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Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|HTTP cookies used principally for web tracking}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
'''Third-party cookies''' are [[HTTP cookie|HTTP cookies]] which are used principally for [[web tracking]] as part of the [[web advertising]] ecosystem.
While HTTP cookies are normally sent only to the server setting them or a server in the same [[Internet domain]], a web page may contain images or other components stored on servers in other domains. Third-party cookies are the cookies that are set during retrieval of these components.
A third-party cookie thus can belong to a domain different from the one shown in the address bar, yet can still potentially be correlated to the content of the main web page, allowing the tracking of user visits across multiple websites.
This sort of cookie typically appears when web pages feature content from external websites, such as [[banner advertisement]]s. Although not originally intended for this purpose, the existence of third party cookies opened up the potential for [[web tracking]] of a user's browsing history and is used by advertisers to [[ad server|serve relevant advertisements]] to each user. Third-party cookies are widely viewed as a threat to the privacy and anonymity of web users. {{As of|2024}}, support for third-party cookies is being phased out by all major [[web browser]] vendors.
== Mechanism ==
[[File:Third party cookie.png|thumb|In this fictional example, an advertising company has placed banners in two websites. By hosting the banner images on its servers and using third-party cookies, the advertising company is able to track the browsing of users across these two sites.]]
As an example, suppose a user visits <code>www.example.org</code>. This website contains an advertisement from <code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>, which, when downloaded, sets a cookie belonging to the advertisement's domain (<code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>). Then, the user visits another website, <code>www.foo.com</code>, which also contains an advertisement from <code>ad.foxytracking.com</code> and sets a cookie belonging to that domain (<code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>). Eventually, both of these cookies will be sent to the advertiser when loading their advertisements or visiting their website. The advertiser can then use these cookies to build up a browsing history of the user across all the websites that have ads from this advertiser, through the use of the [[HTTP referer]] header field.
{{as of|2014}}, some websites were setting cookies readable for over 100 third-party domains.<ref name="BYMXD">{{cite web |url=http://webcookies.org/third-party-cookies/ |title=Third party domains |publisher=WebCookies.org |access-date=2014-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209234746/http://webcookies.org/third-party-cookies/ |archive-date=2014-12-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> On average, a single website was setting 10 cookies, with a maximum number of cookies (first- and third-party) reaching over 800.<ref name="cOnAw">{{cite web |url=http://webcookies.org/number-of-cookies/ |title=Number of cookies |publisher=WebCookies.org |access-date=2014-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209235956/http://webcookies.org/number-of-cookies/ |archive-date=2014-12-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The older standards for cookies, RFC 2109<ref name="RFC2109">{{Cite ietf|rfc=2109|section=8.3|title=HTTP State Management Mechanism}}</ref> and RFC 2965,<ref name="RFC2965">{{Cite ietf|rfc=2965|title=HTTP State Management Mechanism}}</ref> recommend that browsers should protect user privacy and not allow sharing of cookies between servers by default. However, a newer standard, RFC 6265,<ref name="RFC6265">{{Cite ietf|rfc=6265|title=HTTP State Management Mechanism}}</ref> released in April 2011 explicitly allowed user agents to implement whichever third-party cookie policy they wish, and until the late 1990s allowing third party cookies was the default policy implemented by most major browser vendors.
== Privacy law and cookie consent dialogs ==
While useful for advertisers, web tracking is widely seen as a threat to personal privacy. This prompted the creation of laws against tracking without user consent, the most notable of which is the European [[GDPR]].
This led to the creation of "[[cookie consent]]" dialogs, which rapidly became a standard feature across advertising-funded (and many other) websites, and notable for their use of [[dark pattern]]s to attempt to force users to allow tracking by making it hard for them to refuse to grant consent.
Some websites also responded by simply [[geoblocking]] users from countries with privacy-friendly laws.
