Table manners in North America: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Etquette and practices in North American}} |
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[[File:Dinner at Haddo House, 1884 by Alfred Edward Emslie.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Dinner at Haddo House'', 1884 by [[Alfred Edward Emslie]]]] |
[[File:Dinner at Haddo House, 1884 by Alfred Edward Emslie.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Dinner at Haddo House'', 1884 by [[Alfred Edward Emslie]]]] |
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[[Table manners]] are the cultural customs and rules of [[etiquette]] used while dining. As in other areas of [[Etiquette in North America|North American etiquette]], the rules governing appropriate table manners have changed over time and |
[[Table manners]] are the cultural customs and rules of [[etiquette]] used while dining. As in other areas of [[Etiquette in North America|North American etiquette]], the rules governing appropriate table manners have changed over time and differ depending on the setting. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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| ⚫ | Table manners have an ancient and complex history, as each society has gradually evolved its system.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Rituals of Dinner|last=Visser|first=Margaret|publisher=Penguin Group|year=1992|isbn=0-8021-1116-5|location=New York|pages=Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/ritualsofdinnero0000viss}}</ref> Today, many of the behaviors that take place at the dinner table are deeply rooted in history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.richmond.com/life/celebrations/the-history-of-table-settings-and-dining-etiquette/article_ac248388-e07c-5dbf-94c8-31cf71084d76.html|title=The history of table settings and dining etiquette|last=Creative|first=Metro|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|access-date=April 23, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Much of the invention of modern manners was done during the Renaissance in Italy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/renaissance-table-etiquette-and-the-origins-of-manners-31348606/|title=Renaissance Table Etiquette and the Origins of Manners|last=Rhodes|first=Jesse|work=Smithsonian|access-date=April 24, 2018|language=en}}</ref> |
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{{Undue weight|date=May 2018|to=information outside the scope of the article's title}} |
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| ⚫ | Table manners have an ancient and complex history, as each society has gradually evolved its system.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Rituals of Dinner|last=Visser|first=Margaret|publisher=Penguin Group|year=1992|isbn=0-8021-1116-5|location=New York|pages=Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/ritualsofdinnero0000viss}}</ref> Today, many of the behaviors that take place at the dinner table are deeply rooted in history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.richmond.com/life/celebrations/the-history-of-table-settings-and-dining-etiquette/article_ac248388-e07c-5dbf-94c8-31cf71084d76.html|title=The history of table settings and dining etiquette|last=Creative|first=Metro|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|access-date=April 23, 2018|language=en}}</ref> |
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In Europe, the Cultural revolution in Italy starting with the renaissance. Italian poet Giovanni Della Casa advised in ''Galateo'', his 1558 book on manners: "One should not comb his hair nor wash his hands in public... the exception to this is the washing of the hands when done before sitting down to dinner, for then it should be done in full sight of others, even if you do not need to wash them at all, so that whoever dips into the same bowl as you will be certain of your cleanliness."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/renaissance-table-etiquette-and-the-origins-of-manners-31348606/|title=Renaissance Table Etiquette and the Origins of Manners|last=Rhodes|first=Jesse|work=Smithsonian|access-date=April 24, 2018|language=en}}</ref> |
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Some other examples are: |
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#Eat [[Bread roll|rolls]] or bread by tearing off small bite-size pieces and [[butter]]ing only the piece you are preparing to eat. When ready for another piece, repeat the same process. (Desiderius Erasmus, 1532)<ref name=":0">{{Cite document|title=A Place at the Table for Good Manners|last=Garner|first=Dwight|id = {{ProQuest|1848376163}}}}</ref> |
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#Engage in table conversation that is pleasant but entirely free of controversial subjects. (Thomas Twyne, 1576)<ref name=":0" /> |
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#If you need something that you cannot reach easily, politely ask the person closest to the item you need to pass it to you. (Thomas Tusser, 1577)<ref name=":0" /> |
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#[[Elbow]]s on the table are acceptable only between courses, not while you are eating. Never chew with your mouth open or make loud noises when you eat. Although it is possible to talk with a small piece of food in your mouth, do not talk with your mouth full. If food gets caught between your teeth and you can't remove it with your tongue, leave the table and go to a mirror where you can remove the food from your teeth in private. (William Phiston, 1609)<ref name=":0" /> |
