| Variable | Value |
|---|
Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | 4 |
Name of the user account (user_name) | 'ElderE4' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 1302 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*',
1 => 'user'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
6 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyoptions',
8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
9 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
10 => 'centralauth-merge',
11 => 'abusefilter-view',
12 => 'abusefilter-log',
13 => 'vipsscaler-test',
14 => 'collectionsaveasuserpage',
15 => 'reupload-own',
16 => 'move-rootuserpages',
17 => 'createpage',
18 => 'minoredit',
19 => 'editmyusercss',
20 => 'editmyuserjson',
21 => 'editmyuserjs',
22 => 'sendemail',
23 => 'applychangetags',
24 => 'viewmywatchlist',
25 => 'editmywatchlist',
26 => 'spamblacklistlog',
27 => 'mwoauthmanagemygrants'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 26407407 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title (without namespace) (page_title) | 'Red Star OS' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Red Star OS' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => 'Willondon',
1 => '65.144.72.197',
2 => 'SantiagoHarrison',
3 => 'HarukaAmaranth',
4 => 'OpalYosutebito',
5 => 'Smartcom5',
6 => 'Renamed user 1oj3saabam',
7 => 'Mth8412',
8 => '50.200.223.190',
9 => 'Citation bot'
] |
Page age (in seconds) (page_age) | 446533960 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '/* Version 1.0/Beta */ ' |
Time since last page edit (in seconds) (page_last_edit_age) | 84855 |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{distinguish|Red Flag Linux}}
{{short description|North Korean Linux-based operating system}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = Red Star OS<br />붉은별 사용자용체계
| logo = Red Star OS Logo 2020.svg
| logo_size = 256px
| screenshot = RedStarOS-2021-04-03-16-50-57.png
| caption = Screenshot of the desktop of Red Star OS 3.0, [[Internationalization and localization|localized]] with [[North–South differences in the Korean language|North Korean terminology and spelling]]
| developer = [[Korea Computer Center]], [[North Korea]]
| family = [[Linux]] (desktop and server),<br> [[Android (operating system)|Android]] (on Woolim, [[Arirang (smartphone)|Arirang]], [[Samjiyon tablet computer|Samjiyon]], [[Manbang]], Jindallae and Ryonghung)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2017/05/north-korean-company-advertising-domestically-made-ipad/|title=Domestic Tablet|work=[[NK News]]|access-date=2022-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/190872/20161231/north-koreas-android-tablet-woolim-is-packed-with-features-automatic-screenshots-non-removable-bloatware-and-more.htm|title=Domestic Tablet |work=[[NK News]]|access-date=2022-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mashable.com/article/north-korean-smartphone|title=North Korean Smartphone|work=Mashable|access-date=2022-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
| working_state = Current
| source_model = {{ubl
|[[Proprietary software|Closed-source]]
| Some components are [[free and open-source]]
}}
| latest_release_version = 4.0
| marketing_target = [[Personal computer]]s
| language = [[Korean language|Korean]]
| supported_platforms = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]] (server only), [[ARM architecture|ARM]] (mobile and tablet only)
| kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] forked from ([[Linux kernel]])
| ui = [[KDE]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archiveos.org/redstar/|title=Red Star OS|work=ArchiveOS|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref>
| license = GPL (Linux kernel and other GNU software only), Proprietary
| influenced_by = [[Fedora Linux]] (desktop), [[CentOS]] (Server), [[Android (operating system)|Android]] (mobile and tablet)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/wnx8yy/inside-north-koreas-totalitarian-operating-system|title=Inside North Korea's Totalitarian Operating System|website=Motherboard|date=27 December 2015 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref>
| date = July 2014
}}
'''Red Star OS''' ({{ko-hhrm|붉은별|mr=Pulgŭnbyŏl|context=north}}) is a [[North Korea]]n [[Linux distribution]], with development first starting in 1998 at the [[Korea Computer Center]] (KCC). Prior to its release, computers in North Korea typically used [[Red Hat Linux]],<ref name="ChosonSinbo">{{citation
| url=http://www.korea-np.co.jp/news/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=22248
| archive-url=https://archive.today/20071223055411/http://www.korea-np.co.jp/news/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=22248
| archive-date=2007-12-23
| periodical=[[Choson Sinbo]]
| title=〈민족정보산업의 부흥 -상-〉 《우리식 콤퓨터조작체계(OS) 》의 개발과 도입
| date=2006-06-21
| last=Kim
| first=Chi-yong
| language=ko}}</ref> and later switched to modified versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] with North Korean language packs installed.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea's 'paranoid' computer operating system revealed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/north-koreas-computer-operating-system-revealed-by-researchers|access-date=4 May 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 December 2015|language=en}}</ref>
Version 3.0 was released in the summer of 2013, but {{asof|2014|lc=y}}, version 1.0 continues to be more widely used.{{Verify source|date=November 2021}} It is only available in [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Internationalization and localization|localized]] with [[North–South differences in the Korean language|North Korean terminology and spelling]].<ref name="Daum">{{citation
| url=http://media.daum.net/digital/view.html?cateid=1068&newsid=20100302174815619&p=yonhap
| date=2010-03-03
| access-date=2013-01-23
| periodical=[[Yonhap News]]
| script-title=ko:北, 독자적 컴퓨터 운영체제 '붉은별' 개발
| last=Nam
| first=Hyeon-ho
| language=ko}}</ref>
==Specifications==
Red Star OS features a modified [[Mozilla Firefox]] browser called [[Naenara (browser)|''Naenara'']] ("My country" in Korean), which is used for browsing the [[Naenara]] web portal on North Korea's [[national intranet]] known as [[Kwangmyong (network)|Kwangmyong]]. Naenara comes with two search engines. Other software includes a [[text editor]], an [[office suite]], an [[e-mail client]], [[Media player (application software)|audio and video]] players, a [[file sharing program]], and [[computer game|video games]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 20, 2019|title=Naenara: Exploring a North Korean Computer & Internet|url=https://koryogroup.com/blog/naenara-exploring-a-north-korean-computer-internet|access-date=August 14, 2021|website=[[Koryo Tours]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Locker|first=Theresa|date=January 7, 2015|title=You Can Now Install the Original North Korean Operating System RedStar 3.0|work=[[Vice News]]|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pgaxa9/you-can-now-install-the-north-korean-operating-system-redstar-30|access-date=August 14, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Version 3, like its predecessors, utilizes [[Wine (software)|Wine]], a compatibility layer that allows [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] programs to be run under Linux.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.northkoreatech.org/2014/01/31/north-koreas-red-star-os-goes-mac/|title = North Korea's Red Star OS Goes Mac|date = January 31, 2014|access-date = July 23, 2014|website = [[North Korea Tech]]|publisher = Martyn Williams|last = Williams|first = Martyn}}</ref>
The operating system utilizes customized versions of [[KDE Software Compilation]]. Earlier versions had [[KDE 3]]-based desktops. Version 3.0 closely resembles [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[macOS]], whereas previous versions more closely resembled [[Windows XP]];<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26047439|title=Apple's Mac OSX imitated in latest North Korea system|date=2014-02-05|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/10619703/North-Korean-computers-get-Apple-makeover.html|title=North Korean computers get 'Apple' makeover|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en}}</ref> current North Korean leader [[Kim Jong-un]] was seen with an [[iMac]] on his desk in a 2013 photo, indicating a possible connection to the redesign.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26047439| title=Apple's Mac OS X imitated in latest North Korea system| date=2014-02-05| publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name=telegraph-redstarapple>{{cite web|title=North Korean computers get 'Apple' makeover|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/10619703/North-Korean-computers-get-Apple-makeover.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=5 February 2014 |access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=North Korean computers get iMac makeover|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/blue-sky-north-korea-computer-resembles-an-imac-2015-6?r=US&IR=T|work=Business Insider|access-date=2022-07-07}}</ref>
{{System requirements
| useminandrec = no
| align = left
| width = 24em
| platform1 = Red Star OS
| os1 =
| cpu1 = 800 MHz Intel Pentium III
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3036046/what-its-like-to-use-north-koreas-red-star-os|title=A Visual Guide To North Korea's Totalitarian Operating System|date=2014-09-23|work=Fast Company|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/03/04/north-koreas-red-star-os-takes-the-open-out-of-open-source/|title=North Korea's Red Star OS takes the 'open' out of 'open source'|website=Engadget|date=4 March 2010 |access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref>
| memory1 = 256 [[Megabyte|MB]]
| gpu1 =
| sound1 =
| network1 =
| hdspace1 = 3 [[Gigabyte|GB]]
| media1 =
| display1 =
| input1 =
}}
{{clear|both}}
==Media attention==
[[File:Windowing in Red Star Linux.png|left|thumb|220x220px|Built-in games in Version 2.0 of Red Star OS, including versions of [[Atomix (video game)|Atomix]] and [[Minesweeper (video game)|Minesweeper]].]]
