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'{{short description|American politician}} {{About|the Georgia governor|the actor and comedian|Joe E. Brown}} {{Use American English|date=May 2020}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2017}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Joseph Emerson Brown | image = Joseph Emerson Brown.jpg | jr/sr = United States Senator | state = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | term_start = May 26, 1880 | term_end = March 3, 1891 | predecessor = [[John Brown Gordon|John B. Gordon]] | successor = [[John Brown Gordon|John B. Gordon]] | office1 = Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia Supreme Court]] | term_start1 = 1868 | term_end1 = 1870 | predecessor1 = [[Hiram B. Warner]] | successor1 = [[Osborne Augustus Lochrane]] | order2 = 42nd | office2 = Governor of Georgia | term_start2 = November 6, 1857 | term_end2 = June 17, 1865 | predecessor2 = [[Herschel Vespasian Johnson|Herschel Johnson]] | successor2 = [[James Johnson (Georgia)|James Johnson]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1821|4|15}} | birth_place = [[Pickens, South Carolina|Pickens]], [[South Carolina]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1894|11|30|1821|4|15}} | death_place = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S. | party = [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]], [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | education = [[Yale University]] | profession = Lawyer, politician | signature = Signature of Joseph Emerson Brown (1821–1894).png | spouse = Elizabeth Grisham | children = [[Joseph Mackey Brown]] }} '''Joseph Emerson Brown''' (April 15, 1821 – November 30, 1894), often referred to as '''Joe Brown''', was an American attorney and politician, serving as the [[List of Governors of Georgia|42nd Governor of Georgia]] from 1857 to 1865, the only governor to serve four terms. He also served as a United States Senator from that state from 1880 to 1891. A former [[United States Whig Party|Whig]], and a firm believer in slavery and Southern states' rights, Brown was a leading secessionist in 1861, and led his state into the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. Yet he also defied the Confederate government's wartime policies: he resisted the military draft, believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia; and denounced Confederate President [[Jefferson Davis]] as an incipient tyrant, challenging Confederate impressment of animals and goods to supply the troops, and slaves to work in military encampments and on the lines. Several other governors followed his lead. After the [[American Civil War]], Brown joined the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] for a time, and was appointed as chief justice of the [[Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)|Supreme Court of Georgia]] from 1865 to 1870. Later he rejoined the Democrats, became president of the [[Western and Atlantic Railroad]] and began to amass great wealth; he was estimated to be a millionaire by 1880. He benefited from using [[Convict leasing|convicts leased]] from state, county and local governments in his [[Coal mining in the United States|coal mining operations]] in [[Dade County, Georgia|Dade County]]. His Dade Coal Company bought other coal and iron companies, and by 1889 was known as the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing and Investment Company. Finally, he was twice elected by the state legislature as a [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]], serving from 1880 to 1891. During this time he was part of the [[Bourbon Triumvirate]], alongside fellow prominent Georgia politicians [[John Brown Gordon]] and [[Alfred H. Colquitt]]. Brown saved the [[Southern Baptist Theological Seminary]] financially in the 1870s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPVv-GxjmZE&t=3101 |title=Albert Mohler - Ask Anything Live (Episode 8) |last=Southern Seminary |date=September 14, 2018 |via=YouTube}}</ref> An endowed chair in his honor, the Joseph Emerson Brown Chair of Christian Theology, was established at the institution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bpnews.net/20683/southern-trustees-elect-mohler-to-storied-chair-of-theology |title=Southern trustees elect Mohler to storied chair of theology |website=Baptist Press}}</ref> Brown and his wife, Elizabeth Grisham Brown, were honored in 1928 by a statue installed on the state capitol grounds. In 2020, the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary vacated the Joseph Emerson Brown chair of theology because the seminary believed, according to President Albert Mohler, that the name was "wrongly commemorated" by the Seminary due to Brown's position on slavery.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brnow.org/news/southern-seminary-retains-names-vacates-chair-establishes-endowment/ |title=Southern Seminary retains names, vacates chair, establishes endowment}}</ref> ==Early life and education== Joseph Emerson Brown was born on April 15, 1821, in [[Pickens County, South Carolina|Pickens County]], [[South Carolina]], to Mackey Brown and Sally (Rice) Brown. At a young age he moved with his family to [[Union County, Georgia]].<ref name= Smith>Chapter XIX: "Governor Brown of Georgia", in: Smith, Elsie Haws. (1954). ''More About those Rices. [[Edmund Rice (1638)]]'', Association & Meador Publishers, Boston.</ref> In 1840, he decided to leave the farm and seek an education. With the help of his younger brother James and their father's plow horse, Brown drove a yoke of oxen on a 125-mile trek to an academy near [[Anderson, South Carolina]]. There Brown traded the oxen for eight months' board and lodging.