Edit filter log

[ 0 => '{{About|the American jurist}}', 1 => '{{pp-move-indef}}', 2 => '{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2018}}', 3 => '{{Infobox judge', 4 => '|name = John Roberts', 5 => '|image = Official roberts CJ.jpg', 6 => '|office = 17th [[Chief Justice of the United States]]', 7 => '|nominator = [[George W. Bush]]', 8 => '|term_start = September 29, 2005', 9 => '|term_end = ', 10 => '|predecessor = [[William Rehnquist]]', 11 => '|successor = ', 12 => '|office1 = Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]', 13 => '|nominator1 = [[George W. Bush]]', 14 => '|term_start1 = June 2, 2003', 15 => '|term_end1 = September 29, 2005', 16 => '|predecessor1 = [[James L. Buckley]]', 17 => '|successor1 = [[Patricia Ann Millett]]', 18 => '|office2 = [[United States Solicitor General#List of Principal Deputy Solicitors General|Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States]]', 19 => '|president2 = [[George H. W. Bush]]', 20 => '|term_start2 = 1989', 21 => '|term_end2 = 1993', 22 => '|predecessor2 = [[Donald B. Ayer]]', 23 => '|successor2 = [[Paul Bender (jurist)|Paul Bender]]', 24 => '|office3 = [[White House Counsel|Associate Counsel to the President]]', 25 => '|president3 = [[Ronald Reagan]]', 26 => '|term_start3 = November 28, 1982', 27 => '|term_end3 = April 11, 1986', 28 => '|predecessor3 = [[J. Michael Luttig]]<ref>https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/archives/textual/smof/robertsj.pdf</ref>', 29 => '|successor3 = Robert M. Kruger<ref>http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=37093</ref>', 30 => '|birth_name = John Glover Roberts Jr.', 31 => '|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|27}}', 32 => '|birth_place = [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.', 33 => '|death_date = ', 34 => '|death_place = ', 35 => '|spouse = {{marriage|Jane Sullivan|1996}}', 36 => '|children = 2', 37 => '|education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]])', 38 => '|signature = John Roberts signature.svg', 39 => '}}', 40 => ''''John Glover Roberts Jr.''' (born January 27, 1955) is an American attorney serving as the [[List of Chief Justices of the United States|17th]] and current [[Chief Justice of the United States]], since 2005. He was nominated by [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] after the death of Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]], and has been described as having a conservative judicial philosophy in his [[jurisprudence]]. Even so, Roberts has shown a willingness to work with the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]'s liberal bloc and is regarded as a key swing vote on the Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/john-roberts-has-cast-a-pivotal-liberal-vote-only-5-times/|title=John Roberts Has Cast A Pivotal Liberal Vote Only 5 Times|last=Roeder|first=Oliver|date=2018-07-05|work=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/05/04/chief-justice-roberts-leans-to-the-left|title=Chief Justice Roberts leans to the left|work=The Economist|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/if-it-wasnt-the-roberts-court-already-it-is-the-roberts-court-now/2018/06/28/089a6742-7ad1-11e8-80be-6d32e182a3bc_story.html|title='If it wasn't the Roberts court already, it is the Roberts court now'|last=Barnes|first=Robert|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en|date=2018-06-28|access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref>', 41 => false, 42 => 'Roberts was born in [[Buffalo, New York]], but grew up in northwest [[Indiana]] and was educated in a private school. He then attended [[Harvard College]] and [[Harvard Law School]], where he was a [[managing editor]] of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. After being [[admitted to the bar]], he served as a [[law clerk]] for Judge [[Henry Friendly]] and then Rehnquist before taking a position in the [[Attorney General]]'s office during the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan Administration]]. He went on to serve the Reagan administration and the [[Presidency of George H. W. Bush|George H. W. Bush administration]] in the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] and the [[White House Counsel|Office of the White House Counsel]], before spending 14 years in [[Law of the United States|private law practice]]. During this time, he argued 39 cases before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx|title=Biographies of Current Justices of the Supreme Court|publisher=supremecourt.gov|access-date=August 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063602/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx|archive-date=July 21, 2011|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Notably, he represented 19 states in ''[[United States v. Microsoft Corp.]]''