South West Africa People's Organization]], [[Syria]], [[Togo]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Tunisia]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Tanzania]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Vietnam]], [[Yemen]], [[SFR Yugoslavia]], [[Zaire]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="NAM Declarations"/>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Algeria]]
* [[Angola]]
* [[Argentina]]
* [[Bahrain]]
* [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Benin]]
* [[Bhutan]]
* [[Bolivia]]
* [[Botswana]]
* [[Burkina Faso]]
* [[Burundi]]
* [[Cameroon]]
* [[Cape Verde]]
* [[Central African Republic]]
* [[Chad]]
* [[Colombia]]
* [[Comoros]]
* [[Republic of the Congo]] <small>(Congo-Brazzaville)</small>
* [[Cyprus]]
* [[Cuba]]
* [[North Korea]]
* [[Democratic Yemen]]
* [[Djibouti]]
* [[Egypt]]
* [[Equatorial Guinea]]
* [[Ethiopia]]
* [[Gabon]]
* [[Gambia]]
* [[Ghana]]
* [[Guinea]]
* [[Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[Guyana]]
* [[India]]
* [[Indonesia]]
* [[Iran]]
* [[Iraq]]
* [[Ivory Coast]]
* [[Jamaica]]
* [[Jordan]]
* [[Kenya]]
* [[Kuwait]]
* [[Laos]]
* [[Lebanon]]
* [[Lesotho]]
*[[Liberia]]
* [[Libya]]
* [[Madagascar]]
* [[Malawi]]
* [[Malaysia]]
* [[Maldives]]
* [[Mali]]
* [[Malta]]
* [[Mauritania]]
* [[Mauritius]]
* [[Morocco]]
* [[Mozambique]]
* [[Nepal]]
* [[Nicaragua]]
* [[Niger]]
* [[Nigeria]]
* [[Oman]]
* [[Palestine Liberation Organization]]
* [[Pakistan]]
* [[Panama]]
* [[Peru]]
* [[Qatar]]
* [[Rwanda]]
* [[Sao Tome and Principe]]
* [[Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Senegal]]
* [[Seychelles]]
* [[Sierra Leone]]
* Singapore
* [[Somalia]]
* [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Sudan]]
* [[Suriname]]
* [[South West Africa People's Organization]]
* [[Syria]]
* [[Togo]]
* [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[Tunisia]]
* [[United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Tanzania]]
* [[Vanuatu]]
* [[Vietnam]]
* [[Yemen]]
* [[SFR Yugoslavia]]
* [[Zaire]], later [[Congo-Kinshasa]] (post-1997)
* [[Zambia]]
* [[Zimbabwe]]
{{div col end}}


=== Observers ===
=== Observers ===
Participating observers were; [[Brazil]], [[Philippines]], [[Mexico]], [[United Nations]], [[Organisation of African Unity]], [[African National Congress]], [[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Uruguay]] and [[Venezuela]].<ref name="NAM Declarations"/>
Participating observers were: [[Brazil]], [[Philippines]], [[Mexico]], [[United Nations]], [[Organisation of African Unity]], [[African National Congress]], [[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Uruguay]] and [[Venezuela]].<ref name="NAM Declarations"/>


=== Guests ===
=== Guests ===
Guest delegations at the event were:<ref name="NAM Declarations"/>
Guest delegations at the event were; [[Austria]], [[United Nations Council for Namibia]], [[Organization of the Islamic Conference]], [[International Committee of the Red Cross]], [[Finland]], [[Arab League]], [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]], [[United Nations Development Programme]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Spain]], [[Holy See]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[UNESCO]] and the [[Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation]].<ref name="NAM Declarations"/>
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
* [[Austria]]
* [[Finland]]
* [[Holy See]]
* [[Portugal]]
* [[Romania]]
* [[Spain]]
* [[Sweden]]
* [[Switzerland]]
* [[Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation]]
* [[Arab League]]
* [[Organization of the Islamic Conference]]
* [[International Committee of the Red Cross]]
* [[UNESCO]]
* [[United Nations Council for Namibia]]
* [[United Nations Development Programme]]
* [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]]
{{div col end}}


== References ==
== References ==
Line 40: Line 160:
== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Foreign relations of Angola]]
* [[Foreign relations of Angola]]
* [[Angolan Civil War]]


{{Non-Aligned Movement Summits}}
{{Non-Aligned Movement Summits}}

Latest revision as of 21:46, 27 May 2023

1985 Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference
Host countryAngola
Date4–7 September 1985
CitiesLuanda
ChairJosé Eduardo dos Santos
(President of Angola)

The 1985 Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference (Portuguese: 1985 Conferência Ministerial do Movimento dos Países Não-Alinhados) was held in Luanda, capital of Angola from 4 to 7 September with the senior officials meeting being held on 2 and 3 September.[1] The organization of the conference in the circumstances of the ongoing Angolan Civil War was described as a large scale organizational undertaking and a considerable achievement.[2]