The Japan-based [[North Korea]]-affiliated newspaper ''[[Choson Sinbo]]'' interviewed two Red Star OS programmers in June 2006.<ref name="ChosonSinbo"/> English-language technology blogs, including [[Engadget]] and [[OSnews]], as well as South Korean [[news agency|wire services]] such as [[Yonhap]], went on to repost the content.<ref name="Daum" /><ref>{{citation
| url=http://www.osnews.com/story/22960/North_Korea_Develops_Its_Own_Linux_Distribution
| title=North Korea Develops Its Own Linux Distribution
| last=Holwerda
| first=Thom
| date=2009-03-04
| periodical=[[OSNews]]
| access-date=2013-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/03/04/north-koreas-red-star-os-takes-the-open-out-of-open-source/
| title=North Korea's Red Star OS takes the 'open' out of 'open source'
| date=2009-03-04
| last=Flatley
| first=Joseph L.
| periodical=[[Engadget]]
| access-date=2013-01-23}}</ref> In late 2013, Will Scott, who was visiting the [[Pyongyang University of Science and Technology]], purchased a copy of version 3 from a KCC retailer in southern Pyongyang, and uploaded screenshots to the internet.<ref name=":0" />
In 2015, two German researchers speaking at the [[Chaos Communication Congress]]<ref name="chaos">{{cite AV media|url=https://media.ccc.de/v/32c3-7174-lifting_the_fog_on_red_star_os|title=Lifting the Fog on Red Star OS - A deep dive into the surveillance features of North Korea's operating system|author1=Florian Grunow|author2=Niklaus Schiess|date=2015-12-28|work=[[Chaos Communication Congress]] 32}}</ref> described the internal operation of the OS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/northkorea-computers-idUSKBN0UA0GF20151227|title=Paranoid: North Korea's computer operating system mirrors its political one|author=Jeremy Wagstaff and James Pearson|date=27 December 2015|work=Reuters}}</ref> The North Korean government wants to track the underground market of [[USB flash drive]]s used to exchange foreign films, music and writing,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKBN0MM2UZ20150327|title=The $50 device that symbolizes a shift in North Korea|author=James Pearson|date=27 March 2015|work=Reuters}}</ref> so the system [[Watermark (data file)|watermarks]] all files on portable media attached to computers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insinuator.net/2015/07/redstar-os-watermarking/|title=RedStar OS Watermarking|work=Insinuator|date=16 July 2015 }}</ref>
== History ==
=== Version 1.0/Beta ===
[[File:Red Star 1.0 Boot Screen.png|right|thumb|205px|The boot-up splash screen of Red Star 1.0]]
[[File:Red Star 1.0 Desktop - File Manager.png|right|thumb|250px|Desktop of Red Star 1.0 and the default file manager]]
The first version appeared in 2008. It is very reminiscent of the Windows XP operating system.
It featured the "[[Naenara (browser)|Naenara]]" web browser, based on Mozilla Firefox, and an Office suite based on Open Office, called "Uri 2.0". [[Wine (software)|Wine]] is also included.
One copy has been leaked online. The screenshots of the operating system were officially published by KCNA and discovered by South Korean news sites.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=Tong-hyung|first=Kim|date=5 April 2010|title=NK Goes for Linux-Based Operating System|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/04/123_63669.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref>
=== Version 2.0 ===
[[File:Red Star OS 2.0 21 10 2023 20 34 26.png|right|thumb|205px|Desktop of Red Star 2.0]]
The development of version 2.0 began in March 2008, and was completed on June 3, 2009. Like its predecessor, its appearance resembles Windows XP, and was priced at 2000 [[North Korean won]] (approx. US$15).
The "Naenara" internet browser is also included in this version. The browser was released on 6 August 2009, as part of the operating system, and was priced at 4000 [[North Korean won]] (approx. US$28).
The operating system uses a special keyboard layout that differs greatly from the South Korean standard layout.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
=== Version 3.0 ===
[[File:Rootsetting_in_Red_Star_OS_3_(Linux_from_DPRK).jpg|right|thumb|205px|Utility to obtain root privileges in Red Star OS 3]]
[[File:Sogwang_Office_in_Red_Star_OS_3.jpg|right|thumb|205px|Sogwang office (customized OpenOffice) in Red Star OS 3]]
Version 3.0 was introduced on April 15, 2012, and its appearance resembles [[macOS]] operating systems of various versions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northkoreatech.org/2014/12/30/red-star-3-0-desktop-finally-becomes-public/|title=Red Star 3.0 Desktop finally becomes public|last=Williams|first=Martyn|date=2014-12-30|website=[[North Korea Tech]]|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref> The new version supports both [[Internet Protocol version 4|IPv4]] and [[IPv6]] addresses.
The operating system comes pre-installed with a number of applications that monitor its users. If a user tries to disable security functions, an error message will appear on the computer, or the operating system will crash and reboot. In addition, a watermarking tool integrated into the system marks all media content with the hard drive's serial number, allowing the North Korean authorities to trace the spread of files. The system also has hidden "antivirus" software that is capable of removing censored files that are remotely stored by the North Korean Secret Service. There is a user group called "[[superuser|administrator]]" in the operating system. Users do not have root access by default, but are able to elevate their privileges to root by running a built-in utility called "rootsetting". However, provisions are made in kernel modules to deny even root users access to certain files, and extensive system integrity checks are done at boot time to ensure these files have not been modified.<ref name="chaos" />
Red Star OS 3 comes with a customized version of [[OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] called ''Sogwang Office''.<ref name="chaos"/>
The operating system was leaked by [[Zammis Clark]] ("SlipStream").<ref>{{Cite web |title=r/linux - I managed to get a hold of the latest version of that North Korean Linux distro, in some shape or form. Here's a torrent of Red Star OS 3.0 Server. |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/272zxf/i_managed_to_get_a_hold_of_the_latest_version_of/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=reddit |date=2 June 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Version 4.0 ===
Little information is available on version 4.0.
According to ''[[The Pyongyang Times]]'', an official version of Red Star OS 4.0 had been developed by January 2019, with full network support as well as system and service management tools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/pdf/2019/02/6.pdf|title=The Pyongyang Times|access-date=2019-01-12|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518165456/http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/pdf/2019/02/6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In June and July 2020, [[South Korea]]'s NKEconomy (NK경제) obtained a copy of Red Star OS 4.0 and have published articles about it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3191|title=북한 붉은별4.0에 오라클 버추얼박스를 탑재하고 있다|trans-title=Oracle Virtualbox is installed in DPRK's Red Star 4.0|publisher=NK경제 (NKEconomy)|date=2020-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3213|title=붉은별4.0 서광 오피스에서 MS워드 파일 편집 가능하다|trans-title=Sogwang Office in Red Star 4.0 can edit Microsoft Word files|publisher=NK경제 (NKEconomy)|date=2020-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3261|title=북한 붉은별 4.0의 기본 브라우저는? 파이어폭스|trans-title=The default web browser in Red Star 4.0 is Firefox|publisher=NK경제 (NKEconomy)|date=2020-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3292|title=붉은별4.0의 비밀번호 관리는 키체인으로?|trans-title=Password management in Red Star 4.0 is done by keychain?|publisher=NK경제 (NKEconomy)|date=2020-07-21}}</ref>
== Vulnerabilities ==
In 2016, the [[computer security]] company Hacker House found a security vulnerability in the integrated web browser Naenara. This vulnerability makes it possible to execute commands on the computer if the user clicks on a crafted link.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myhackerhouse.com/redstar-os-3-0-remote-arbitrary-command-injection/ |title=RedStar OS 3.0: Remote Arbitrary Command Injection |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205124639/https://www.myhackerhouse.com/redstar-os-3-0-remote-arbitrary-command-injection/ |archive-date=December 5, 2016 |access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehackernews.com/2016/12/redstar-north-korea.html|title=North Korea's Linux-based Red Star OS can be Hacked Remotely with just a Link|last=Wei|first=Wang|work=The Hacker News|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Red Star OS}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://ashen-rus.livejournal.com/4300.html
|title=OS "Red Star" - линуксоиды всех стран, соединяйтесь!
|date=2010-02-27
|language=ru
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050018/http://ashen-rus.livejournal.com/4300.html
|archive-date=2011-07-26
}}
*"[https://archiveos.org/redstar/ Download"]
* {{cite web
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8604912.stm
| title=North Korean Red Star operating system details emerge
| date=2010-04-06
| publisher=[[BBC News]]}}
* {{cite web
| url=http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/economy/2010/04/03/0303000000AKR20100403065200017.HTML
| script-title=ko:北 컴퓨터운영체제 붉은별 첫 분석
| language=ko| date=5 April 2010
}}
* [https://github.com/takeshixx/redstar-tools redstar-tools]: A tool used for analyzing the system.