== Blocking third-party cookies ==
Most modern web browsers contain [[privacy settings]] that can [[ad blocker|block]] third-party cookies, and some now block all third-party cookies by default - as of July 2020, such browsers include [[Apple Safari]],<ref name="zw6bb">{{Cite web|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=2020-03-24|title=Apple updates Safari's anti-tracking tech with full third-party cookie blocking|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/24/21192830/apple-safari-intelligent-tracking-privacy-full-third-party-cookie-blocking|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> [[Firefox]],<ref name="GSofz">{{Cite web|date=2019-06-04|title=Firefox starts blocking third-party cookies by default|url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/04/firefox-enhanced-tracking-protection-blocks-third-party-cookies-by-default/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Brave (web browser)|Brave]].<ref name="sUPt1">{{Cite web|last=Brave|date=2020-02-06|title=OK Google, don't delay real browser privacy until 2022|url=https://brave.com/ok-google/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Brave Browser|language=en-US}}</ref> Safari allows embedded sites to use the [[Storage Access API]] to request permission to set first-party cookies. In May 2020, [[Google Chrome]] 83 introduced new features to block third-party cookies by default in its Incognito mode for private browsing, making blocking optional during normal browsing. The same update also added an option to block first-party cookies.<ref name="xiHRq">{{cite web |last1=Protalinski |first1=Emil |title=Chrome 83 arrives with redesigned security settings, third-party cookies blocked in Incognito |url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/05/19/google-chrome-83/ |website=VentureBeat |access-date=25 June 2020 |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Google plans to start blocking third-party cookies by default in late 2024, and in January 2024 started this process with a pilot scheme in which blocking has been implemented for 1% of all Chrome users.<ref>{{cite news |title=Google now delays blocking 3rd-party cookies in Chrome to late 2024 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/google-now-delays-blocking-3rd-party-cookies-in-chrome-to-late-2024-122072800244_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=28 July 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-04 |title=Google Chrome starts blocking data tracking cookies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67882315 |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
== Replacements ==
Since third-party-cookie-based web tracking was an essential part of the existing web advertising ecosystem, multiple proposals are being implemented to try to replace it.
Google proposes the use of [[browser-based interest targeting]], in which users' interests can be recorded locally by the browser, and then signalled to advertising servers without directly revealing the user's identity. Google's [[Privacy Sandbox]] is one such implementation.
Other approaches include the use of [[browser fingerprinting]] to track users across sites, which is generally viewed as being as bad a threat to privacy as third-party cookies. There are also concerns that interest-based tracking may itself be abused to fingerprint users.
== Circumvention of blocking of third party cookies ==
A number of methods exists for circumventing the blocking of third-party cookies. One is for the operators of websites to point a DNS name within the site's own domain at an advertiser's server, thus in effect making cookies set on that server first-party cookies from the viewpoint of the browser while still providing a third party with control over the cookie information.
Another approach is for the website operator to [[Proxy server|proxy]] traffic from the client to the tracking service's servers. As this would easily allow the website operator to serve false information to the tracking service, this is unlikely to be widely adopted.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Web browsers}}
[[Category:Hypertext Transfer Protocol headers|Third-party cookies]]
[[Category:Internet privacy]]
[[Category:Tracking]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '== Mechanism ==
[[File:Third party cookie.png|thumb|In this fictional example, an advertising company has placed banners in two websites. By hosting the banner images on its servers and using third-party cookies, the advertising company is able to track the browsing of users across these two sites.]]
As an example, suppose a user visits <code>www.example.org</code>. This website contains an advertisement from <code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>, which, when downloaded, sets a cookie belonging to the advertisement's domain (<code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>). Then, the user visits another website, <code>www.foo.com</code>, which also contains an advertisement from <code>ad.foxytracking.com</code> and sets a cookie belonging to that domain (<code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>). Eventually, both of these cookies will be sent to the advertiser when loading their advertisements or visiting their website. The advertiser can then use these cookies to build up a browsing history of the user across all the websites that have ads from this advertiser, through the use of the [[HTTP referer]] header field.