<ref name="wright"/> In 1844, Brown moved to [[Canton, Georgia]], where he served as headmaster of the town's academy. <ref name="wright">{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=G. Richard |title=New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=48366043&site=eds-live |journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=93 |issue=4 |date=Winter 2009 |access-date=June 20, 2016}}</ref> During this time, Brown boarded in the home of local businessman and Baptist minister [[John Wood Lewis Sr.|John W. Lewis]].<ref name="Jr.1975">{{cite book |author=Ezra J. Warner, Jr. |title=Biographical Register of the Confederate Congress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6VyjF_ZTukC&pg=PA152 |publisher=[[LSU Press]] |date=1 September 1975 |isbn=978-0-8071-4942-3 |pages=152–153}}</ref> Brown paid for his room and board by tutoring the Lewis children. A friendship developed between the men, and Lewis loaned Brown money to continue his legal education.<ref name="Jr.1975" /> Brown went to [[Yale University]] to study law, then returned to Canton to practice. In 1847 he opened a law office in the county seat, and began to make the connections on which he built his fortune. He married Elizabeth Grisham, daughter of a major land developer. They had several children together.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabinet Card of Brown Family members, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, ca. 1895 |url=http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/vang/id:ful0657 |website=Vanishing Georgia |publisher=Digital Library of Georgia |access-date=June 20, 2016}}</ref> Brown joined the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] and was soon elected to the Georgia state senate in 1849 from the developing [[Etowah River|Etowah River valley]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=G. Richard|last2=Wheeler|first2=Kenneth H.|title=New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley |journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=363–387 |date=2009 |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aqh&AN=48366043&site=eds-live&scope=site |access-date=19 February 2018}}</ref> He rapidly rose as a leader in the party. He was elected as state circuit court judge in 1855. He was a [[United States Electoral College|presidential elector]] in [[1856 United States presidential election in Georgia|1856]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/13JMAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1|title=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography|publisher=James T. White & Company|year=1898|volume=I|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=227|language=en|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> ==Governor of Georgia== ===First term=== In 1857, at the young age of 36, Brown was elected governor of the state. He supported free public education for poor white children, believing that it was key to development of the state. He asked the state legislature to divert a portion of profits from the state-owned railroad, the [[Western & Atlantic]], to help fund the schools.<ref name= "scott">[http://www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com/ang/Joseph_E._Brown Carole E. Scott, "Joseph E. Brown"], About North Georgia website, 2016; accessed December 16, 2016</ref> Most planters did not support public education and paid for private tutors and academies for their children. The Western and Atlantic Railroad was mismanaged, and unable to produce the income Brown required to fund his public education proposal. In 1858, Governor Brown appointed [[John Wood Lewis Sr.|John W. Lewis]], his landlord and benefactor from Brown's early days in Canton, to the position of Superintendent of the state-owned railroad. Lewis was a successful businessman, and immediately undertook reforms to turn around the failing enterprise. The railroad, said to be in "dire financial straits", required the same strict economic controls Lewis had practiced in his private businesses. In the three years that Lewis ran the railroad, he was able to turn the business into a money-making enterprise, paying $400,000 per year into the state treasury.<ref name="Knight1917">{{cite book |author=Lucian Lamar Knight |title=The period of expansion or Georgia in the process of growth, 1802-1857 (continued) ; The period of division or Georgia in the assertion of state rights, 1857-1872 ; The period of rehabilitation or Georgia's rise from the ashes of war, 1872-1916 ; Georgia miscellanies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVlKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA717 |year=1917 |publisher=Lewis Publishing Company |page=717}}</ref> ===Second term=== Brown easily won re-election in 1859 when he defeated a young [[Warren Akin Sr.]] (who was just beginning his political career) by a margin of 60%-40%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=74253 |title=Akin, Warren |publisher=OurCampaigns.com |access-date=November 24, 2018}}</ref> Brown was a slave owner; in 1850, he owned five slaves.<ref>{{cite census |url=https://archive.org/stream/7thcensus0089unit#page/n197/mode/2up |title=1850 United States Census, Slave Schedules |year=1850 |access-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref> By 1860 when he was governor, he owned a total of 19 slaves and several farms in [[Cherokee County, Georgia]].