{{Linux distributions}}
{{Portal bar|Free and open-source software|Linux}}
[[Category:2008 software]]
[[Category:Information technology in North Korea]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Korean-language computing]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:State-sponsored Linux distributions]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{distinguish|Red Flag Linux}}
{{short description|North Korean Linux-based operating system}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = Red Star OS<br />붉은별 사용자용체계
| logo = Red Star OS Logo 2020.svg
| logo_size = 256px
| screenshot = RedStarOS-2021-04-03-16-50-57.png
| caption = Screenshot of the desktop of Red Star OS 3.0, [[Internationalization and localization|localized]] with [[North–South differences in the Korean language|North Korean terminology and spelling]]
| developer = [[Korea Computer Center]], [[North Korea]]
| family = [[Linux]] (desktop and server),<br> [[Android (operating system)|Android]] (on Woolim, [[Arirang (smartphone)|Arirang]], [[Samjiyon tablet computer|Samjiyon]], [[Manbang]], Jindallae and Ryonghung)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2017/05/north-korean-company-advertising-domestically-made-ipad/|title=Domestic Tablet|work=[[NK News]]|access-date=2022-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/190872/20161231/north-koreas-android-tablet-woolim-is-packed-with-features-automatic-screenshots-non-removable-bloatware-and-more.htm|title=Domestic Tablet |work=[[NK News]]|access-date=2022-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mashable.com/article/north-korean-smartphone|title=North Korean Smartphone|work=Mashable|access-date=2022-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
| working_state = Current
| source_model = {{ubl
|[[Proprietary software|Closed-source]]
| Some components are [[free and open-source]]
}}
| latest_release_version = 4.0
| marketing_target = [[Personal computer]]s
| language = [[Korean language|Korean]]
| supported_platforms = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]] (server only), [[ARM architecture|ARM]] (mobile and tablet only)
| kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] forked from ([[Linux kernel]])
| ui = [[KDE]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archiveos.org/redstar/|title=Red Star OS|work=ArchiveOS|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref>
| license = GPL (Linux kernel and other GNU software only), Proprietary
| influenced_by = [[Fedora Linux]] (desktop), [[CentOS]] (Server), [[Android (operating system)|Android]] (mobile and tablet)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/wnx8yy/inside-north-koreas-totalitarian-operating-system|title=Inside North Korea's Totalitarian Operating System|website=Motherboard|date=27 December 2015 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref>
| date = July 2014
}}
'''Red Star OS''' ({{ko-hhrm|붉은별|mr=Pulgŭnbyŏl|context=north}}) is a [[North Korea]]n [[Linux distribution]], with development first starting in 1998 at the [[Korea Computer Center]] (KCC). Prior to its release, computers in North Korea typically used [[Red Hat Linux]],<ref name="ChosonSinbo">{{citation
| url=http://www.korea-np.co.jp/news/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=22248
| archive-url=https://archive.today/20071223055411/http://www.korea-np.co.jp/news/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=22248
| archive-date=2007-12-23
| periodical=[[Choson Sinbo]]
| title=〈민족정보산업의 부흥 -상-〉 《우리식 콤퓨터조작체계(OS) 》의 개발과 도입
| date=2006-06-21
| last=Kim
| first=Chi-yong
| language=ko}}</ref> and later switched to modified versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] with North Korean language packs installed.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea's 'paranoid' computer operating system revealed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/north-koreas-computer-operating-system-revealed-by-researchers|access-date=4 May 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 December 2015|language=en}}</ref>
Version 3.0 was released in the summer of 2013, but {{asof|2014|lc=y}}, version 1.0 continues to be more widely used.{{Verify source|date=November 2021}} It is only available in [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Internationalization and localization|localized]] with [[North–South differences in the Korean language|North Korean terminology and spelling]].<ref name="Daum">{{citation
| url=http://media.daum.net/digital/view.html?cateid=1068&newsid=20100302174815619&p=yonhap
| date=2010-03-03
| access-date=2013-01-23
| periodical=[[Yonhap News]]
| script-title=ko:北, 독자적 컴퓨터 운영체제 '붉은별' 개발
| last=Nam
| first=Hyeon-ho
| language=ko}}</ref>
==Specifications==
Red Star OS features a modified [[Mozilla Firefox]] browser called [[Naenara (browser)|''Naenara'']] ("My country" in Korean), which is used for browsing the [[Naenara]] web portal on North Korea's [[national intranet]] known as [[Kwangmyong (network)|Kwangmyong]]. Naenara comes with two search engines. Other software includes a [[text editor]], an [[office suite]], an [[e-mail client]], [[Media player (application software)|audio and video]] players, a [[file sharing program]], and [[computer game|video games]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 20, 2019|title=Naenara: Exploring a North Korean Computer & Internet|url=https://koryogroup.com/blog/naenara-exploring-a-north-korean-computer-internet|access-date=August 14, 2021|website=[[Koryo Tours]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Locker|first=Theresa|date=January 7, 2015|title=You Can Now Install the Original North Korean Operating System RedStar 3.0|work=[[Vice News]]|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/pgaxa9/you-can-now-install-the-north-korean-operating-system-redstar-30|access-date=August 14, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Version 3, like its predecessors, utilizes [[Wine (software)|Wine]], a compatibility layer that allows [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] programs to be run under Linux.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.northkoreatech.org/2014/01/31/north-koreas-red-star-os-goes-mac/|title = North Korea's Red Star OS Goes Mac|date = January 31, 2014|access-date = July 23, 2014|website = [[North Korea Tech]]|publisher = Martyn Williams|last = Williams|first = Martyn}}</ref>
The operating system utilizes customized versions of [[KDE Software Compilation]]. Earlier versions had [[KDE 3]]-based desktops. Version 3.0 closely resembles [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[macOS]], whereas previous versions more closely resembled [[Windows XP]];<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26047439|title=Apple's Mac OSX imitated in latest North Korea system|date=2014-02-05|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/10619703/North-Korean-computers-get-Apple-makeover.html|title=North Korean computers get 'Apple' makeover|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en}}</ref> current North Korean leader [[Kim Jong-un]] was seen with an [[iMac]] on his desk in a 2013 photo, indicating a possible connection to the redesign.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26047439| title=Apple's Mac OS X imitated in latest North Korea system| date=2014-02-05| publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name=telegraph-redstarapple>{{cite web|title=North Korean computers get 'Apple' makeover|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/10619703/North-Korean-computers-get-Apple-makeover.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=5 February 2014 |access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=North Korean computers get iMac makeover|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/blue-sky-north-korea-computer-resembles-an-imac-2015-6?r=US&IR=T|work=Business Insider|access-date=2022-07-07}}</ref>
{{System requirements
| useminandrec = no
| align = left
| width = 24em
| platform1 = Red Star OS
| os1 =
| cpu1 = 800 MHz Intel Pentium III
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3036046/what-its-like-to-use-north-koreas-red-star-os|title=A Visual Guide To North Korea's Totalitarian Operating System|date=2014-09-23|work=Fast Company|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/03/04/north-koreas-red-star-os-takes-the-open-out-of-open-source/|title=North Korea's Red Star OS takes the 'open' out of 'open source'|website=Engadget|date=4 March 2010 |access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref>
| memory1 = 256 [[Megabyte|MB]]
| gpu1 =
| sound1 =
| network1 =
| hdspace1 = 3 [[Gigabyte|GB]]
| media1 =
| display1 =
| input1 =
}}
{{clear|both}}
==Media attention==
[[File:Windowing in Red Star Linux.png|left|thumb|220x220px|Built-in games in Version 2.0 of Red Star OS, including versions of [[Atomix (video game)|Atomix]] and [[Minesweeper (video game)|Minesweeper]].]]
The Japan-based [[North Korea]]-affiliated newspaper ''[[Choson Sinbo]]'' interviewed two Red Star OS programmers in June 2006.<ref name="ChosonSinbo"/> English-language technology blogs, including [[Engadget]] and [[OSnews]], as well as South Korean [[news agency|wire services]] such as [[Yonhap]], went on to repost the content.<ref name="Daum" /><ref>{{citation
| url=http://www.osnews.com/story/22960/North_Korea_Develops_Its_Own_Linux_Distribution
| title=North Korea Develops Its Own Linux Distribution
| last=Holwerda
| first=Thom
| date=2009-03-04
| periodical=[[OSNews]]
| access-date=2013-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/03/04/north-koreas-red-star-os-takes-the-open-out-of-open-source/
| title=North Korea's Red Star OS takes the 'open' out of 'open source'
| date=2009-03-04
| last=Flatley
| first=Joseph L.
| periodical=[[Engadget]]
| access-date=2013-01-23}}</ref> In late 2013, Will Scott, who was visiting the [[Pyongyang University of Science and Technology]], purchased a copy of version 3 from a KCC retailer in southern Pyongyang, and uploaded screenshots to the internet.<ref name=":0" />
In 2015, two German researchers speaking at the [[Chaos Communication Congress]]<ref name="chaos">{{cite AV media|url=https://media.ccc.de/v/32c3-7174-lifting_the_fog_on_red_star_os|title=Lifting the Fog on Red Star OS - A deep dive into the surveillance features of North Korea's operating system|author1=Florian Grunow|author2=Niklaus Schiess|date=2015-12-28|work=[[Chaos Communication Congress]] 32}}</ref> described the internal operation of the OS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/northkorea-computers-idUSKBN0UA0GF20151227|title=Paranoid: North Korea's computer operating system mirrors its political one|author=Jeremy Wagstaff and James Pearson|date=27 December 2015|work=Reuters}}</ref> The North Korean government wants to track the underground market of [[USB flash drive]]s used to exchange foreign films, music and writing,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKBN0MM2UZ20150327|title=The $50 device that symbolizes a shift in North Korea|author=James Pearson|date=27 March 2015|work=Reuters}}</ref> so the system [[Watermark (data file)|watermarks]] all files on portable media attached to computers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insinuator.net/2015/07/redstar-os-watermarking/|title=RedStar OS Watermarking|work=Insinuator|date=16 July 2015 }}</ref>
== History ==
=== Version 1.0/alpha ===
[[File:Red Star 1.0 Boot Screen.png|right|thumb|205px|The boot-up splash screen of Red Star 1.0]]
[[File:Red Star 1.0 Desktop - File Manager.png|right|thumb|250px|Desktop of Red Star 1.0 and the default file manager]]
The first version appeared in 2008. It is very reminiscent of the Windows XP operating system.
It featured the "[[Naenara (browser)|Naenara]]" web browser, based on Mozilla Firefox, and an Office suite based on Open Office, called "Uri 2.0". [[Wine (software)|Wine]] is also included.
One copy has been leaked online. The screenshots of the operating system were officially published by ROBLOX and discovered by South Korean news sites.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=Tong-hyung|first=Kim|date=5 April 2010|title=NK Goes for Linux-Based Operating System|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/04/123_63669.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref>
=== Version 2.0 ===
[[File:Red Star OS 2.0 21 10 2023 20 34 26.png|right|thumb|205px|Desktop of Red Star 2.0]]
The development of version 2.0 began in March 2008, and was completed on June 3, 2009. Like its predecessor, its appearance resembles Windows XP, and was priced at 2000 [[North Korean won]] (approx. US$15).
The "Naenara" internet browser is also included in this version. The browser was released on 6 August 2009, as part of the operating system, and was priced at 4000 [[North Korean won]] (approx. US$28).
The operating system uses a special keyboard layout that differs greatly from the South Korean standard layout.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
=== Version 3.0 ===
[[File:Rootsetting_in_Red_Star_OS_3_(Linux_from_DPRK).jpg|right|thumb|205px|Utility to obtain root privileges in Red Star OS 3]]
[[File:Sogwang_Office_in_Red_Star_OS_3.jpg|right|thumb|205px|Sogwang office (customized OpenOffice) in Red Star OS 3]]
Version 3.0 was introduced on April 15, 2012, and its appearance resembles [[macOS]] operating systems of various versions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northkoreatech.org/2014/12/30/red-star-3-0-desktop-finally-becomes-public/|title=Red Star 3.0 Desktop finally becomes public|last=Williams|first=Martyn|date=2014-12-30|website=[[North Korea Tech]]|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref> The new version supports both [[Internet Protocol version 4|IPv4]] and [[IPv6]] addresses.