{{as of|2014}}, some websites were setting cookies readable for over 100 third-party domains.<ref name="BYMXD">{{cite web |url=http://webcookies.org/third-party-cookies/ |title=Third party domains |publisher=WebCookies.org |access-date=2014-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209234746/http://webcookies.org/third-party-cookies/ |archive-date=2014-12-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> On average, a single website was setting 10 cookies, with a maximum number of cookies (first- and third-party) reaching over 800.<ref name="cOnAw">{{cite web |url=http://webcookies.org/number-of-cookies/ |title=Number of cookies |publisher=WebCookies.org |access-date=2014-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209235956/http://webcookies.org/number-of-cookies/ |archive-date=2014-12-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The older standards for cookies, RFC 2109<ref name="RFC2109">{{Cite ietf|rfc=2109|section=8.3|title=HTTP State Management Mechanism}}</ref> and RFC 2965,<ref name="RFC2965">{{Cite ietf|rfc=2965|title=HTTP State Management Mechanism}}</ref> recommend that browsers should protect user privacy and not allow sharing of cookies between servers by default. However, a newer standard, RFC 6265,<ref name="RFC6265">{{Cite ietf|rfc=6265|title=HTTP State Management Mechanism}}</ref> released in April 2011 explicitly allowed user agents to implement whichever third-party cookie policy they wish, and until the late 1990s allowing third party cookies was the default policy implemented by most major browser vendors.
== Privacy law and cookie consent dialogs ==
While useful for advertisers, web tracking is widely seen as a threat to personal privacy. This prompted the creation of laws against tracking without user consent, the most notable of which is the European [[GDPR]].
This led to the creation of "[[cookie consent]]" dialogs, which rapidly became a standard feature across advertising-funded (and many other) websites, and notable for their use of [[dark pattern]]s to attempt to force users to allow tracking by making it hard for them to refuse to grant consent.
Some websites also responded by simply [[geoblocking]] users from countries with privacy-friendly laws.
== Blocking third-party cookies ==
Most modern web browsers contain [[privacy settings]] that can [[ad blocker|block]] third-party cookies, and some now block all third-party cookies by default - as of July 2020, such browsers include [[Apple Safari]],<ref name="zw6bb">{{Cite web|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=2020-03-24|title=Apple updates Safari's anti-tracking tech with full third-party cookie blocking|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/24/21192830/apple-safari-intelligent-tracking-privacy-full-third-party-cookie-blocking|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> [[Firefox]],<ref name="GSofz">{{Cite web|date=2019-06-04|title=Firefox starts blocking third-party cookies by default|url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/04/firefox-enhanced-tracking-protection-blocks-third-party-cookies-by-default/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Brave (web browser)|Brave]].<ref name="sUPt1">{{Cite web|last=Brave|date=2020-02-06|title=OK Google, don't delay real browser privacy until 2022|url=https://brave.com/ok-google/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Brave Browser|language=en-US}}</ref> Safari allows embedded sites to use the [[Storage Access API]] to request permission to set first-party cookies. In May 2020, [[Google Chrome]] 83 introduced new features to block third-party cookies by default in its Incognito mode for private browsing, making blocking optional during normal browsing. The same update also added an option to block first-party cookies.<ref name="xiHRq">{{cite web |last1=Protalinski |first1=Emil |title=Chrome 83 arrives with redesigned security settings, third-party cookies blocked in Incognito |url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/05/19/google-chrome-83/ |website=VentureBeat |access-date=25 June 2020 |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Google plans to start blocking third-party cookies by default in late 2024, and in January 2024 started this process with a pilot scheme in which blocking has been implemented for 1% of all Chrome users.<ref>{{cite news |title=Google now delays blocking 3rd-party cookies in Chrome to late 2024 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/google-now-delays-blocking-3rd-party-cookies-in-chrome-to-late-2024-122072800244_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=28 July 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-04 |title=Google Chrome starts blocking data tracking cookies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67882315 |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
== Replacements ==
Since third-party-cookie-based web tracking was an essential part of the existing web advertising ecosystem, multiple proposals are being implemented to try to replace it.
Google proposes the use of [[browser-based interest targeting]], in which users' interests can be recorded locally by the browser, and then signalled to advertising servers without directly revealing the user's identity. Google's [[Privacy Sandbox]] is one such implementation.