Summary[edit]

The Conference was the seventh meeting of foreign ministers of the Non-Aligned movement.[3] The successful organization of the event was perceived as a boost for the MPLA which effectively prevented disruption of the event by UNITA.[4] Issues discussed at the conference included the situation in South Africa, great power rivalry, Middle East situation, question of Palestine, peace in Lebanon and other.[1] Representative of Singapore Yeo Cheow Tong highlighted the issue of the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia describing Cambodia, Afghanistan and Central America as targets of exploitation by external powers.[5] The conference confirmed the choice of the city of Harare as the host of the upcoming 8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement showing additional solidarity with the countries affected by the policies of the apartheid regime.[6][7][8] Indonesia as well initially expressed its own wish to host the upcoming summit but withdrew its candidacy in the interest of Zimbabwe.[9] President José Eduardo dos Santos warned member states to keep their unity in face of imperialism which wants to use inner quarrels divide the movement.[10][8]

The final document invited member states to work on the creation of the new information order in which UNESCO's support shall play a prominent role.[11] Gathered delegations took a minute's silence for Indira Gandhi and Forbes Burnham.[10][12] The final document of the conference which called upon the white minority government in Pretoria to pay compensation to Angola for the damage caused to life and property was subsequently approved by the United Nations Security Council.[13][14]

Central Intelligence Agency expressed expectation that the United States will come under sharp criticism initiated by Cuba and some of African countries in relation to its position on Palestine, black liberation in Namibia and South Africa, establishment of the New International Economic Order and the Strategic Defense Initiative.[15] The Agency believed that the event will serve NAM member states to prepare coordinated approach at the United Nations General Assembly session.[15] It also described SFR Yugoslavia as a frontrunner for the upcoming 8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (the country will eventually host 9th Summit) expecting it to become the first country in history to host the summit twice.[15] CIA noted Belgrade's unwillingness to more explicitly distance itself from the radical wing of the movement under the fear for its position in the movement as one of only three European member states.[15]

Participants[edit]

Member states[edit]

Participating member states were:[1]

Observers[edit]

Participating observers were: Brazil, Philippines, Mexico, United Nations, Organisation of African Unity, African National Congress, Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela.[1]

Guests[edit]

Guest delegations at the event were:[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e "NAM Declarations – Conference of NAM Foreign Ministers at Luanda- Letter from Angola (excerpts)". United Press International. 5 November 1985. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  2. ^ Munslow, Barry (1986). "Angola: Second congress of the MPLA‐workers' party". Journal of Communist Studies. 2 (2): 204–207. doi:10.1080/13523278608414814.
  3. ^ "RESOLUTION ON THE SEVENTH MINISTERIAL MEETING OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES" (PDF). African Union. 1985. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  4. ^ Marcum, John A. (1986). "Angola: Twenty-Five Years of War". Current History. 85 (511): 193–231. doi:10.1525/curh.1986.85.511.193. JSTOR 45319494.
  5. ^ "SPEECH BY MR YEO CHEOW TONG, MINISTER OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND HEALTH, AT THE MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES AT LUANDA ON SATURDAY, 7 SEPTEMBER 1985". Ministry of Communications and Information. 1985. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  6. ^ Morphet, S. (1989). "The Non-Aligned Movement and the Foreign Ministers' Meeting At Nicosia". International Relations. 9 (5): 393–405. doi:10.1177/004711788900900502. S2CID 144239760.
  7. ^ Diplomacy at the Highest Level: The Evolution of International Summitry. Macmillan Press LTD. 1996. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-349-24917-6.
  8. ^ a b Glement, Nnamdi Okolie (1990). SUPER POWERS AND THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT I970-1986 (Doctoral Thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  9. ^ Sindunegoro, Karjadi (1991). "Indonesia's Foreign Policy". Pakistan Horizon. 44 (1): 19–26. JSTOR 41394566.
  10. ^ a b "Počela ministarska konferencija nesvrstanih zemalja u Luandi" (PDF). Glas. 5 September 1985. p. 5. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  11. ^ Yearbook of the United Nations: Volume 39. Department of Public Information. 1985. p. 371. ISBN 0-7923-0503-5.
  12. ^ Mugabe, Robert (March–April 1987). "Keynote Address: THE STATE OF THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT". The Black Scholar. 18 (2): 10–16. doi:10.1080/00064246.1987.11412746. JSTOR 41067354. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  13. ^ "A verdade sobre Mavinga". Jornal de Angola. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  14. ^ Schoeman, Elna; Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey; Andor, Lydia Eve (1999). Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780313302473. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  15. ^ a b c d "Nonaligned Meeting in Angola: Prelude to the General Assembly" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 27 August 1985. Retrieved 8 April 2023.

See also[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985_Non-Aligned_Foreign_Ministers_Conference&oldid=1157321089"