The operating system comes pre-installed with a number of applications that monitor its users. If a user tries to disable security functions, an error message will appear on the computer, or the operating system will crash and reboot. In addition, a watermarking tool integrated into the system marks all media content with the hard drive's serial number, allowing the North Korean authorities to trace the spread of files. The system also has hidden "antivirus" software that is capable of removing censored files that are remotely stored by the North Korean Secret Service. There is a user group called "[[superuser|administrator]]" in the operating system. Users do not have root access by default, but are able to elevate their privileges to root by running a built-in utility called "rootsetting". However, provisions are made in kernel modules to deny even root users access to certain files, and extensive system integrity checks are done at boot time to ensure these files have not been modified.<ref name="chaos" />
Red Star OS 3 comes with a customized version of [[OpenOffice.org|OpenOffice]] called ''Sogwang Office''.<ref name="chaos"/>
The operating system was leaked by [[Zammis Clark]] ("SlipStream").<ref>{{Cite web |title=r/linux - I managed to get a hold of the latest version of that North Korean Linux distro, in some shape or form. Here's a torrent of Red Star OS 3.0 Server. |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/272zxf/i_managed_to_get_a_hold_of_the_latest_version_of/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=reddit |date=2 June 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Version 4.0 ===
Little information is available on version 4.0.
According to ''[[The Pyongyang Times]]'', an official version of Red Star OS 4.0 had been developed by January 2019, with full network support as well as system and service management tools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/pdf/2019/02/6.pdf|title=The Pyongyang Times|access-date=2019-01-12|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518165456/http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/pdf/2019/02/6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In June and July 2020, [[South Korea]]'s NKEconomy (NK경제) obtained a copy of Red Star OS 4.0 and have published articles about it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3191|title=북한 붉은별4.0에 오라클 버추얼박스를 탑재하고 있다|trans-title=Oracle Virtualbox is installed in DPRK's Red Star 4.0|publisher=NK경제 (NKEconomy)|date=2020-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3213|title=붉은별4.0 서광 오피스에서 MS워드 파일 편집 가능하다|trans-title=Sogwang Office in Red Star 4.0 can edit Microsoft Word files|publisher=NK경제 (NKEconomy)|date=2020-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3261|title=북한 붉은별 4.0의 기본 브라우저는? 파이어폭스|trans-title=The default web browser in Red Star 4.0 is Firefox|publisher=NK경제 (NKEconomy)|date=2020-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3292|title=붉은별4.0의 비밀번호 관리는 키체인으로?|trans-title=Password management in Red Star 4.0 is done by keychain?|publisher=NK경제 (NKEconomy)|date=2020-07-21}}</ref>
== Vulnerabilities ==
In 2016, the [[computer security]] company Hacker House found a security vulnerability in the integrated web browser Naenara. This vulnerability makes it possible to execute commands on the computer if the user clicks on a crafted link.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myhackerhouse.com/redstar-os-3-0-remote-arbitrary-command-injection/ |title=RedStar OS 3.0: Remote Arbitrary Command Injection |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205124639/https://www.myhackerhouse.com/redstar-os-3-0-remote-arbitrary-command-injection/ |archive-date=December 5, 2016 |access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehackernews.com/2016/12/redstar-north-korea.html|title=North Korea's Linux-based Red Star OS can be Hacked Remotely with just a Link|last=Wei|first=Wang|work=The Hacker News|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Red Star OS}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://ashen-rus.livejournal.com/4300.html
|title=OS "Red Star" - линуксоиды всех стран, соединяйтесь!
|date=2010-02-27
|language=ru
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050018/http://ashen-rus.livejournal.com/4300.html
|archive-date=2011-07-26
}}
*"[https://archiveos.org/redstar/ Download"]
* {{cite web
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8604912.stm
| title=North Korean Red Star operating system details emerge
| date=2010-04-06
| publisher=[[BBC News]]}}
* {{cite web
| url=http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/economy/2010/04/03/0303000000AKR20100403065200017.HTML
| script-title=ko:北 컴퓨터운영체제 붉은별 첫 분석
| language=ko| date=5 April 2010
}}
* [https://github.com/takeshixx/redstar-tools redstar-tools]: A tool used for analyzing the system.
{{Linux distributions}}
{{Portal bar|Free and open-source software|Linux}}
[[Category:2008 software]]
[[Category:Information technology in North Korea]]
[[Category:KDE]]
[[Category:Korean-language computing]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:State-sponsored Linux distributions]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -91,5 +91,5 @@
== History ==
-=== Version 1.0/Beta ===
+=== Version 1.0/alpha ===
[[File:Red Star 1.0 Boot Screen.png|right|thumb|205px|The boot-up splash screen of Red Star 1.0]]
[[File:Red Star 1.0 Desktop - File Manager.png|right|thumb|250px|Desktop of Red Star 1.0 and the default file manager]]
@@ -98,5 +98,5 @@
It featured the "[[Naenara (browser)|Naenara]]" web browser, based on Mozilla Firefox, and an Office suite based on Open Office, called "Uri 2.0". [[Wine (software)|Wine]] is also included.
-One copy has been leaked online. The screenshots of the operating system were officially published by KCNA and discovered by South Korean news sites.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=Tong-hyung|first=Kim|date=5 April 2010|title=NK Goes for Linux-Based Operating System|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/04/123_63669.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref>
+One copy has been leaked online. The screenshots of the operating system were officially published by ROBLOX and discovered by South Korean news sites.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=Tong-hyung|first=Kim|date=5 April 2010|title=NK Goes for Linux-Based Operating System|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/04/123_63669.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref>
=== Version 2.0 ===
' |
New page size (new_size) | 18636 |
Old page size (old_size) | 18633 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 3 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '=== Version 1.0/alpha ===',
1 => 'One copy has been leaked online. The screenshots of the operating system were officially published by ROBLOX and discovered by South Korean news sites.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=Tong-hyung|first=Kim|date=5 April 2010|title=NK Goes for Linux-Based Operating System|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/04/123_63669.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref>'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '=== Version 1.0/Beta ===',
1 => 'One copy has been leaked online. The screenshots of the operating system were officially published by KCNA and discovered by South Korean news sites.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=Tong-hyung|first=Kim|date=5 April 2010|title=NK Goes for Linux-Based Operating System|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/04/123_63669.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref>'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://www.nknews.org/2017/05/north-korean-company-advertising-domestically-made-ipad/',
1 => 'https://www.techtimes.com/articles/190872/20161231/north-koreas-android-tablet-woolim-is-packed-with-features-automatic-screenshots-non-removable-bloatware-and-more.htm',
2 => 'https://mashable.com/article/north-korean-smartphone',
3 => 'https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/wnx8yy/inside-north-koreas-totalitarian-operating-system',
4 => 'https://archiveos.org/redstar/',
5 => 'https://archive.today/20071223055411/http://www.korea-np.co.jp/news/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=22248',
6 => 'http://www.korea-np.co.jp/news/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=22248',
7 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/north-koreas-computer-operating-system-revealed-by-researchers',
8 => 'http://media.daum.net/digital/view.html?cateid=1068&newsid=20100302174815619&p=yonhap',
9 => 'https://koryogroup.com/blog/naenara-exploring-a-north-korean-computer-internet',
10 => 'https://www.vice.com/en/article/pgaxa9/you-can-now-install-the-north-korean-operating-system-redstar-30',
11 => 'http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/04/123_63669.html',
12 => 'http://www.northkoreatech.org/2014/01/31/north-koreas-red-star-os-goes-mac/',
13 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26047439',
14 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/10619703/North-Korean-computers-get-Apple-makeover.html',
15 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26047439',
16 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/blue-sky-north-korea-computer-resembles-an-imac-2015-6?r=US&IR=T',
17 => 'https://www.fastcompany.com/3036046/what-its-like-to-use-north-koreas-red-star-os',
18 => 'https://www.engadget.com/2010/03/04/north-koreas-red-star-os-takes-the-open-out-of-open-source/',
19 => 'http://www.osnews.com/story/22960/North_Korea_Develops_Its_Own_Linux_Distribution',
20 => 'https://media.ccc.de/v/32c3-7174-lifting_the_fog_on_red_star_os',
21 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/northkorea-computers-idUSKBN0UA0GF20151227',
22 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKBN0MM2UZ20150327',
23 => 'https://www.insinuator.net/2015/07/redstar-os-watermarking/',
24 => 'https://www.northkoreatech.org/2014/12/30/red-star-3-0-desktop-finally-becomes-public/',
25 => 'https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/272zxf/i_managed_to_get_a_hold_of_the_latest_version_of/',
26 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190518165456/http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/pdf/2019/02/6.pdf',
27 => 'http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/pdf/2019/02/6.pdf',
28 => 'http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3191',
29 => 'http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3213',
30 => 'http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3261',
31 => 'http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3292',
32 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161205124639/https://www.myhackerhouse.com/redstar-os-3-0-remote-arbitrary-command-injection/',
33 => 'https://www.myhackerhouse.com/redstar-os-3-0-remote-arbitrary-command-injection/',
34 => 'https://thehackernews.com/2016/12/redstar-north-korea.html',
35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050018/http://ashen-rus.livejournal.com/4300.html',
36 => 'http://ashen-rus.livejournal.com/4300.html',
37 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8604912.stm',
38 => 'http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/economy/2010/04/03/0303000000AKR20100403065200017.HTML',
39 => 'https://github.com/takeshixx/redstar-tools'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.korea-np.co.jp/news/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=22248',
1 => 'http://media.daum.net/digital/view.html?cateid=1068&newsid=20100302174815619&p=yonhap',
2 => 'http://www.northkoreatech.org/2014/01/31/north-koreas-red-star-os-goes-mac/',
3 => 'http://www.osnews.com/story/22960/North_Korea_Develops_Its_Own_Linux_Distribution',
4 => 'https://media.ccc.de/v/32c3-7174-lifting_the_fog_on_red_star_os',
5 => 'https://www.insinuator.net/2015/07/redstar-os-watermarking/',
6 => 'http://ashen-rus.livejournal.com/4300.html',
7 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8604912.stm',
8 => 'http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/economy/2010/04/03/0303000000AKR20100403065200017.HTML',
9 => 'https://github.com/takeshixx/redstar-tools',
10 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050018/http://ashen-rus.livejournal.com/4300.html',
11 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/northkorea-computers-idUSKBN0UA0GF20151227',
12 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKBN0MM2UZ20150327',
13 => 'http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/04/123_63669.html',
14 => 'https://archiveos.org/redstar/',
15 => 'https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/wnx8yy/inside-north-koreas-totalitarian-operating-system',
16 => 'https://www.engadget.com/2010/03/04/north-koreas-red-star-os-takes-the-open-out-of-open-source/',
17 => 'https://www.northkoreatech.org/2014/12/30/red-star-3-0-desktop-finally-becomes-public/',
18 => 'https://thehackernews.com/2016/12/redstar-north-korea.html',
19 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/10619703/North-Korean-computers-get-Apple-makeover.html',
20 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/north-koreas-computer-operating-system-revealed-by-researchers',
21 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26047439',
22 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26047439',
23 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161205124639/https://www.myhackerhouse.com/redstar-os-3-0-remote-arbitrary-command-injection/',
24 => 'https://www.myhackerhouse.com/redstar-os-3-0-remote-arbitrary-command-injection/',
25 => 'https://archive.today/20071223055411/http://www.korea-np.co.jp/news/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=22248',
26 => 'https://koryogroup.com/blog/naenara-exploring-a-north-korean-computer-internet',
27 => 'https://www.vice.com/en/article/pgaxa9/you-can-now-install-the-north-korean-operating-system-redstar-30',
28 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/blue-sky-north-korea-computer-resembles-an-imac-2015-6?r=US&IR=T',
29 => 'https://www.nknews.org/2017/05/north-korean-company-advertising-domestically-made-ipad/',
30 => 'https://www.techtimes.com/articles/190872/20161231/north-koreas-android-tablet-woolim-is-packed-with-features-automatic-screenshots-non-removable-bloatware-and-more.htm',
31 => 'https://mashable.com/article/north-korean-smartphone',
32 => 'https://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/272zxf/i_managed_to_get_a_hold_of_the_latest_version_of/',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190518165456/http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/pdf/2019/02/6.pdf',