Other approaches include the use of [[browser fingerprinting]] to track users across sites, which is generally viewed as being as bad a threat to privacy as third-party cookies. There are also concerns that interest-based tracking may itself be abused to fingerprint users.
== Circumvention of blocking of third party cookies ==
A number of methods exists for circumventing the blocking of third-party cookies. One is for the operators of websites to point a DNS name within the site's own domain at an advertiser's server, thus in effect making cookies set on that server first-party cookies from the viewpoint of the browser while still providing a third party with control over the cookie information.
Another approach is for the website operator to [[Proxy server|proxy]] traffic from the client to the tracking service's servers. As this would easily allow the website operator to serve false information to the tracking service, this is unlikely to be widely adopted.
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Web browsers}}
[[Category:Hypertext Transfer Protocol headers|Third-party cookies]]
[[Category:Internet privacy]]
[[Category:Tracking]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,12 +1,2 @@
-{{Short description|HTTP cookies used principally for web tracking}}
-{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
-'''Third-party cookies''' are [[HTTP cookie|HTTP cookies]] which are used principally for [[web tracking]] as part of the [[web advertising]] ecosystem.
-
-While HTTP cookies are normally sent only to the server setting them or a server in the same [[Internet domain]], a web page may contain images or other components stored on servers in other domains. Third-party cookies are the cookies that are set during retrieval of these components.
-
-A third-party cookie thus can belong to a domain different from the one shown in the address bar, yet can still potentially be correlated to the content of the main web page, allowing the tracking of user visits across multiple websites.
-
-This sort of cookie typically appears when web pages feature content from external websites, such as [[banner advertisement]]s. Although not originally intended for this purpose, the existence of third party cookies opened up the potential for [[web tracking]] of a user's browsing history and is used by advertisers to [[ad server|serve relevant advertisements]] to each user. Third-party cookies are widely viewed as a threat to the privacy and anonymity of web users. {{As of|2024}}, support for third-party cookies is being phased out by all major [[web browser]] vendors.
-
== Mechanism ==
' |
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2 => ''''Third-party cookies''' are [[HTTP cookie|HTTP cookies]] which are used principally for [[web tracking]] as part of the [[web advertising]] ecosystem. ',
3 => '',
4 => 'While HTTP cookies are normally sent only to the server setting them or a server in the same [[Internet domain]], a web page may contain images or other components stored on servers in other domains. Third-party cookies are the cookies that are set during retrieval of these components. ',
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7 => '',
8 => 'This sort of cookie typically appears when web pages feature content from external websites, such as [[banner advertisement]]s. Although not originally intended for this purpose, the existence of third party cookies opened up the potential for [[web tracking]] of a user's browsing history and is used by advertisers to [[ad server|serve relevant advertisements]] to each user. Third-party cookies are widely viewed as a threat to the privacy and anonymity of web users. {{As of|2024}}, support for third-party cookies is being phased out by all major [[web browser]] vendors. ',
9 => ''
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3 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141209235956/http://webcookies.org/number-of-cookies/',
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12 => 'https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/04/firefox-enhanced-tracking-protection-blocks-third-party-cookies-by-default/',
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14 => 'https://venturebeat.com/2020/05/19/google-chrome-83/',
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4 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/24/21192830/apple-safari-intelligent-tracking-privacy-full-third-party-cookie-blocking',
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9 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67882315',
10 => 'https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2109#section-8.3',
11 => 'https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2965',
12 => 'https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2109',
13 => 'https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2965',
14 => 'https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2109',
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16 => 'https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6265',
17 => 'https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Third-party+cookies%22',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Mechanism"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Mechanism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Privacy_law_and_cookie_consent_dialogs"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy law and cookie consent dialogs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Blocking_third-party_cookies"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Blocking third-party cookies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Replacements"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Replacements</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Circumvention_of_blocking_of_third_party_cookies"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Circumvention of blocking of third party cookies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mechanism">Mechanism</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
title="Edit section: Mechanism"
class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
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<span>edit</span>
</a>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=File:Third_party_cookie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Third_party_cookie.png/220px-Third_party_cookie.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Third_party_cookie.png/330px-Third_party_cookie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Third_party_cookie.png/440px-Third_party_cookie.png 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>In this fictional example, an advertising company has placed banners in two websites. By hosting the banner images on its servers and using third-party cookies, the advertising company is able to track the browsing of users across these two sites.</figcaption></figure>
<p>As an example, suppose a user visits <code>www.example.org</code>. This website contains an advertisement from <code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>, which, when downloaded, sets a cookie belonging to the advertisement's domain (<code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>). Then, the user visits another website, <code>www.foo.com</code>, which also contains an advertisement from <code>ad.foxytracking.com</code> and sets a cookie belonging to that domain (<code>ad.foxytracking.com</code>). Eventually, both of these cookies will be sent to the advertiser when loading their advertisements or visiting their website. The advertiser can then use these cookies to build up a browsing history of the user across all the websites that have ads from this advertiser, through the use of the <a href="./wiki.php?slug=HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">HTTP referer</a> header field.