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Proper etiquette was a concern of leaders in the society of eighteenth-century America –– [[Benjamin Franklin]]'s ''[[Poor Richard's Almanack]]'', for instance, included comments on proper behavior. During the nineteenth century, hundreds of books on etiquette were published in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifelessons4u.wordpress.com/tag/history-of-manners-and-etiquette/|title=History of Manners and Etiquette {{!}} Life Lessons|website=lifelessons4u.wordpress.com|language=en|access-date=April 24, 2018}}</ref> |
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== In the home == |
== In the home == |
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Today, many families eat fast food without [[Cutlery|silverware]] and eat meals in front of the television or in the car rather than following past norms of gathering the family at the [[Table (furniture)|dining table]] for a meal. Critics claim that these changes have led to fewer opportunities to learn table manners in the home.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/16/garden/table-manners-a-casualty-of-changing-times.html|title=TABLE MANNERS: A CASUALTY OF CHANGING TIMES|last=Greer|first=William R.|work=The New York Times |date=October 16, 1985 |access-date=April 29, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/career-coach-table-etiquette-still-matters/2014/04/25/adf17dbe-cbbe-11e3-93eb-6c0037dde2ad_story.html|title=Career Coach: Table etiquette still matters|last=Russell|first=Joyce E. A.|date=April 27, 2014|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=April 29, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Additionally, advancement of technology in recent years raises issues regarding [[smartphone]] use at the dining table. Opinions vary regarding whether the use of smartphones at the dining table is acceptable.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://time.com/4010146/smartphones-dinner/|title=Everybody Hates When You Use Your Phone at Dinner|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=April 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23864-phones-at-the-dinner-table-u-m-study-explores-attitudes|title=Phones at the dinner table: U-M study explores attitudes {{!}} University of Michigan News|website=ns.umich.edu|date=May 10, 2016 |language=en-gb|access-date=April 29, 2018}}</ref> |
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Additionally, advancement of technology in recent years raises issues regarding [[smartphone]] use at the dining table. Opinions vary regarding whether the use of smartphones at the dining table is acceptable.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://time.com/4010146/smartphones-dinner/|title=Everybody Hates When You Use Your Phone at Dinner|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=April 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23864-phones-at-the-dinner-table-u-m-study-explores-attitudes|title=Phones at the dinner table: U-M study explores attitudes {{!}} University of Michigan News|website=ns.umich.edu|date=May 10, 2016 |language=en-gb|access-date=April 29, 2018}}</ref> |
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== Offenses == |
== Offenses == |
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| ⚫ | [[File:Bibim naengmyeon by roland in Vancouver.jpg|thumb|Slurping is an action that has been perceived differently by different cultures.|alt=]]In most places, it is inappropriate for someone to make disapproving or disrespectful opinion when presented with food. Likewise, [[Nose-blowing|blowing one's nose]] at the table is impertinent.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food & nutrition : customs & culture|last=Paul.|first=Fieldhouse|date=1986|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=0709910428|location=London|pages=68–69|oclc=12557773}}</ref> |
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The convention of avoiding putting one's elbows on the table while eating arose from a time when tables were sufficiently rustic and unstable that leaning on them could cause loose planks to disrupt the meal. However, as time has changed, it has become more acceptable to put one's elbows on the table, but only between [[Course (food)|courses]], not while eating.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://emilypost.com/advice/top-ten-table-manners/|title=Top Ten Table Manners – The Emily Post Institute, Inc.|work=The Emily Post Institute, Inc.|access-date=November 13, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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[[File:Bibim naengmyeon by roland in Vancouver.jpg|thumb|Slurping is an action that has been perceived differently by different cultures.|alt=]] |
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The main reason to be quiet while eating is for safety. According to the [[National Safety Council]], [[Asphyxia|suffocation]], especially on foods, was ranked fourth on a list of major causes of death in American homes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsc.org/home-safety|title=Safety at Home|website=www.nsc.org|language=en-US|access-date=May 2, 2018}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In most places, it is inappropriate for someone to make disapproving or disrespectful opinion when presented with food. Likewise, [[Nose-blowing|blowing one's nose]] at the table is impertinent.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food & nutrition : customs & culture|last=Paul.|first=Fieldhouse|date=1986|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=0709910428|location=London|pages=68–69|oclc=12557773}}</ref> |