34 => 'http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/pdf/2019/02/6.pdf',
35 => 'http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3191',
36 => 'http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3213',
37 => 'http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3261',
38 => 'http://www.nkeconomy.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3292',
39 => 'https://www.fastcompany.com/3036046/what-its-like-to-use-north-koreas-red-star-os'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Red_Flag_Linux" title="Red Flag Linux">Red Flag Linux</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">North Korean Linux-based operating system</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Red Star OS<br />붉은별 사용자용체계</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:Red_Star_OS_Logo_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Red_Star_OS_Logo_2020.svg/256px-Red_Star_OS_Logo_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Red_Star_OS_Logo_2020.svg/384px-Red_Star_OS_Logo_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Red_Star_OS_Logo_2020.svg/512px-Red_Star_OS_Logo_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3659" data-file-height="1359" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:RedStarOS-2021-04-03-16-50-57.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RedStarOS-2021-04-03-16-50-57.png/300px-RedStarOS-2021-04-03-16-50-57.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RedStarOS-2021-04-03-16-50-57.png/450px-RedStarOS-2021-04-03-16-50-57.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RedStarOS-2021-04-03-16-50-57.png/600px-RedStarOS-2021-04-03-16-50-57.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of the desktop of Red Star OS 3.0, <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">localized</a> with <a href="./wiki.php?slug=North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language" title="North–South differences in the Korean language">North Korean terminology and spelling</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Korea_Computer_Center" title="Korea Computer Center">Korea Computer Center</a>, <a href="./wiki.php?slug=North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (desktop and server),<br /> <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> (on Woolim, <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Arirang_(smartphone)" title="Arirang (smartphone)">Arirang</a>, <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Samjiyon_tablet_computer" title="Samjiyon tablet computer">Samjiyon</a>, <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Manbang" title="Manbang">Manbang</a>, Jindallae and Ryonghung)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Closed-source</a></li><li>Some components are <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Free_and_open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open-source">free and open-source</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="./wiki.php?slug=X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (server only), <a href="./wiki.php?slug=ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> (mobile and tablet only)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a> forked from (<a href="./wiki.php?slug=Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Influenced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a> (desktop), <a href="./wiki.php?slug=CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a> (Server), <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> (mobile and tablet)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GPL (Linux kernel and other GNU software only), Proprietary</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Red Star OS</b> (<a href="./wiki.php?slug=Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">붉은별</span></span>; <a href="./wiki.php?slug=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">MR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Pulgŭnbyŏl</i></span>) is a <a href="./wiki.php?slug=North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a>, with development first starting in 1998 at the <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Korea_Computer_Center" title="Korea Computer Center">Korea Computer Center</a> (KCC). Prior to its release, computers in North Korea typically used <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ChosonSinbo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChosonSinbo-6">[6]</a></sup> and later switched to modified versions of <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> with North Korean language packs installed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Version 3.0 was released in the summer of 2013, but as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text">[update]</a></sup>, version 1.0 continues to be more widely used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is only available in <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">localized</a> with <a href="./wiki.php?slug=North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language" title="North–South differences in the Korean language">North Korean terminology and spelling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daum_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daum-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Specifications"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Specifications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Media_attention"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Media attention</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Version_1.0/alpha"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Version 1.0/alpha</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Version_2.0"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Version 2.0</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Version_3.0"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Version 3.0</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Version_4.0"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Version 4.0</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vulnerabilities"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Vulnerabilities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Specifications">Specifications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Edit section's source code: Specifications"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Red Star OS features a modified <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> browser called <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Naenara_(browser)" title="Naenara (browser)"><i>Naenara</i></a> ("My country" in Korean), which is used for browsing the <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Naenara" title="Naenara">Naenara</a> web portal on North Korea's <a href="./wiki.php?slug=National_intranet" title="National intranet">national intranet</a> known as <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kwangmyong_(network)" title="Kwangmyong (network)">Kwangmyong</a>. Naenara comes with two search engines. Other software includes a <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editor</a>, an <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Office_suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Office suite">office suite</a>, an <a href="./wiki.php?slug=E-mail_client" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail client">e-mail client</a>, <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Media_player_(application_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media player (application software)">audio and video</a> players, a <a href="./wiki.php?slug=File_sharing_program" class="mw-redirect" title="File sharing program">file sharing program</a>, and <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Computer_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer game">video games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a></sup> Version 3, like its predecessors, utilizes <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a>, a compatibility layer that allows <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> programs to be run under Linux.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The operating system utilizes customized versions of <a href="./wiki.php?slug=KDE_Software_Compilation" title="KDE Software Compilation">KDE Software Compilation</a>. Earlier versions had <a href="./wiki.php?slug=KDE_3" class="mw-redirect" title="KDE 3">KDE 3</a>-based desktops. Version 3.0 closely resembles <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="./wiki.php?slug=MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, whereas previous versions more closely resembled <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> current North Korean leader <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kim_Jong-un" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong-un</a> was seen with an <a href="./wiki.php?slug=IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> on his desk in a 2013 photo, indicating a possible connection to the redesign.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-redstarapple_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-redstarapple-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;width:24em;">
<caption style="text-align:center; padding-left:1em;">System requirements
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th style="width:10em;">
</th>
<th colspan="2" style="width:22em;">Requirements
</th></tr><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="background:#d1dbdf;">Red Star OS</th>
</tr><tr><th>CPU</th>
<td colspan="2">800 MHz Intel Pentium III
<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th>Memory</th>
<td colspan="2">256 <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a></td></tr><tr><th>Free space</th>
<td colspan="2">3 <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media_attention">Media attention</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Edit section's source code: Media attention"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:Windowing_in_Red_Star_Linux.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Windowing_in_Red_Star_Linux.png/220px-Windowing_in_Red_Star_Linux.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Windowing_in_Red_Star_Linux.png/330px-Windowing_in_Red_Star_Linux.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Windowing_in_Red_Star_Linux.png/440px-Windowing_in_Red_Star_Linux.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Built-in games in Version 2.0 of Red Star OS, including versions of <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Atomix_(video_game)" title="Atomix (video game)">Atomix</a> and <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Minesweeper_(video_game)" title="Minesweeper (video game)">Minesweeper</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Japan-based <a href="./wiki.php?slug=North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>-affiliated newspaper <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Choson_Sinbo" title="Choson Sinbo">Choson Sinbo</a></i> interviewed two Red Star OS programmers in June 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-ChosonSinbo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChosonSinbo-6">[6]</a></sup> English-language technology blogs, including <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a> and <a href="./wiki.php?slug=OSnews" class="mw-redirect" title="OSnews">OSnews</a>, as well as South Korean <a href="./wiki.php?slug=News_agency" title="News agency">wire services</a> such as <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Yonhap" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonhap">Yonhap</a>, went on to repost the content.<sup id="cite_ref-Daum_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daum-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> In late 2013, Will Scott, who was visiting the <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Pyongyang_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Pyongyang University of Science and Technology">Pyongyang University of Science and Technology</a>, purchased a copy of version 3 from a KCC retailer in southern Pyongyang, and uploaded screenshots to the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2015, two German researchers speaking at the <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Chaos_Communication_Congress" title="Chaos Communication Congress">Chaos Communication Congress</a><sup id="cite_ref-chaos_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaos-22">[22]</a></sup> described the internal operation of the OS.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> The North Korean government wants to track the underground market of <a href="./wiki.php?slug=USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drives</a> used to exchange foreign films, music and writing,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> so the system <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Watermark_(data_file)" title="Watermark (data file)">watermarks</a> all files on portable media attached to computers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span id="Version_1.0.2Falpha"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Version_1.0/alpha">Version 1.0/alpha</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Edit section's source code: Version 1.0/alpha"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:Red_Star_1.0_Boot_Screen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Red_Star_1.0_Boot_Screen.png/205px-Red_Star_1.0_Boot_Screen.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Red_Star_1.0_Boot_Screen.png/308px-Red_Star_1.0_Boot_Screen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Red_Star_1.0_Boot_Screen.png/410px-Red_Star_1.0_Boot_Screen.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>The boot-up splash screen of Red Star 1.0</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:Red_Star_1.0_Desktop_-_File_Manager.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Red_Star_1.0_Desktop_-_File_Manager.png/250px-Red_Star_1.0_Desktop_-_File_Manager.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Red_Star_1.0_Desktop_-_File_Manager.png/375px-Red_Star_1.0_Desktop_-_File_Manager.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Red_Star_1.0_Desktop_-_File_Manager.png/500px-Red_Star_1.0_Desktop_-_File_Manager.png 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Desktop of Red Star 1.0 and the default file manager</figcaption></figure>
<p>The first version appeared in 2008. It is very reminiscent of the Windows XP operating system.