</p><p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text">[update]</a></sup>, some websites were setting cookies readable for over 100 third-party domains.<sup id="cite_ref-BYMXD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYMXD-1">[1]</a></sup> On average, a single website was setting 10 cookies, with a maximum number of cookies (first- and third-party) reaching over 800.<sup id="cite_ref-cOnAw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cOnAw-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The older standards for cookies, RFC 2109<sup id="cite_ref-RFC2109_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC2109-3">[3]</a></sup> and RFC 2965,<sup id="cite_ref-RFC2965_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC2965-4">[4]</a></sup> recommend that browsers should protect user privacy and not allow sharing of cookies between servers by default. However, a newer standard, RFC 6265,<sup id="cite_ref-RFC6265_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC6265-5">[5]</a></sup> released in April 2011 explicitly allowed user agents to implement whichever third-party cookie policy they wish, and until the late 1990s allowing third party cookies was the default policy implemented by most major browser vendors.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Privacy_law_and_cookie_consent_dialogs">Privacy law and cookie consent dialogs</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>While useful for advertisers, web tracking is widely seen as a threat to personal privacy. This prompted the creation of laws against tracking without user consent, the most notable of which is the European <a href="./wiki.php?slug=GDPR" class="mw-redirect" title="GDPR">GDPR</a>.
</p><p>This led to the creation of "<a class="new" title="Cookie consent (page does not exist)">cookie consent</a>" dialogs, which rapidly became a standard feature across advertising-funded (and many other) websites, and notable for their use of <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Dark_pattern" title="Dark pattern">dark patterns</a> to attempt to force users to allow tracking by making it hard for them to refuse to grant consent.
</p><p>Some websites also responded by simply <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Geoblocking" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoblocking">geoblocking</a> users from countries with privacy-friendly laws.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Blocking_third-party_cookies">Blocking third-party cookies</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Most modern web browsers contain <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Privacy_settings" title="Privacy settings">privacy settings</a> that can <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ad_blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad blocker">block</a> third-party cookies, and some now block all third-party cookies by default - as of July 2020, such browsers include <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Apple_Safari" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Safari">Apple Safari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-zw6bb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zw6bb-6">[6]</a></sup> <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GSofz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSofz-7">[7]</a></sup> and <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sUPt1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sUPt1-8">[8]</a></sup> Safari allows embedded sites to use the <a class="new" title="Storage Access API (page does not exist)">Storage Access API</a> to request permission to set first-party cookies. In May 2020, <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> 83 introduced new features to block third-party cookies by default in its Incognito mode for private browsing, making blocking optional during normal browsing. The same update also added an option to block first-party cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-xiHRq_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xiHRq-9">[9]</a></sup> Google plans to start blocking third-party cookies by default in late 2024, and in January 2024 started this process with a pilot scheme in which blocking has been implemented for 1% of all Chrome users.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Replacements">Replacements</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Since third-party-cookie-based web tracking was an essential part of the existing web advertising ecosystem, multiple proposals are being implemented to try to replace it.