<ref>{{cite census |url=https://archive.org/stream/acpl_slavecensus_03_reel03rs#page/n9/mode/2up |title=1860 United States Census, Slave Schedules |year=1860 |page=4, 8 |access-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref> Brown became a strong supporter of [[secession]] from the United States after [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s election and South Carolina's secession in 1860. He feared that Lincoln would abolish slavery. Considering it the basis of the South's lucrative plantation economy, he called upon Georgians to oppose the efforts to end slavery: {{quote|What will be the result to the institution of slavery, which will follow submission to the inauguration and administration of Mr. Lincoln as the President ... ''it will be the total abolition of slavery'' ... I do not doubt, therefore, that submission to the administration of Mr. Lincoln will result in the final abolition of slavery. If we fail to resist now, we will never again have the strength to resist.|Joseph E. Brown||(December 7, 1860), emphasis added.<ref>{{cite book |title=Secession Debated |url=http://www.civilwarcauses.org/jbrown.htm |pages=145–159 |access-date=September 8, 2015}}</ref>}} Once the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] was established,<ref>[[Georgia in the American Civil War]]</ref> Brown, a [[states' rights]] advocate, spoke out against expansion of the Confederate central government's powers. He denounced President [[Jefferson Davis]] in particular. Brown tried to stop Colonel [[Francis Bartow]] from taking Georgia troops "out of the state" to the [[First Battle of Bull Run]]. Though he objected most strenuously to military [[conscription]] by the Confederate government in Richmond,<ref name="McPherson2003">{{cite book |author=James M. McPherson |title=The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXfGuNAvm7AC&pg=PA433 |date=11 December 2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-974390-2 |page=433}}</ref> Brown also protested the army's impressment of goods and slave labor, and was critical of Confederate tax and blockade-running policies. In time, other Confederate governors followed Brown's example, undermining the war effort and sapping the Confederacy of vital resources.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carlson |first1=David |title=Remember thy Pledge!: Religious and Reformist Influences on Joseph E. Brown's Opposition to Confederate Conscription |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=101380917&site=eds-live |journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=98 |issue=1/2 |date=2014 |access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Correspondence between Governor Brown and President Davis, on the Constitutionality of the Conscription Act |url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/govbrown/brown.html |website=Documenting the American South (Project) |publisher=Digital Library of Georgia |access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Boney |first=F.N. |title=Joseph E. Brown (1821-1894) |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/joseph-e-brown-1821-1894 |journal=New Georgia Encyclopedia |date=2002}}</ref> ===Third term=== In 1861, Brown was up for re-election to a third term. It was at this time, during the re-election campaign, that [[Western & Atlantic Railroad]] Superintendent [[John Wood Lewis]], and old friend of the governor, decided to resign from the railroad. The timing could not have been worse. Fearing that Lewis' resignation would be interpreted negatively, the governor requested that Lewis keep the resignation a secret; but the resignation letter was leaked to the press, causing a rift between the two old friends. Brown wrote to Lewis, saying: "I did not deserve this at your hands, and I confess I felt it keenly...I do not attribute improper motives, but only say the coincidence was an unfortunate one for me".<ref name="Parks1999">{{cite book |author=Joseph Howard Parks |title=Joseph E. Brown of Georgia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhSyPM9smq8C&pg=PA164 |publisher=LSU Press |date=1 March 1999 |isbn=978-0-8071-2465-9 |pages=164–165}}</ref> The two friends eventually smoothed over the incident, and Governor Brown was subsequently re-elected. On April 7, 1862, months after Lewis left the railroad, Governor Brown appointed Lewis to a vacant seat in the [[Confederate Senate]] from [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] in the [[1st Confederate States Congress]], 1862–1863. [[Robert Toombs]], former [[Confederate States Secretary of State]], had created the vacancy when he declined his election at the Congress's opening session on February 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2181399/fayetteville_weekly/|title=John W. Lewis, Senate in Georgia|publisher=Fayetteville Weekly Observer Fayetteville, N.C.|date=March 24, 1862|access-date=January 19, 2020}}</ref> ==Capture of Milledgeville - the state capital== In 1864, after the [[Occupation of Atlanta|fall of Atlanta]], [[Union army|Union General]] [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] began his [[Sherman's March to the Sea|March to the Sea]]. On the route from Atlanta to [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] the left wing of Sherman's army entered the city of [[Milledgeville, Georgia|Milledgeville]], then Georgia's state capital. As U.S. troops closed in on the city, and with the fall of the capital imminent, Governor Brown ordered [[Quartermaster General]] [[Ira Roe Foster]] to remove the state records. The task proved to be difficult, as it was undertaken in the midst of chaos. {{quote box|quote = Gov. Brown, thinking first of the valuable and perishable State property, ordered