</p><p>It featured the "<a href="./wiki.php?slug=Naenara_(browser)" title="Naenara (browser)">Naenara</a>" web browser, based on Mozilla Firefox, and an Office suite based on Open Office, called "Uri 2.0". <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a> is also included.
</p><p>One copy has been leaked online. The screenshots of the operating system were officially published by ROBLOX and discovered by South Korean news sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Version_2.0">Version 2.0</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Edit section's source code: Version 2.0"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:Red_Star_OS_2.0_21_10_2023_20_34_26.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Red_Star_OS_2.0_21_10_2023_20_34_26.png/205px-Red_Star_OS_2.0_21_10_2023_20_34_26.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Red_Star_OS_2.0_21_10_2023_20_34_26.png/308px-Red_Star_OS_2.0_21_10_2023_20_34_26.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Red_Star_OS_2.0_21_10_2023_20_34_26.png/410px-Red_Star_OS_2.0_21_10_2023_20_34_26.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Desktop of Red Star 2.0</figcaption></figure>
<p>The development of version 2.0 began in March 2008, and was completed on June 3, 2009. Like its predecessor, its appearance resembles Windows XP, and was priced at 2000 <a href="./wiki.php?slug=North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> (approx. US$15).
</p><p>The "Naenara" internet browser is also included in this version. The browser was released on 6 August 2009, as part of the operating system, and was priced at 4000 <a href="./wiki.php?slug=North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> (approx. US$28).
</p><p>The operating system uses a special keyboard layout that differs greatly from the South Korean standard layout.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Version_3.0">Version 3.0</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Edit section's source code: Version 3.0"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:Rootsetting_in_Red_Star_OS_3_(Linux_from_DPRK).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rootsetting_in_Red_Star_OS_3_%28Linux_from_DPRK%29.jpg/205px-Rootsetting_in_Red_Star_OS_3_%28Linux_from_DPRK%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rootsetting_in_Red_Star_OS_3_%28Linux_from_DPRK%29.jpg/308px-Rootsetting_in_Red_Star_OS_3_%28Linux_from_DPRK%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rootsetting_in_Red_Star_OS_3_%28Linux_from_DPRK%29.jpg/410px-Rootsetting_in_Red_Star_OS_3_%28Linux_from_DPRK%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Utility to obtain root privileges in Red Star OS 3</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:Sogwang_Office_in_Red_Star_OS_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sogwang_Office_in_Red_Star_OS_3.jpg/205px-Sogwang_Office_in_Red_Star_OS_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sogwang_Office_in_Red_Star_OS_3.jpg/308px-Sogwang_Office_in_Red_Star_OS_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sogwang_Office_in_Red_Star_OS_3.jpg/410px-Sogwang_Office_in_Red_Star_OS_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Sogwang office (customized OpenOffice) in Red Star OS 3</figcaption></figure>
<p>Version 3.0 was introduced on April 15, 2012, and its appearance resembles <a href="./wiki.php?slug=MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> operating systems of various versions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> The new version supports both <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Internet_Protocol_version_4" title="Internet Protocol version 4">IPv4</a> and <a href="./wiki.php?slug=IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> addresses.
</p><p>The operating system comes pre-installed with a number of applications that monitor its users. If a user tries to disable security functions, an error message will appear on the computer, or the operating system will crash and reboot. In addition, a watermarking tool integrated into the system marks all media content with the hard drive's serial number, allowing the North Korean authorities to trace the spread of files. The system also has hidden "antivirus" software that is capable of removing censored files that are remotely stored by the North Korean Secret Service. There is a user group called "<a href="./wiki.php?slug=Superuser" title="Superuser">administrator</a>" in the operating system. Users do not have root access by default, but are able to elevate their privileges to root by running a built-in utility called "rootsetting". However, provisions are made in kernel modules to deny even root users access to certain files, and extensive system integrity checks are done at boot time to ensure these files have not been modified.<sup id="cite_ref-chaos_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaos-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Red Star OS 3 comes with a customized version of <a href="./wiki.php?slug=OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice</a> called <i>Sogwang Office</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-chaos_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaos-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>The operating system was leaked by <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Zammis_Clark" title="Zammis Clark">Zammis Clark</a> ("SlipStream").<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Version_4.0">Version 4.0</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Edit section's source code: Version 4.0"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Little information is available on version 4.0.
</p><p>According to <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=The_Pyongyang_Times" title="The Pyongyang Times">The Pyongyang Times</a></i>, an official version of Red Star OS 4.0 had been developed by January 2019, with full network support as well as system and service management tools.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June and July 2020, <a href="./wiki.php?slug=South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>'s NKEconomy (NK경제) obtained a copy of Red Star OS 4.0 and have published articles about it.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Vulnerabilities">Vulnerabilities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Edit section's source code: Vulnerabilities"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In 2016, the <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a> company Hacker House found a security vulnerability in the integrated web browser Naenara. This vulnerability makes it possible to execute commands on the computer if the user clicks on a crafted link.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Domestic Tablet"</a>. <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NK+News&rft.atitle=Domestic+Tablet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2017%2F05%2Fnorth-korean-company-advertising-domestically-made-ipad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Domestic Tablet"</a>. <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NK+News&rft.atitle=Domestic+Tablet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtimes.com%2Farticles%2F190872%2F20161231%2Fnorth-koreas-android-tablet-woolim-is-packed-with-features-automatic-screenshots-non-removable-bloatware-and-more.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"North Korean Smartphone"</a>. <i>Mashable</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=North+Korean+Smartphone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2Farticle%2Fnorth-korean-smartphone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Inside North Korea's Totalitarian Operating System"</a>. <i>Motherboard</i>. 27 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Motherboard&rft.atitle=Inside+North+Korea%27s+Totalitarian+Operating+System&rft.date=2015-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmotherboard.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fwnx8yy%2Finside-north-koreas-totalitarian-operating-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Red Star OS"</a>. <i>ArchiveOS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ArchiveOS&rft.atitle=Red+Star+OS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiveos.org%2Fredstar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ChosonSinbo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChosonSinbo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChosonSinbo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFKim2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim, Chi-yong (2006-06-21), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"〈민족정보산업의 부흥 -상-〉 《우리식 콤퓨터조작체계(OS) 》의 개발과 도입"</a>, <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Choson_Sinbo" title="Choson Sinbo">Choson Sinbo</a></i> (in Korean), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">the original</a> on 2007-12-23</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choson+Sinbo&rft.atitle=%E3%80%88%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85%EC%9D%98+%EB%B6%80%ED%9D%A5+-%EC%83%81-%E3%80%89+%E3%80%8A%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%8B%9D+%EC%BD%A4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0%EC%A1%B0%EC%9E%91%EC%B2%B4%EA%B3%84%28OS%29+%E3%80%8B%EC%9D%98+%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C%EA%B3%BC+%EB%8F%84%EC%9E%85&rft.date=2006-06-21&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Chi-yong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea-np.co.jp%2Fnews%2FViewArticle.aspx%3FArticleID%3D22248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"North Korea's 'paranoid' computer operating system revealed"</a>. <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 27 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+%27paranoid%27+computer+operating+system+revealed&rft.date=2015-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fdec%2F27%2Fnorth-koreas-computer-operating-system-revealed-by-researchers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Daum-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daum_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daum_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFNam2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nam, Hyeon-ho (2010-03-03), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"><bdi lang="ko">北, 독자적 컴퓨터 운영체제 '붉은별' 개발</bdi></a>, <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Yonhap_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonhap News">Yonhap News</a></i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%2C+%EB%8F%85%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%81+%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0+%EC%9A%B4%EC%98%81%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C+%27%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80%EB%B3%84%27+%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft.aulast=Nam&rft.aufirst=Hyeon-ho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.daum.net%2Fdigital%2Fview.html%3Fcateid%3D1068%26newsid%3D20100302174815619%26p%3Dyonhap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Naenara: Exploring a North Korean Computer & Internet"</a>. <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Koryo_Tours" title="Koryo Tours">Koryo Tours</a></i>. November 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Koryo+Tours&rft.atitle=Naenara%3A+Exploring+a+North+Korean+Computer+%26+Internet&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoryogroup.com%2Fblog%2Fnaenara-exploring-a-north-korean-computer-internet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFLocker2015" class="citation news cs1">Locker, Theresa (January 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"You Can Now Install the Original North Korean Operating System RedStar 3.0"</a>. <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice+News&rft.atitle=You+Can+Now+Install+the+Original+North+Korean+Operating+System+RedStar+3.0&rft.date=2015-01-07&rft.aulast=Locker&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpgaxa9%2Fyou-can-now-install-the-north-korean-operating-system-redstar-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFTong-hyung2010" class="citation web cs1">Tong-hyung, Kim (5 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"NK Goes for Linux-Based Operating System"</a>. <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=NK+Goes+for+Linux-Based+Operating+System&rft.date=2010-04-05&rft.aulast=Tong-hyung&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fbiz%2F2010%2F04%2F123_63669.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Martyn (January 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"North Korea's Red Star OS Goes Mac"</a>. <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=North_Korea_Tech" title="North Korea Tech">North Korea Tech</a></i>. Martyn Williams<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Korea+Tech&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+Red+Star+OS+Goes+Mac&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northkoreatech.org%2F2014%2F01%2F31%2Fnorth-koreas-red-star-os-goes-mac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Apple's Mac OSX imitated in latest North Korea system"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2014-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Apple%27s+Mac+OSX+imitated+in+latest+North+Korea+system&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-26047439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"North Korean computers get 'Apple' makeover"</a>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=North+Korean+computers+get+%27Apple%27+makeover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fapple%2F10619703%2FNorth-Korean-computers-get-Apple-makeover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Apple's Mac OS X imitated in latest North Korea system"</a>. <a href="./wiki.php?slug=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 2014-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple%27s+Mac+OS+X+imitated+in+latest+North+Korea+system&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-26047439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-telegraph-redstarapple-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph-redstarapple_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"North Korean computers get 'Apple' makeover"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 5 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=North+Korean+computers+get+%27Apple%27+makeover&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fapple%2F10619703%2FNorth-Korean-computers-get-Apple-makeover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"North Korean computers get iMac makeover"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=North+Korean+computers+get+iMac+makeover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fblue-sky-north-korea-computer-resembles-an-imac-2015-6%3Fr%3DUS%26IR%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"A Visual Guide To North Korea's Totalitarian Operating System"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>. 2014-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=A+Visual+Guide+To+North+Korea%27s+Totalitarian+Operating+System&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F3036046%2Fwhat-its-like-to-use-north-koreas-red-star-os&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"North Korea's Red Star OS takes the 'open' out of 'open source'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Engadget</i>. 