</p><p>Google proposes the use of <a class="new" title="Browser-based interest targeting (page does not exist)">browser-based interest targeting</a>, in which users' interests can be recorded locally by the browser, and then signalled to advertising servers without directly revealing the user's identity. Google's <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Privacy_Sandbox" title="Privacy Sandbox">Privacy Sandbox</a> is one such implementation.
</p><p>Other approaches include the use of <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Browser_fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser fingerprinting">browser fingerprinting</a> to track users across sites, which is generally viewed as being as bad a threat to privacy as third-party cookies. There are also concerns that interest-based tracking may itself be abused to fingerprint users.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Circumvention_of_blocking_of_third_party_cookies">Circumvention of blocking of third party cookies</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>A number of methods exists for circumventing the blocking of third-party cookies. One is for the operators of websites to point a DNS name within the site's own domain at an advertiser's server, thus in effect making cookies set on that server first-party cookies from the viewpoint of the browser while still providing a third party with control over the cookie information.
</p><p>Another approach is for the website operator to <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy</a> traffic from the client to the tracking service's servers. As this would easily allow the website operator to serve false information to the tracking service, this is unlikely to be widely adopted.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-BYMXD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BYMXD_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Third party domains"</a>. WebCookies.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+party+domains&rft.pub=WebCookies.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebcookies.org%2Fthird-party-cookies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-party+cookies" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cOnAw-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cOnAw_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Number of cookies"</a>. WebCookies.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+cookies&rft.pub=WebCookies.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebcookies.org%2Fnumber-of-cookies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-party+cookies" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RFC2109-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RFC2109_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"><i>HTTP State Management Mechanism</i></a>. sec. 8.3. <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">10.17487/RFC2109</a></span>. <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">2109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTTP+State+Management+Mechanism&rft.pages=sec.-8.3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2109%26%23035%3Bsection-8.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-party+cookies" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RFC2965-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RFC2965_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"><i>HTTP State Management Mechanism</i></a>. <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">10.17487/RFC2965</a></span>. <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">2965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTTP+State+Management+Mechanism&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-party+cookies" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RFC6265-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RFC6265_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"><i>HTTP State Management Mechanism</i></a>. <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">10.17487/RFC6265</a></span>. <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">6265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTTP+State+Management+Mechanism&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-party+cookies" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-zw6bb-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zw6bb_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFStatt2020" class="citation web cs1">Statt, Nick (2020-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Apple updates Safari's anti-tracking tech with full third-party cookie blocking"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Apple+updates+Safari%27s+anti-tracking+tech+with+full+third-party+cookie+blocking&rft.date=2020-03-24&rft.aulast=Statt&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2020%2F3%2F24%2F21192830%2Fapple-safari-intelligent-tracking-privacy-full-third-party-cookie-blocking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-party+cookies" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GSofz-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GSofz_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Firefox starts blocking third-party cookies by default"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i>. 2019-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=Firefox+starts+blocking+third-party+cookies+by+default&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2019%2F06%2F04%2Ffirefox-enhanced-tracking-protection-blocks-third-party-cookies-by-default%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-party+cookies" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sUPt1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sUPt1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFBrave2020" class="citation web cs1">Brave (2020-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"OK Google, don't delay real browser privacy until 2022"</a>. <i>Brave Browser</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brave+Browser&rft.atitle=OK+Google%2C+don%27t+delay+real+browser+privacy+until+2022&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.au=Brave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrave.com%2Fok-google%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-party+cookies" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-xiHRq-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xiHRq_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite id="CITEREFProtalinski2020" class="citation web cs1">Protalinski, Emil (19 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Chrome 83 arrives with redesigned security settings, third-party cookies blocked in Incognito"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=Chrome+83+arrives+with+redesigned+security+settings%2C+third-party+cookies+blocked+in+Incognito&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft.aulast=Protalinski&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2020%2F05%2F19%2Fgoogle-chrome-83%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-party+cookies" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Google now delays blocking 3rd-party cookies in Chrome to late 2024"</a>. <i>Business Standard India</i>. 