Gen. Ira Foster, Georgia's quartermaster general (who was always prompt and efficient), to secure its removal. Some of the books and other similar property were stored in the Lunatic Asylum, three miles out of town. A train of cars was held at the depot to carry off other State property, and Gen. Foster made herculean efforts to carry out the Governor's orders, but, such was the general terror and the rush to leave town, it was next to impossible to procure labor. When the Governor saw the condition of affairs, he went to the penitentiary, had the convicts drawn up in a line, and made them a short speech; he appealed to their patriotic pride and offered pardon to each one who would help remove the State property and then enlist for the defense of Georgia. They responded promptly, were put under the command of Gen. Foster, and did valuable service in loading the train. When that was done each one was given a suit of gray, and a gun, and they were formed into a military company of which one of their number was captain. They were ordered to report for duty to Gen. Wayne, who was commanding a small battalion of militia at Milledgeville and also the Georgia cadets from the Military Institute at Marietta. |source=—FRANCES LETCHER MITCHELL.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/georgialandpeopl00mitc/georgialandpeopl00mitc_djvu.txt ''Georgia Land and People''.(1919) p.158] at archive.org</ref>|title= WAR BETWEEN THE STATES - 1864|width = 100%|align= left|bgcolor= #c6dbf7}} After the loss of Atlanta, Brown withdrew the [[State militia|state's militia]] from the Confederate forces to harvest crops for the state and the army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com/ang/Reconstruction|title=Reconstruction|website=www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com}}</ref> When Union troops under [[William T. Sherman|Sherman]] overran much of Georgia in 1864, Brown called for an end to the war. [[File:Burning of the penitentiary at Milledgeville, GA - November 23 1864.jpg|thumb|300px|Burning of the penitentiary at Milledgeville, GA by the Union Army (November 23, 1864)]] ==Post-war imprisonment to Republican judgeship== After the war, Brown was briefly held as a political prisoner in [[Washington, D.C.]] He supported President [[Andrew Johnson]]'s [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] policies, joining the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] for a time. As a Republican, Brown was appointed as chief justice of the [[Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)|Supreme Court of Georgia]], serving from 1865 to 1870. ===Rejoining the Democratic Party=== Brown resigned as judge when offered the presidency of the [[Western and Atlantic Railroad]]. In this role, Brown opposed efforts by a committee to revise the state constitution to establish uniform rates for freight over the multiple railroad lines in the state.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Joseph E.|title=Argument of ex-Governor Joseph E. Brown, President of the Western and Atlantic Railroad Company, before the Revision Committee of the Constitutional Convention, on the question of the railroad interests of Georgia, and more especially on the injuries that would result to the railroads and the people from the policy of establishing uniform rates on all freights over our railroad lines|url=http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/ggp/id:s-ga-bc610-pr4-bm1-b1877-bb7|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Western & Atlantic Railroad's Engine No. 1, "Gov. Jos. E. Brown," built in Atlanta, Georgia. Photograph inscribed and dated by the photographer, J.C. Stokely, October 12, 1888|url=http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ajc/id/128|website=AJCP551-19b, Atlanta Journal Constitution Photographic Archives. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> After Reconstruction ended, Brown rejoined the Democratic Party. He was elected to the [[U.S. Senate]] in 1880 by the state legislature, as was custom by the US constitution and state laws of the time. Soon after his election to the Senate, Brown became the first Democratic Party official in Georgia to support [[public education]] for all white children. The Republican Reconstruction-era legislature was the first to establish public education in the state but the succeeding post-Reconstruction, white-dominated legislature abandoned it. Brown recommended that railroad fees be used to support it financially. Prior to this, only the elite who could afford tutors or private academies had their children formally educated.<ref name= Smith /> ==Later political service and business career== Brown was first elected to the [[United States Senate]] by the [[Georgia General Assembly|state legislature]] in 1880, taking office on May 26, 1880. He was re-elected in 1885, and retired in 1891 due to poor health.<ref name= Smith /> While Brown's political supporters claimed that he "came to Atlanta on foot with less than a dollar in his pocket after the war and ... made himself all that he is by honest and laborious methods",<ref>Franklin M. Garrett, ''Atlanta and Environs,'' I:952</ref> most of his enterprises stemmed from his political connections. He amassed a fortune, in part through the use of [[convict leasing|convicts leased from state, county and local government]] in his [[Coal mine|coal mining operations]] in [[Dade County, Georgia|Dade County]].<ref name="stampp">Kenneth M. Stampp, ''The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877,'' 1965, p. 161</ref> His use of leased convict labor began in 1874 and continued until his death in 1894, a period that coincided with "the high tide of the convict lease system in Georgia".