<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://uspolitics.about.com/od/biographies/p/john_g_roberts.htm?terms=john+Roberts|title=John G. Roberts, Jr - Supreme Court Chief Justice - Biography|author=Kathy Gill|work=About.com News & Issues|access-date=April 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002953/http://uspolitics.about.com/od/biographies/p/john_g_roberts.htm?terms=john+Roberts|archive-date=May 2, 2014|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 43 => false, 44 => 'In 2003, Roberts was appointed as a judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] by George W. Bush. During his two-year tenure on the D.C. Circuit, Roberts authored 49 opinions, eliciting two dissents from other judges, and authoring three dissents of his own.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/justices/john_g_roberts_jr|title=John G. Roberts, Jr.|publisher=oyez.org|access-date=April 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404054043/https://www.oyez.org/justices/john_g_roberts_jr|archive-date=April 4, 2016|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2005, Roberts was nominated to be an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|associate justice]] of the Supreme Court, initially to succeed retiring [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]. When Rehnquist died before Roberts's confirmation hearings began, Bush instead nominated Roberts to fill the chief justice position.', 45 => false, 46 => 'Roberts has authored the majority opinion in many [[landmark case]]s, including ''[[Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1]]'', ''[[Shelby County v. Holder]]'', and ''[[National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius]]''.', 47 => false, 48 => '==Early life and education==', 49 => 'John Glover Roberts was born in [[Buffalo, New York]], the son of Rosemary (née Podrasky) and John Glover "Jack" Roberts Sr. (1928–2008). His father was a plant manager with [[Bethlehem Steel]].<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last=Purdum|first=Todd S.|authorlink=Todd Purdum|author2=Jodi Wilgoren|author3=Pam Belluck|title=Court Nominee's Life Is Rooted in Faith and Respect for Law|work=The New York Times|date=July 21, 2005|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/21/politics/21nominee.html?ex=1279598400&en=c055515d290a3215&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss|accessdate=December 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417115117/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/21/politics/21nominee.html?ex=1279598400&en=c055515d290a3215&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss|archive-date=April 17, 2009|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> His father has Irish and Welsh ancestry and his mother is of Czech descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irishamerica.com/2009/08/jane-sullivan-roberts-rules-for-success/|title=Jane Sullivan Robert's Rules for Success|publisher=irishamerica.com|access-date=February 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304205215/http://irishamerica.com/2009/08/jane-sullivan-roberts-rules-for-success/|archive-date=March 4, 2014|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> When Roberts was in fourth grade, his family moved to [[Long Beach, Indiana]]. He grew up with three sisters: Kathy, Peggy, and Berbere.', 50 => false, 51 => 'Roberts attended Notre Dame Elementary School, a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] grade school in Long Beach. In 1973, he graduated from [[La Lumiere School]], a Roman Catholic boarding school in [[La Porte, Indiana]], where he was a student and athlete.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Notre Dame Catholic Church & School|title=Notre Dame Parish: Alumni|url=http://www.notredameparish.net/?webpage_id=12|accessdate=December 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107200041/http://www.notredameparish.net/?webpage_id=12|archive-date=January 7, 2009|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> He studied five years of Latin (in four years),<ref name="nytimes"/> some French, and was known generally for his devotion to his studies. He was captain of the football team (he later described himself as a "slow-footed [[linebacker]]"), and was a regional champion in wrestling. He participated in choir and drama, co-edited the school newspaper, and served on the athletic council and the executive committee of the student council.