4 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+Red+Star+OS+takes+the+%27open%27+out+of+%27open+source%27&rft.date=2010-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2010%2F03%2F04%2Fnorth-koreas-red-star-os-takes-the-open-out-of-open-source%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFHolwerda2009" class="citation cs2">Holwerda, Thom (2009-03-04), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"North Korea Develops Its Own Linux Distribution"</a>, <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=OSNews" title="OSNews">OSNews</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OSNews&rft.atitle=North+Korea+Develops+Its+Own+Linux+Distribution&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft.aulast=Holwerda&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osnews.com%2Fstory%2F22960%2FNorth_Korea_Develops_Its_Own_Linux_Distribution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFFlatley2009" class="citation cs2">Flatley, Joseph L. (2009-03-04), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"North Korea's Red Star OS takes the 'open' out of 'open source'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+Red+Star+OS+takes+the+%27open%27+out+of+%27open+source%27&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft.aulast=Flatley&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2010%2F03%2F04%2Fnorth-koreas-red-star-os-takes-the-open-out-of-open-source%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-chaos-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chaos_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chaos_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chaos_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFFlorian_GrunowNiklaus_Schiess2015" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Florian Grunow; Niklaus Schiess (2015-12-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"><i>Lifting the Fog on Red Star OS - A deep dive into the surveillance features of North Korea's operating system</i></a>. <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Chaos_Communication_Congress" title="Chaos Communication Congress">Chaos Communication Congress</a> 32</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lifting+the+Fog+on+Red+Star+OS+-+A+deep+dive+into+the+surveillance+features+of+North+Korea%27s+operating+system&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft.au=Florian+Grunow&rft.au=Niklaus+Schiess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.ccc.de%2Fv%2F32c3-7174-lifting_the_fog_on_red_star_os&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Wagstaff_and_James_Pearson2015" class="citation web cs1">Jeremy Wagstaff and James Pearson (27 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Paranoid: North Korea's computer operating system mirrors its political one"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Paranoid%3A+North+Korea%27s+computer+operating+system+mirrors+its+political+one&rft.date=2015-12-27&rft.au=Jeremy+Wagstaff+and+James+Pearson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fnorthkorea-computers-idUSKBN0UA0GF20151227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Pearson2015" class="citation web cs1">James Pearson (27 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"The $50 device that symbolizes a shift in North Korea"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=The+%2450+device+that+symbolizes+a+shift+in+North+Korea&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft.au=James+Pearson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKBN0MM2UZ20150327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"RedStar OS Watermarking"</a>. <i>Insinuator</i>. 16 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insinuator&rft.atitle=RedStar+OS+Watermarking&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insinuator.net%2F2015%2F07%2Fredstar-os-watermarking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Martyn (2014-12-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Red Star 3.0 Desktop finally becomes public"</a>. <i><a href="./wiki.php?slug=North_Korea_Tech" title="North Korea Tech">North Korea Tech</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Korea+Tech&rft.atitle=Red+Star+3.0+Desktop+finally+becomes+public&rft.date=2014-12-30&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northkoreatech.org%2F2014%2F12%2F30%2Fred-star-3-0-desktop-finally-becomes-public%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"r/linux - I managed to get a hold of the latest version of that North Korean Linux distro, in some shape or form. Here's a torrent of Red Star OS 3.0 Server"</a>. <i>reddit</i>. 2 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reddit&rft.atitle=r%2Flinux+-+I+managed+to+get+a+hold+of+the+latest+version+of+that+North+Korean+Linux+distro%2C+in+some+shape+or+form.+Here%27s+a+torrent+of+Red+Star+OS+3.0+Server.&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Flinux%2Fcomments%2F272zxf%2Fi_managed_to_get_a_hold_of_the_latest_version_of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"The Pyongyang Times"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pyongyang+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pyongyangtimes.com.kp%2Fpdf%2F2019%2F02%2F6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"북한 붉은별4.0에 오라클 버추얼박스를 탑재하고 있다"</a> [Oracle Virtualbox is installed in DPRK's Red Star 4.0]. NK경제 (NKEconomy). 2020-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%B6%81%ED%95%9C+%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80%EB%B3%844.0%EC%97%90+%EC%98%A4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%B4+%EB%B2%84%EC%B6%94%EC%96%BC%EB%B0%95%EC%8A%A4%EB%A5%BC+%ED%83%91%EC%9E%AC%ED%95%98%EA%B3%A0+%EC%9E%88%EB%8B%A4&rft.pub=NK%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C+%28NKEconomy%29&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkeconomy.com%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D3191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"붉은별4.0 서광 오피스에서 MS워드 파일 편집 가능하다"</a> [Sogwang Office in Red Star 4.0 can edit Microsoft Word files]. NK경제 (NKEconomy). 2020-06-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80%EB%B3%844.0+%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%91+%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%8A%A4%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C+MS%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C+%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC+%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91+%EA%B0%80%EB%8A%A5%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4&rft.pub=NK%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C+%28NKEconomy%29&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkeconomy.com%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D3213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"북한 붉은별 4.0의 기본 브라우저는? 파이어폭스"</a> [The default web browser in Red Star 4.0 is Firefox]. NK경제 (NKEconomy). 2020-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%B6%81%ED%95%9C+%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80%EB%B3%84+4.0%EC%9D%98+%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8+%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A0%80%EB%8A%94%3F+%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%ED%8F%AD%EC%8A%A4&rft.pub=NK%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C+%28NKEconomy%29&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkeconomy.com%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D3261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"붉은별4.0의 비밀번호 관리는 키체인으로?"</a> [Password management in Red Star 4.0 is done by keychain?]. NK경제 (NKEconomy). 2020-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80%EB%B3%844.0%EC%9D%98+%EB%B9%84%EB%B0%80%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8+%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC%EB%8A%94+%ED%82%A4%EC%B2%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C%3F&rft.pub=NK%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C+%28NKEconomy%29&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkeconomy.com%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D3292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"RedStar OS 3.0: Remote Arbitrary Command Injection"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">the original</a> on December 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RedStar+OS+3.0%3A+Remote+Arbitrary+Command+Injection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhackerhouse.com%2Fredstar-os-3-0-remote-arbitrary-command-injection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFWei" class="citation news cs1">Wei, Wang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"North Korea's Linux-based Red Star OS can be Hacked Remotely with just a Link"</a>. <i>The Hacker News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hacker+News&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+Linux-based+Red+Star+OS+can+be+Hacked+Remotely+with+just+a+Link&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehackernews.com%2F2016%2F12%2Fredstar-north-korea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217611005">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Red Star OS">Red Star OS</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"OS "Red Star" - линуксоиды всех стран, соединяйтесь!"</a> (in Russian). 2010-02-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">the original</a> on 2011-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OS+%22Red+Star%22+-+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%21&rft.date=2010-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fashen-rus.livejournal.com%2F4300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text">Download"</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"North Korean Red Star operating system details emerge"</a>. <a href="./wiki.php?slug=BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 2010-04-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korean+Red+Star+operating+system+details+emerge&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2010-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8604912.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"><bdi lang="ko">北 컴퓨터운영체제 붉은별 첫 분석</bdi></a> (in Korean). 5 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8C%97+%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0%EC%9A%B4%EC%98%81%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C+%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80%EB%B3%84+%EC%B2%AB+%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D&rft.date=2010-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yonhapnews.co.kr%2Feconomy%2F2010%2F04%2F03%2F0303000000AKR20100403065200017.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Star+OS" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">redstar-tools</a>: A tool used for analyzing the system.</li></ul>
<p><br />
</p>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Linux_distributions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Template:Linux_distributions" title="Template:Linux distributions"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Template_talk:Linux_distributions" title="Template talk:Linux distributions"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Special:EditPage/Template:Linux_distributions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linux distributions"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Linux_distributions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=/e/_(operating_system)" title="/e/ (operating system)">/e/</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=CalyxOS" title="CalyxOS">CalyxOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Android-x86#Project_Celadon" title="Android-x86">Celadon</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Fire_OS" title="Fire OS">Fire OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=GrapheneOS" title="GrapheneOS">GrapheneOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=LineageOS" title="LineageOS">LineageOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=MIUI" title="MIUI">MIUI</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=One_UI" title="One UI">One UI</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Paranoid_Android_(operating_system)" title="Paranoid Android (operating system)">Paranoid Android</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=PixelExperience" title="PixelExperience">PixelExperience</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Replicant_(operating_system)" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Resurrection_Remix_OS" title="Resurrection Remix OS">Resurrection Remix OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=OmniROM" title="OmniROM">OmniROM</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ArchBang" title="ArchBang">ArchBang</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ArchLabs" title="ArchLabs">ArchLabs</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Artix_Linux" title="Artix Linux">Artix</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=BlackArch" title="BlackArch">BlackArch</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=EndeavourOS" title="EndeavourOS">EndeavourOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Frugalware_Linux" title="Frugalware Linux">Frugalware</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Garuda_Linux" title="Garuda Linux">Garuda</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Hyperbola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre">Hyperbola GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=LinHES" title="LinHES">LinHES</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Manjaro" title="Manjaro">Manjaro</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Parabola GNU/Linux-libre">Parabola GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a> (3.0 onwards)</li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SystemRescue" title="SystemRescue">SystemRescue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Official: <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Edubuntu" title="Edubuntu">Edubuntu</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kubuntu" title="Kubuntu">Kubuntu</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Lubuntu" title="Lubuntu">Lubuntu</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ubuntu_Budgie" title="Ubuntu Budgie">Ubuntu Budgie</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ubuntu_Cinnamon" title="Ubuntu Cinnamon">Ubuntu Cinnamon</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ubuntu_Kylin" title="Ubuntu Kylin">Ubuntu Kylin</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ubuntu_MATE" title="Ubuntu MATE">Ubuntu MATE</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ubuntu_Studio" title="Ubuntu Studio">Ubuntu Studio</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ubuntu_Unity" title="Ubuntu Unity">Ubuntu Unity</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Xubuntu" title="Xubuntu">Xubuntu</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>Derivatives: <a href="./wiki.php?slug=BackBox" title="BackBox">BackBox</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Bodhi_Linux" title="Bodhi Linux">Bodhi Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Elementary_OS" title="Elementary OS">elementary OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Emmabunt%C3%BCs" title="Emmabuntüs">Emmabuntüs</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=KDE_neon" title="KDE neon">KDE neon</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Freespire" title="Freespire">Freespire</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Linux_Lite" title="Linux Lite">Linux Lite</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">Linux Mint</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=LXLE_Linux" title="LXLE Linux">LXLE Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Nova_(operating_system)" title="Nova (operating system)">Nova OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Peppermint_OS" title="Peppermint OS">Peppermint OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Pop!