<ref name="stampp"/> The convict lease system never existed during the years Brown was governor. It was first authorized during the [[Reconstruction era|period of Reconstruction]], under [[martial law|military governor]] and Union general [[Thomas H. Ruger]], who issued the first convict lease in April 1868.<ref name="mancini"/> It was expanded during the post-Reconstruction era, when the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed new laws criminalizing a range of behavior. State prisoners who were unable to pay fines, levied as part of their conviction, faced the possibility of being leased out by the state, as convict labor. In 1880 Brown, whose fortune was estimated conservatively at one million dollars, netted $98,000 from the Dade Coal Company. By 1886, Dade Coal was a parent company, owning Walker Iron and Coal, Rising Fawn Iron, Chattanooga Iron, and Rogers Railroad and Ore Banks, and leasing Castle Rock Coal Company. An 1889 reorganization resulted in the formation of the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing and Investment Company. This rested largely on a foundation of convict labor.<ref name="mancini">Matthew J. Mancini, "Race, Economics, and the Abandonment of the Convict Lease System," ''The Journal of Negro History'', Vol. 63, No. 4 [October 1978], p. 342</ref> The system has been likened by journalist [[Douglas A. Blackmon]] to "slavery by another name," in his book by that title.<ref>Douglas A. Blackmon, ''Slavery By Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II'' (2008)</ref> A legislative committee visited Brown's mines during the same year that Brown sold them. They reported that the convict laborers were "in the very worst condition ... actually being starved and have not sufficient clothing ... treated with great cruelty."<ref name="blackmon374"/> Of particular note to the visiting officials was that the mine claimed to have replaced whipping with the [[Waterboarding#Historical uses|water cure torture]]—in which water was poured into the nostrils and lungs of the prisoners—because it allowed miners to "go to work right away" after punishment.<ref name="blackmon374">Blackmon, ''Slavery By Another Name,'' (2008), p. 347</ref> However, it was not established if these practices were in place at the time that Brown sold the mine, or were instituted by the mine's new owner [[Joel Hurt]]. ==Death and legacy== [[File:Statute of Georgia Civil War Governor Joseph E. Brown and Wife, Georgia State Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia.jpg|thumb|300px|Statue of Georgia Civil War Governor Joseph E. Brown and his wife]] Joseph E. Brown died on November 30, 1894, in [[Atlanta, Georgia]]. He was honored by lying in state in the state capitol, where many people paid their respects.<ref>{{cite web|title=Joseph E. Brown, Lying In State|url=http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/694|website=Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=June 14, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624110055/http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/694|archive-date=June 24, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> His towering tombstone is in [[Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta, Georgia)|Oakland Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Joseph E. Brown Grave Marker|url=http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/1176|website=Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=June 14, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624103905/http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/1176|archive-date=June 24, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 1928, a memorial statue of Brown and his wife was installed on the grounds of the [[Georgia State Capitol|State Capitol]].<ref>{{cite web|title=[Photograph of unveiling of statue of Governor Joseph E. Brown, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, 1928]|url=http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/vang/id:ful0176|website=Vanishing Georgia|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> His son, [[Joseph Mackey Brown]], would also become governor of Georgia (twice). Joseph E. Brown Hall on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Joe Brown Hall (University of Georgia)|url=http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/larc/id:hbo0135|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> The building was completed in 1932. Joseph Emerson Brown Park in [[Marietta, Georgia]] is named for him.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seibert|first1=David|title=Joseph Emerson Brown Park|url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/cobb/joseph-emerson-brown-park|website=GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> [[Emerson, Georgia]], referencing the governor's middle name, is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Emerson historical marker|url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/bartow/emerson|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> ==In fiction== In her novel ''[[Gone with the Wind (novel)|Gone with the Wind]]'', [[Margaret Mitchell]] made reference to Governor Brown, and the reception that "Joe Brown's Pets" received during [[Sherman's March to the Sea|General Sherman's march through Georgia]] in 1864. Brown had tried to keep Georgia troops in the state for local defense. Mitchell wrote: <blockquote>Yes, Governor Brown's darlings are likely to smell powder at last, and I imagine most of them will be much surprised. Certainly they never expected to see action. The Governor as good as promised them they wouldn't. Well, that's a good joke on them. They thought they had bomb proofs because the Governor stood up to even Jeff Davis and refused to send them to Virginia. Said they were needed for the defense of their state. Who'd have ever thought the war would come to their own back yard and they'd really have to defend their state?