<ref name="nytimes"/>', 52 => false, 53 => 'After graduating from high school in 1973, Roberts entered [[Harvard University]] as a [[history]] major. Due to his academic excellence in high school, Roberts entered Harvard with [[sophomore]] (second-year) standing.<ref name="wkstnd">[[Matthew Continetti]], [https://www.weeklystandard.com/matthew-continetti/john-robertss-other-papers "John Roberts's Other Papers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040740/https://www.weeklystandard.com/matthew-continetti/john-robertss-other-papers |date=July 10, 2018 }}, ''The Weekly Standard'', August 8, 2005</ref>{{how|date=October 2018}} One of his first papers, "Marxism and Bolshevism: Theory and Practice," won the William Scott Ferguson Prize for most outstanding essay assignment by a sophomore history major.<ref name="wkstnd" /> He graduated in 1976 with a [[B.A.]] ''[[summa cum laude]]'', having written a senior honors thesis entitled "Old and New Liberalism: The British Liberal Party's Approach to the Social Problem, 1906{{ndash}}1914".<ref name="wkstnd" /> Roberts originally planned to pursue a [[Ph.D.]] in history and become a professor, but decided to study law instead.<ref name="nytimes" /> He attended [[Harvard Law School]], where he was a managing editor of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. He graduated in 1979 with a [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] ''[[magna cum laude]]''.<ref name="nytimes"/><ref name="wkstnd" />', 54 => false, 55 => '==Early legal career==', 56 => '[[File:Ronald Reagan Greets John Roberts.jpg|thumb|right|Roberts and [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1983]]', 57 => 'After graduating from law school, Roberts [[law clerk|clerked]] for Judge [[Henry Friendly]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] from 1979 to 1980.<ref name="nytimes" /> From 1980 to 1981, he clerked for [[Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court|Justice]] [[William Rehnquist]] of the [[U.S. Supreme Court]]. From 1981 to 1982, he served in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration as a special assistant to [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] [[William French Smith]].<ref name="nytimes" /> From 1982 to 1986, Roberts served as associate counsel to the president under [[White House Counsel|White House counsel]] [[Fred Fielding]].', 58 => 'Roberts then entered private law practice in [[Washington, D.C.]] as an associate at the [[law firm]] Hogan & Hartson (now [[Hogan Lovells]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130515055519/http://www.hoganlovells.com/newsmedia/newspubs/detail.aspx?news=456 "Former Hogan & Hartson Partner John G. Roberts, Jr. Confirmed as Chief Justice of the United States"] (Press release), Hogan Lovells, September 29, 2005.</ref> As part of Hogan & Hartson's pro bono work, he worked behind the scenes for gay rights advocates, reviewing filings and preparing arguments for the Supreme Court case ''[[Romer v. Evans]]'' (1996), which was described in 2005 as "the movement's most important legal victory". Roberts also argued on behalf of the homeless, a case which became one of Roberts' "few appellate losses."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/aug/04/nation/na-roberts4 |title=Roberts Donated Help to Gay Rights Case |work=Los Angeles Times |date=August 4, 2005 |accessdate=July 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108112026/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/aug/04/nation/na-roberts4 |archive-date=November 8, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Another pro bono matter was a death penalty case in which he represented John Ferguson, who was convicted of killing eight people in Florida.<ref>{{cite web | last = Etter | first = Sarah | title = Chief Justice John Roberts and Inmate Cases | publisher = corrections.com | date = October 3, 2005 | url = http://www.corrections.com/articles/5754 | accessdate = March 5, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305234817/http://www.corrections.com/articles/5754 | archive-date = March 5, 2014 | dead-url = no | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Serwer | first = Adam | title = A past client is used against an Obama nominee | publisher = [[MSNBC]] | date = February 3, 2014 | url = http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/obama-pick-targeted-where-others-were-spared | accessdate = March 5, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305235456/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/obama-pick-targeted-where-others-were-spared | archive-date = March 5, 2014 | dead-url = no | df = mdy-all }}</ref>', 59 => false, 60 => 'Roberts left Hogan & Hartson to serve in the George H. W. Bush administration as principal deputy solicitor general, from 1989 to 1993<ref name="nytimes"/> and as acting [[United States Solicitor General|solicitor general]] for the purposes of at least one case when [[Ken Starr]] had a conflict.