28 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=Google+now+delays+blocking+3rd-party+cookies+in+Chrome+to+late+2024&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Ftechnology%2Fgoogle-now-delays-blocking-3rd-party-cookies-in-chrome-to-late-2024-122072800244_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-party+cookies" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text">"Google Chrome starts blocking data tracking cookies"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2024-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Google+Chrome+starts+blocking+data+tracking+cookies&rft.date=2024-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-67882315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-party+cookies" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Template:Web_browsers" title="Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Template_talk:Web_browsers" title="Template talk:Web browsers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Special:EditPage/Template:Web_browsers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_browsers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Features_*_standards_*_protocols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">
<ul><li>Features</li>
<li>standards</li>
<li>protocols</li></ul>
</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Bookmark_(digital)" title="Bookmark (digital)">Bookmarks</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Extensions</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">Privacy mode</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=HTML5" title="HTML5">v5</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookies</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">third-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol" title="Online Certificate Status Protocol">OCSP</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Active" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Arc_(web_browser)" title="Arc (web browser)">Arc</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=C%E1%BB%91c_C%E1%BB%91c" title="Cốc Cốc">Coc Coc</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Epic_(web_browser)" title="Epic (web browser)">Epic</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Amazon_Silk" title="Amazon Silk">Silk</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=UC_Browser" title="UC Browser">UC</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Tor_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Browser">Tor Browser</a></li>
<li>Gecko <a href="./wiki.php?slug=Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a>
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Pale_Moon" title="Pale Moon">Pale Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ICab" title="ICab">iCab</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=360_Secure_Browser" title="360 Secure Browser">360</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Eww_(web_browser)" title="Eww (web browser)">eww</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Flow_(web_browser)" title="Flow (web browser)">Flow</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Lynx_(web_browser)" title="Lynx (web browser)">Lynx</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=QQ_Browser" title="QQ Browser">QQ</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=W3m" title="W3m">w3m</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Firefox_Lite" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kylo_(web_browser)" title="Kylo (web browser)">Kylo</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=AT%26T_Pogo" title="AT&T Pogo">Pogo</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=AOL_Explorer" title="AOL Explorer">AOL</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=SpaceTime_(software)#SpaceTime_Browser" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ZAC_Browser" title="ZAC Browser">ZAC</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="./wiki.php?slug=WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Bolt_(web_browser)" title="Bolt (web browser)">BOLT</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Iris_Browser" title="Iris Browser">Iris</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Surf_(web_browser)" title="Surf (web browser)">surf</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Uzbl" title="Uzbl">Uzbl</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Blazer_(web_browser)" title="Blazer (web browser)">Blazer</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Cake_Browser" title="Cake Browser">Cake</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Charon_(web_browser)" title="Charon (web browser)">Charon</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=CM_Browser" title="CM Browser">CM</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Dillo" title="Dillo">Dillo</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ELinks" title="ELinks">ELinks</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Gazelle_(web_browser)" title="Gazelle (web browser)">Gazelle</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=HotJava" title="HotJava">HotJava</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=IBM_Home_Page_Reader" title="IBM Home Page Reader">IBM Home Page Reader</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=IBM_WebExplorer" title="IBM WebExplorer">IBM WebExplorer</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=IBrowse" title="IBrowse">IBrowse</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=KidZui" title="KidZui">KidZui</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Mosaic_(web_browser)" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">MSN TV</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=NetPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="NetPositive">NetPositive</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Skweezer" title="Skweezer">Skweezer</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Skyfire_(company)" title="Skyfire (company)">Skyfire</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=ThunderHawk" title="ThunderHawk">ThunderHawk</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Vision_Mobile_Browser" title="Vision Mobile Browser">Vision</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=WinWAP" title="WinWAP">WinWAP</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Category:Web_browsers" title="Category:Web browsers">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=Comparison_of_web_browsers" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparisons</a></li>
<li><a href="./wiki.php?slug=List_of_web_browsers" title="List of web browsers">List</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714139288' |