<ref name="Mitchell2014">{{cite book|author=Margaret Mitchell|title=Gone with the Wind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAVZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT191|date=13 April 2014|publisher=Hayrapetyan Brothers|pages=191|id=GGKEY:SA26KUXWEFG}}</ref></blockquote> ==See also== {{Portal|American Civil War|Georgia (U.S. state)}} *[[American Civil War]] *[[Ira Roe Foster]]- Confederate Quartermaster General of Georgia ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== *Blackmon, Douglas A. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II''. New York : Doubleday, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0385506250}} *Fielder, Herbert. [http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/georgiabooks/do-pdf:gb0331 ''A sketch of the life and times and speeches of Joseph E. Brown'']. Springfield, Mass.: Springfield Printing Company, 1883. *Hill, Louise Biles. ''Joseph E. Brown and the Confederacy''. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press 1972. {{ISBN|978-0-8371-5722-1}} *Lichtenstein, Alex. ''Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South''. New York: Verso, 1996. {{ISBN|978-1859840863}} *Mancini, Matthew J. ''One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866-1928''. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996. {{ISBN|978-1570030833}} *Parks, Joseph Howard. ''Joseph E. Brown of Georgia''. Southern biography series. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1977. {{ISBN|978-0-8071-0189-6}} *Roberts, Derrell C. ''Joseph E. Brown and the politics of Reconstruction''. Southern historical publications, no. 16. University: University of Alabama Press 1973. {{ISBN|978-0-8173-5222-6}} *Scaife, William R., and William Harris Bragg. ''Joe Brown's pets: the Georgia Militia, 1861-1865''. Macon, Ga: Mercer University Press 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-86554-883-1}} *Wright, G. Richard and Kenneth H. Wheeler, [http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=48366043&site=eds-live "New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley,"] ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 93:4 (Winter, 2009) ==External links== *{{bioguide}} *[https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/joseph-e-brown-1821-1894 Joseph E. Brown (1821-1894), ''New Georgia Encyclopedia''] *[http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8z28h Joseph E. Brown Papers] at [https://rose.library.emory.edu/ Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, & Rare Book Library, Emory University] {{CongBio|B000936}} *[http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18374 Joseph Emerson Brown letters, W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, The University of Alabama.] *[http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/cherokee/joseph-emerson-brown Joseph Emerson Brown] historical marker <br />{{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Herschel Vespasian Johnson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[List of Governors of Georgia|Governor of Georgia]]|years=1857, 1859}} {{s-vac|next=[[John Brown Gordon]]}} {{s-off}} {{succession box |title=[[List of governors of Georgia|Governor of Georgia]] | before=[[Herschel Vespasian Johnson]] | after=[[James Johnson (Georgia)|James Johnson]] | years=1857&ndash;1865}} {{s-legal}} {{succession box |title=[[List of Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)|Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia]] |before=[[Hiram B. Warner]] |after=[[Osborne Augustus Lochrane]] |years=1868–1870 }} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{U.S. Senator box |state=Georgia |class=3 |before=[[John Brown Gordon|John B. Gordon]] |after=[[John Brown Gordon|John B. Gordon]] |alongside=[[Benjamin Harvey Hill|Benjamin H. Hill]], [[Middleton P. Barrow]], [[Alfred H. Colquitt]] |years=1880&ndash;1891}} {{s-end}} {{Governors of Georgia}} {{USSenGA}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Joseph E.}} [[Category:1821 births]] [[Category:1894 deaths]] [[Category:People from Pickens, South Carolina]] [[Category:Baptists from South Carolina]] [[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats]] [[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) Republicans]] [[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) state senators]] [[Category:Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:United States senators from Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War]] [[Category:Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Democratic Party United States senators]] [[Category:Democratic Party state governors of the United States]] [[Category:Confederate state governors]] [[Category:People from Canton, Georgia]] [[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) Whigs]] [[Category:American slave owners]] [[Category:Burials at Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta)]] [[Category:American proslavery activists]] [[Category:American Fire-Eaters]] [[Category:Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:19th-century American judges]] [[Category:19th-century Baptists]] [[Category:1856 United States presidential electors]]'