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Work on Rights Might Illuminate Roberts's Views|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/07/AR2005090702394.html|date=September 8, 2005|first=Jo|last=Becker|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=March 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629060447/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/07/AR2005090702394.html|archive-date=June 29, 2011|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>[[Michael Tomasky|Tomasky, Michael]], [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/michaeltomasky/2011/feb/24/obama-administration-gay-rights-doma-constitution "Obama, gay marriage, the constitution and the Crackerjack prize"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060136/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/michaeltomasky/2011/feb/24/obama-administration-gay-rights-doma-constitution |date=January 26, 2017 }} ''[[The Guardian]]'', February 24, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011</ref>', 61 => false, 62 => 'In 1992, George H. W. Bush nominated Roberts to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]], but no Senate vote was held, and Roberts's nomination expired at the end of the [[102nd Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Judicial Nominations - Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr.|url = https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/judicialnominees/roberts.html|website = georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov|access-date = January 31, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160114014835/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/judicialnominees/roberts.html|archive-date = January 14, 2016|dead-url = no|df = mdy-all}}</ref>', 63 => false, 64 => 'Roberts returned to Hogan & Hartson as a partner and became the head of the firm's appellate practice in addition to serving as an adjunct faculty member at the [[Georgetown University Law Center]]. During this time, Roberts argued 39 cases before the Supreme Court, prevailing in 25 of them.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/law/jan-june07/roberts.html | title=Chief Justice John Roberts | work=NewsHour | publisher=PBS | date=March 9, 2007 | accessdate=July 4, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704150602/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/law/jan-june07/roberts.html | archive-date=July 4, 2012 | dead-url=no | df=mdy-all }}</ref> He represented 19 states in ''[[United States v. Microsoft]]''.<ref name=":1"/> Those cases include:', 65 => false, 66 => '{| class="wikitable"', 67 => '|-', 68 => '! Case', 69 => '! Argued', 70 => '! Decided', 71 => '! Represented', 72 => '|-', 73 => '| ''[[First Options v. Kaplan]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/514/938.html 514 U.S. 938]', 74 => '| March 22, 1995', 75 => '| May 22, 1995', 76 => '| Respondent', 77 => '|-', 78 => '| ''[[Adams v. Robertson]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/520/83.html 520 U.S. 83]', 79 => '| January 14, 1997', 80 => '| March 3, 1997', 81 => '| Respondent', 82 => '|-', 83 => '| ''[[Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/522/520.html 522 U.S. 520]', 84 => '| December 10, 1997', 85 => '| February 25, 1999', 86 => '| Petitioner', 87 => '|-', 88 => '| ''[[Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/523/340.html 523 U.S. 340]', 89 => '| January 21, 1998', 90 => '| March 31, 1998', 91 => '| Petitioner', 92 => '|-', 93 => '| ''[[National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Smith]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/525/459.html 525 U.S. 459]', 94 => '| January 20, 1999', 95 => '| February 23, 1999', 96 => '| Petitioner', 97 => '|-', 98 => '| ''[[Rice v. Cayetano]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/528/495.html 528 U.S. 495]', 99 => '| October 6, 1999', 100 => '| February 23, 2000', 101 => '| Respondent', 102 => '|-', 103 => '| ''[[Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. Mine Workers]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/531/57.html 531 U.S. 57]', 104 => '| October 2, 2000', 105 => '| November 28, 2000', 106 => '| Petitioner', 107 => '|-', 108 => '| ''[[TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/532/23.html 532 U.S. 23]', 109 => '| November 29, 2000', 110 => '| March 20, 2001', 111 => '| Petitioner', 