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== Business related == |
== Business related == |
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Many appropriate mannerisms from formal dining situations can be applied in a business setting, though variations exist depending on who is the host and who is the guest, and the relation the one has with the other. Speaking while still chewing or mid-bite may be acceptable in an informal lunch setting with often-seen coworkers, but in a high-stakes meeting with a potential customer, it will likely to be viewed as impolite. [[Napkin]]s are intended to be kept in the lap. The exception is when leaving the table temporarily – placed on the chair signals the staff that the diner's meal is unfinished, placed on the table near the plate shows the patron has completed their meal.<ref name=":1" /> |
Many appropriate mannerisms from formal dining situations can be applied in a business setting, though variations exist depending on who is the host and who is the guest, and the relation the one has with the other. Speaking while still chewing or mid-bite may be acceptable in an informal lunch setting with often-seen coworkers, but in a high-stakes meeting with a potential customer, it will likely to be viewed as impolite. [[Napkin]]s are intended to be kept in the lap. The exception is when leaving the table temporarily – placed on the chair signals the staff that the diner's meal is unfinished, placed on the table near the plate shows the patron has completed their meal.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Unless the host offers to pay the inevitable bill, it should be assumed that each diner is responsible for their own bill, and the staff (and table) should be made aware of this at the appropriate time.<ref name=":2">Meier, Myka. "How to Deal with an Over-Spender Who always Wants to Split the Bill." ''The New York Observer,'' November 7, 2017, ''ProQuest.'' Web. April 30, 2018</ref> |
Unless the host offers to pay the inevitable bill, it should be assumed that each diner is responsible for their own bill, and the staff (and table) should be made aware of this at the appropriate time.<ref name=":2">Meier, Myka. "How to Deal with an Over-Spender Who always Wants to Split the Bill." ''The New York Observer,'' November 7, 2017, ''ProQuest.'' Web. April 30, 2018</ref> If one is not paying for their own meal, it is impolite to order expensive menu items - especially food more expensive than that of the paying person. |
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The [[dress code]] for a business related dining event can vary, usually around when the event takes place. The lunch period will likely find participants wearing what they wore to work, though special events may require a more scene-suitable dress. It is important to understand and attempt to match the formality of the event<ref name=":2" /> – this type of table manners begin prior to sitting down at the table. |
The [[dress code]] for a business related dining event can vary, usually around when the event takes place. The lunch period will likely find participants wearing what they wore to work, though special events may require a more scene-suitable dress. It is important to understand and attempt to match the formality of the event<ref name=":2" /> – this type of table manners begin prior to sitting down at the table. |
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== Restaurant == |
== Restaurant == |
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The level of formality can vary depending on the formality of the restaurant.<ref name=":4" /> |
The level of formality can vary depending on the formality of the restaurant.<ref name=":4" /> |
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Many restaurants set the table with a bread plate and water [[Tumbler (glass)|glass]] at each seat before patrons arrive. The bread plate goes to the left of the plate, and the beverage to the right.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rodalewellness.com/living-well/dining-table-manners-etiquette/slide/4|title=10 Basic Table Manners Rules You Should Always Follow|last=Williams Brown|first=Kelly|date=March 8, 2017|work=Rodale Wellness|access-date=April 29, 2018|language=en}}</ref> |
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Proper table manners ought to begin as soon as one arrives at a table. The very first step after sitting down is place the [[napkin]] in one's lap. If the napkin is cloth, it should not be entirely unfolded and one crease should be left in placing it on the lap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ala-apa.org/newsletter/2008/11/14/dining-etiquette-a-refresher-course/|title=Dining Etiquette: A Refresher Course – Library Worklife|last=Bremer|first=Jill|date=2008|website=ala-apa.org|language=en-US|access-date=April 25, 2018}}</ref> With the napkin placed on the lap, it protects clothing from spills or food that may fall into the diner's lap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rootedinfoods.com/table-manners-the-napkin/|title=Table Manners: The Napkin {{!}} Rooted in Foods|date=August 25, 2017|website=rootedinfoods.com|language=en-US|access-date=April 28, 2018}}</ref> |
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== Statistics == |