_OS" title="Pop! OS">Pop! OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Trisquel" title="Trisquel">Trisquel</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu Touch</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Uruk_GNU/Linux" title="Uruk GNU/Linux">Uruk</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Zorin_OS" title="Zorin OS">Zorin OS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=AntiX" title="AntiX">antiX</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Astra_Linux" title="Astra Linux">Astra</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Bharat_Operating_System_Solutions" title="Bharat Operating System Solutions">Bharat Operating System Solutions</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=BlankOn_Linux" title="BlankOn Linux">BlankOn Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Damn_Small_Linux" title="Damn Small Linux">Damn Small Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Deepin" title="Deepin">deepin</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Devuan" title="Devuan">Devuan</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Elive" title="Elive">Elive</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Endless_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Endless OS">Endless OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=FreedomBox" title="FreedomBox">FreedomBox</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kaisen_Linux" title="Kaisen Linux">Kaisen</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kali_Linux" title="Kali Linux">Kali</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kanotix" title="Kanotix">Kanotix</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Knoppix" title="Knoppix">Knoppix</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=MX_Linux" title="MX Linux">MX Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Parrot_OS" title="Parrot OS">Parrot OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Raspberry_Pi_OS" title="Raspberry Pi OS">Raspberry Pi OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Q4OS" title="Q4OS">Q4OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Slax" title="Slax">Slax</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SparkyLinux" title="SparkyLinux">SparkyLinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SolydXK" title="SolydXK">SolydXK</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a> (1.0–2.0)</li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Unity_Operating_System" title="Unity Operating System">UOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Whonix" title="Whonix">Whonix</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=AlmaLinux" title="AlmaLinux">AlmaLinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Asahi_Linux" title="Asahi Linux">Asahi</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=CentOS_Stream" title="CentOS Stream">CentOS Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ClearOS" title="ClearOS">ClearOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=EulerOS" title="EulerOS">EulerOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Linpus_Linux" title="Linpus Linux">Linpus Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Miracle_Linux" title="Miracle Linux">MIRACLE LINUX</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Oracle_Linux" title="Oracle Linux">Oracle Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Qubes_OS" title="Qubes OS">Qubes OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red Star OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Rocks_Cluster_Distribution" title="Rocks Cluster Distribution">Rocks Cluster Distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Rocky_Linux" title="Rocky Linux">Rocky Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Sailfish_OS" title="Sailfish OS">Sailfish OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Calculate_Linux" title="Calculate Linux">Calculate Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ChromiumOS" title="ChromiumOS">ChromiumOS</a>
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Pentoo" title="Pentoo">Pentoo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Mandriva_Linux" title="Mandriva Linux">Mandriva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ALT_Linux" title="ALT Linux">ALT Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Mageia" title="Mageia">Mageia</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=OpenMandriva_Lx" title="OpenMandriva Lx">OpenMandriva Lx</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=PCLinuxOS" title="PCLinuxOS">PCLinuxOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ROSA_Linux" title="ROSA Linux">ROSA Linux</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Austrumi_Linux" title="Austrumi Linux">Austrumi Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Porteus_(operating_system)" title="Porteus (operating system)">Porteus</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Salix_OS" title="Salix OS">Salix OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Slax" title="Slax">Slax</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Zenwalk" title="Zenwalk">Zenwalk</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SUSE_Linux" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a>
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SUSE_Linux_Enterprise" title="SUSE Linux Enterprise">SUSE Linux Enterprise</a>
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Open_Enterprise_Server" title="Open Enterprise Server">Open Enterprise Server</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=GeckoLinux" title="GeckoLinux">GeckoLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=4MLinux" title="4MLinux">4MLinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Alpine_Linux" title="Alpine Linux">Alpine</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=CHAOS_(operating_system)" title="CHAOS (operating system)">CHAOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Chimera_Linux" title="Chimera Linux">Chimera Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Clear_Linux_OS" title="Clear Linux OS">Clear Linux OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=CRUX" title="CRUX">CRUX</a>
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kwort_Linux" title="Kwort Linux">Kwort</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=GoboLinux" title="GoboLinux">GoboLinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=GNU_Guix_System" title="GNU Guix System">Guix SD</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=KaiOS" title="KaiOS">KaiOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=KaOS" title="KaOS">KaOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=NixOS" title="NixOS">NixOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Puppy_Linux" title="Puppy Linux">Puppy</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Source_Mage" title="Source Mage">Source Mage</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Solus_(operating_system)" title="Solus (operating system)">Solus</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=T2_SDE" title="T2 SDE">T2 SDE</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Tiny_Core_Linux" title="Tiny Core Linux">Tiny Core Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Void_Linux" title="Void Linux">Void</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Discontinued</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Debian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Ubuntu: <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Asturix" title="Asturix">Asturix</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Black_Lab_Linux" title="Black Lab Linux">Black Lab Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Cub_Linux" title="Cub Linux">Cub Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Gobuntu" title="Gobuntu">Gobuntu</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=GOS_(operating_system)" title="GOS (operating system)">gOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Linux_Caixa_M%C3%A1gica" title="Linux Caixa Mágica">Linux Caixa Mágica</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=LinuxTLE" title="LinuxTLE">LinuxTLE</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Pinguy_OS" title="Pinguy OS">Pinguy OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Sabily" title="Sabily">Sabily</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ubuntu_GNOME" title="Ubuntu GNOME">Ubuntu GNOME</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>Other derivatives: <a href="./wiki.php?slug=BackTrack" title="BackTrack">BackTrack</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Corel_Linux" title="Corel Linux">Corel Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=CrunchBang_Linux" title="CrunchBang Linux">CrunchBang Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=DoudouLinux" title="DoudouLinux">DoudouLinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Dreamlinux" title="Dreamlinux">Dreamlinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Feather_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather Linux">Feather Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=GNewSense" title="GNewSense">gNewSense</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=HandyLinux" title="HandyLinux">HandyLinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Libranet" title="Libranet">Libranet</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Musix_GNU%2BLinux" title="Musix GNU+Linux">Musix GNU+Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Parsix" title="Parsix">Parsix</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Sunwah_Linux" title="Sunwah Linux">Sunwah Linux</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Container_Linux" title="Container Linux">Container Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Incognito_(operating_system)" title="Incognito (operating system)">Incognito</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Sabayon_Linux" title="Sabayon Linux">Sabayon Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=XB_Machine" title="XB Machine">xB Machine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat</a>/<a href="./wiki.php?slug=Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=BLAG_Linux_and_GNU" title="BLAG Linux and GNU">BLAG Linux and GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Korora_(operating_system)" title="Korora (operating system)">Korora</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Linux_for_PlayStation_2" title="Linux for PlayStation 2">Linux for PlayStation 2</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Scientific_Linux" title="Scientific Linux">Scientific Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Think_Blue_Linux" title="Think Blue Linux">Think Blue Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Turbolinux" title="Turbolinux">Turbolinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Vine_Linux" title="Vine Linux">Vine Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Yellow_Dog_Linux" title="Yellow Dog Linux">Yellow Dog Linux</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=BioSLAX" title="BioSLAX">BioSLAX</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Damn_Vulnerable_Linux" title="Damn Vulnerable Linux">Damn Vulnerable Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=KateOS" title="KateOS">KateOS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kongoni_(operating_system)" title="Kongoni (operating system)">Kongoni</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=NimbleX" title="NimbleX">NimbleX</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Platypux" title="Platypux">Platypux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=TopologiLinux" title="TopologiLinux">TopologiLinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=VectorLinux" title="VectorLinux">VectorLinux</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SUSE_Linux" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SUSE_Studio" title="SUSE Studio">SUSE Studio Express</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Antergos" title="Antergos">Antergos</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Caldera_OpenLinux" title="Caldera OpenLinux">Caldera OpenLinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Chakra_(operating_system)" title="Chakra (operating system)">Chakra</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=DemoLinux" title="DemoLinux">DemoLinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Familiar_Linux" title="Familiar Linux">Familiar Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a>
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Firefox_OS#B2G_OS" title="Firefox OS">B2G OS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Floppyfw" title="Floppyfw">Floppyfw</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Foresight_Linux" title="Foresight Linux">Foresight Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Immunix" title="Immunix">Immunix</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Jurix" title="Jurix">Jurix</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Linux_Router_Project" title="Linux Router Project">Linux Router Project</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=MCC_Interim_Linux" title="MCC Interim Linux">MCC Interim Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=MeeGo" title="MeeGo">MeeGo</a>
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Mer_(software_distribution)" title="Mer (software distribution)">Mer</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Mobilinux" title="Mobilinux">Mobilinux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Nitix" title="Nitix">Nitix</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=OpenELEC" title="OpenELEC">OpenELEC</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Remix_OS" title="Remix OS">Remix OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Softlanding_Linux_System" title="Softlanding Linux System">Softlanding Linux System</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Sorcerer_(operating_system)" title="Sorcerer (operating system)">Sorcerer</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Splashtop_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Splashtop OS">Splashtop OS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Turkix" title="Turkix">Turkix</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="./wiki.php?slug=List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">List</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/13px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/20px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/27px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:Symbol_na_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-article page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/16px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/23px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/31px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">Comparison</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Category:Linux_distributions" title="Category:Linux distributions">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/19px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/29px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/38px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/16px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/24px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/32px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux</a></li></ul></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714139376' |