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One element of manners that has been the subject of debate is whether to use cell phones. According to a study done by the Pew Research Center, 38% percent of people think it is acceptable to use cell phones in restaurants, and that number gets even smaller depending on the occasion.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/08/26/key-findings-about-etiquette-in-the-digital-age/|title=Manners 2.0: Key findings about etiquette in the digital age|last=Rainie|first=Lee|date=August 26, 2015|work=Pew Research Center|access-date=April 27, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> 12% of people think it is OK to use cell phones at family dinners, and only 5% think it is appropriate during meetings.<ref name=":6" /> |
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It is important to be able to navigate the [[table setting]], not only knowing which [[List of eating utensils|utensils]] to use, but which items are meant for whose use. A general rule of thumb for selecting the proper [[spoon]] or [[fork]] when provided with multiple is to start on the outside and work your way in.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etiquettescholar.com/dining_etiquette/table_setting.html#table_setting_guide|title=The Ultimate Table Setting Guide|website=www.etiquettescholar.com|language=en-US|access-date=April 29, 2018}}</ref> For example, if you are starting with a [[salad]] course and you have two forks to choose from, the fork farthest from the plate should be used, leaving the closer one for the [[main course]]. Similarly, if you start with [[soup]], select the spoon that is farthest from the [[Plate (dishware)|plate]]. |
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Many restaurants set the table with a bread plate and water [[Tumbler (glass)|glass]] at each seat before patrons arrive. The bread plate goes to the left of the plate, and the beverage to the right.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rodalewellness.com/living-well/dining-table-manners-etiquette/slide/4|title=10 Basic Table Manners Rules You Should Always Follow|last=Williams Brown|first=Kelly|date=March 8, 2017|work=Rodale Wellness|access-date=April 29, 2018|language=en}}</ref> To avoid drinking from the wrong glass or taking a bite of your neighbor's bread, use the following trick if you forget which is yours:<blockquote>Touch both your index fingers to your thumbs. On your left, you will see a lowercase ''b'', which stands for the bread plate. On your right is a lowercase ''d'' for Drinks.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote> Dining in North America is widely viewed as a social occasion, rather than simply meet the requirement of biological needs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://emilypost.com/advice/texting-at-the-dinner-table/|title=Texting at the Dinner Table – The Emily Post Institute, Inc.|last=Post Senning|first=Cindy|work=The Emily Post Institute, Inc.|access-date=April 27, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> As such, one proper mannerism to show the people dining with you that you respect them and their time is to ignore the cell phone while dining. According to a study done by the Pew Research Center, 38% percent of people think it is acceptable to use cell phones in restaurants, and that number gets even smaller depending on the occasion.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/08/26/key-findings-about-etiquette-in-the-digital-age/|title=Manners 2.0: Key findings about etiquette in the digital age|last=Rainie|first=Lee|date=August 26, 2015|work=Pew Research Center|access-date=April 27, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> 12% of people think it is OK to use cell phones at family dinners, and only 5% think it is appropriate during meetings.<ref name=":6" /> |
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When it comes to paying the bill in American restaurants, adding a [[Gratuity|tip]] is a common custom that is often expected by the [[Waiting staff|waiter]]. According to a study by CreditCards.com, 4 out of 5 Americans always leave a tip when dining out, and the average tip is 16%–20% of the total bill.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://demographicpartitions.org/demographics-tipping-restaurants/|title=Demographics of Tipping at Restaurants – Demographic Partitions|date=July 26, 2017|work=Demographic Partitions|access-date=May 1, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |
When it comes to paying the bill in American restaurants, adding a [[Gratuity|tip]] is a common custom that is often expected by the [[Waiting staff|waiter]]. According to a study by CreditCards.com, 4 out of 5 Americans always leave a tip when dining out, and the average tip is 16%–20% of the total bill.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://demographicpartitions.org/demographics-tipping-restaurants/|title=Demographics of Tipping at Restaurants – Demographic Partitions|date=July 26, 2017|work=Demographic Partitions|access-date=May 1, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Americas topic|Table manners in}} |
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[[Category:Dining etiquette]] |
[[Category:Dining etiquette]] |
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Latest revision as of 21:06, 16 April 2024
 | This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (May 2018) |
Table manners are the cultural customs and rules of etiquette used while dining. As in other areas of North American etiquette, the rules governing appropriate table manners have changed over time and differ depending on the setting.
History[edit]
Table manners have an ancient and complex history, as each society has gradually evolved its system.[1] Today, many of the behaviors that take place at the dinner table are deeply rooted in history.[2] Much of the invention of modern manners was done during the Renaissance in Italy.[3]
In the home[edit]
Today, many families eat fast food without silverware and eat meals in front of the television or in the car rather than following past norms of gathering the family at the dining table for a meal. Critics claim that these changes have led to fewer opportunities to learn table manners in the home.[4][5] Additionally, advancement of technology in recent years raises issues regarding smartphone use at the dining table. Opinions vary regarding whether the use of smartphones at the dining table is acceptable.[6][7]
Offenses[edit]
In most places, it is inappropriate for someone to make disapproving or disrespectful opinion when presented with food. Likewise, blowing one's nose at the table is impertinent.[8]
[edit]
As business dealings can take place over a meal, table manners can be helpful while dining with clientele, co-workers, or subordinates – building rapport with a client, celebrating the accomplishments of a team, or simply hosting a discussion in a non-office setting all call for proper etiquette if dining is involved. It is deemed an essential enough behavioral skill that has suffered from a decline in naturally occurring generational inheritance[9] to the effect that some schools have opened programs and classes centered around dining etiquette to educate students in the practice.[10] Inappropriate table manners can affect the opinion of those involved, as well as the outcome of the meeting.[11]
Many appropriate mannerisms from formal dining situations can be applied in a business setting, though variations exist depending on who is the host and who is the guest, and the relation the one has with the other. Speaking while still chewing or mid-bite may be acceptable in an informal lunch setting with often-seen coworkers, but in a high-stakes meeting with a potential customer, it will likely to be viewed as impolite. Napkins are intended to be kept in the lap. The exception is when leaving the table temporarily – placed on the chair signals the staff that the diner's meal is unfinished, placed on the table near the plate shows the patron has completed their meal.[11]
Unless the host offers to pay the inevitable bill, it should be assumed that each diner is responsible for their own bill, and the staff (and table) should be made aware of this at the appropriate time.[12] If one is not paying for their own meal, it is impolite to order expensive menu items - especially food more expensive than that of the paying person.
The dress code for a business related dining event can vary, usually around when the event takes place. The lunch period will likely find participants wearing what they wore to work, though special events may require a more scene-suitable dress. It is important to understand and attempt to match the formality of the event[12] – this type of table manners begin prior to sitting down at the table.
Restaurant[edit]
The level of formality can vary depending on the formality of the restaurant.[1]
Many restaurants set the table with a bread plate and water glass at each seat before patrons arrive. The bread plate goes to the left of the plate, and the beverage to the right.[13]
Statistics[edit]
One element of manners that has been the subject of debate is whether to use cell phones. According to a study done by the Pew Research Center, 38% percent of people think it is acceptable to use cell phones in restaurants, and that number gets even smaller depending on the occasion.[14] 12% of people think it is OK to use cell phones at family dinners, and only 5% think it is appropriate during meetings.[14]
When it comes to paying the bill in American restaurants, adding a tip is a common custom that is often expected by the waiter. According to a study by CreditCards.com, 4 out of 5 Americans always leave a tip when dining out, and the average tip is 16%–20% of the total bill.[15]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Visser, Margaret (1992). The Rituals of Dinner. New York: Penguin Group. pp. Introduction. ISBN 0-8021-1116-5.
- ^ Creative, Metro. "The history of table settings and dining etiquette". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
- ^ Rhodes, Jesse. "Renaissance Table Etiquette and the Origins of Manners". Smithsonian. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
- ^ Greer, William R. (October 16, 1985). "TABLE MANNERS: A CASUALTY OF CHANGING TIMES". The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- ^ Russell, Joyce E. A. (April 27, 2014). "Career Coach: Table etiquette still matters". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- ^ "Everybody Hates When You Use Your Phone at Dinner". Time. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- ^ "Phones at the dinner table: U-M study explores attitudes | University of Michigan News". ns.umich.edu. May 10, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- ^ Paul., Fieldhouse (1986). Food & nutrition : customs & culture. London: Croom Helm. pp. 68–69. ISBN 0709910428. OCLC 12557773.
- ^ Greer, William R. "TABLE MANNERS: A CASUALTY OF CHANGING TIMES." New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast) ed., October 16, 1985, ProQuest. Web. April 30, 2018
- ^ "Bad Dining Etiquette can often Hamper Your Career". Detroit Free Press. April 8, 2018.
- ^ a b Dunckel, Jacqueline (August 1992). Business Etiquette: Make a Good Impression – Gain the Competitive Edge. Canada: International Self-Counsel Press Ltd. p. 62. ISBN 0-88908-531-5.
- ^ a b Meier, Myka. "How to Deal with an Over-Spender Who always Wants to Split the Bill." The New York Observer, November 7, 2017, ProQuest. Web. April 30, 2018
- ^ Williams Brown, Kelly (March 8, 2017). "10 Basic Table Manners Rules You Should Always Follow". Rodale Wellness. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- ^ a b Rainie, Lee (August 26, 2015). "Manners 2.0: Key findings about etiquette in the digital age". Pew Research Center. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
- ^ "Demographics of Tipping at Restaurants – Demographic Partitions". Demographic Partitions. July 26, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2018.