112 => '|-', 113 => '| ''[[Toyota Motor Manufacturing v. Williams]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/534/184.html 534 U.S. 184]', 114 => '| November 7, 2001', 115 => '| January 8, 2002', 116 => '| Petitioner', 117 => '|-', 118 => '| ''[[Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/535/302.html 535 U.S. 302]', 119 => '| January 7, 2002', 120 => '| April 23, 2002', 121 => '| Respondent', 122 => '|-', 123 => '| ''[[Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moran]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/536/355.html 536 U.S. 355]', 124 => '| January 16, 2002', 125 => '| June 20, 2002', 126 => '| Petitioner', 127 => '|-', 128 => '| ''[[Gonzaga University v. Doe]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/536/273.html 536 U.S. 273]', 129 => '| April 24, 2002', 130 => '| June 20, 2002', 131 => '| Petitioner', 132 => '|-', 133 => '| ''[[Barnhart v. Peabody Coal Co.]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/537/149.html 537 U.S. 149]', 134 => '| October 8, 2002', 135 => '| January 15, 2003', 136 => '| Respondent', 137 => '|-', 138 => '| ''[[Smith v. Doe]]'', [http://laws.findlaw.com/us/538/84.html 538 U.S. 84]', 139 => '| November 13, 2002', 140 => '| March 5, 2003', 141 => '| Petitioner', 142 => '|}', 143 => false, 144 => 'During the late 1990s, while working for Hogan & Hartson, Roberts served as a member of the steering committee of the Washington, D.C. chapter of the conservative [[Federalist Society]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lane|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Lane (journalist)|title=Roberts Listed in Federalist Society '97–98 Directory|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 25, 2005|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/24/AR2005072401201.html|accessdate=December 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011080214/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/24/AR2005072401201.html|archive-date=October 11, 2008|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 145 => false, 146 => 'In 2000, Roberts traveled to [[Tallahassee, Florida]] to advise [[Jeb Bush]], then the [[List of Governors of Florida|Governor of Florida]], concerning the latter's actions in the [[Florida election recount]] during the [[United States presidential election, 2000|presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wallsten|first=Peter|title=Confirmation Path May Run Through Florida|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|page=A–22|date=July 21, 2005|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jul/21/nation/na-recount21|access-date=January 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715030723/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jul/21/nation/na-recount21|archive-date=July 15, 2012|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 147 => false, 148 => '==On the D.C. Circuit==', 149 => 'On May 10, 2001, President [[George W. Bush]] nominated Roberts for a different seat on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Circuit]], which had been vacated by [[James L. Buckley]]. The Senate at the time, however, was controlled by the [[United States Democratic Party|Democrats]], who were [[George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies|in conflict with Bush over his judicial nominees]]. [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] Chairman [[Patrick Leahy|Patrick Leahy, D-VT]], refused to give Roberts a hearing in the [[107th Congress]].<ref>[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/oct/16/20061016-100753-4244r/ Pat Leahy, Judiciary Committee Chairman?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201183810/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/oct/16/20061016-100753-4244r/ |date=February 1, 2009 }}, ''[[The Washington Times]]'' (October 17, 2006)</ref> The GOP [[United States Senate elections, 2002|regained control of the Senate]] on January 7, 2003, and Bush resubmitted Roberts's nomination that day. Roberts was confirmed on May 8, 2003,<ref>See 149 Cong. Rec. S5980 (2003).</ref> and received his commission on June 2, 2003.<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8632711/ns/msnbc-hardball_with_chris_matthews/t/roberts-nominated-supreme-court/ ''Roberts Nominated for Supreme Court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017002949/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8632711/ns/msnbc-hardball_with_chris_matthews/t/roberts-nominated-supreme-court/ |date=October 17, 2016 }}, {{smallcaps|NBC News}} (July 19, 2005).</ref> During his two-year tenure on the D.C. Circuit, Roberts authored 49 opinions, eliciting two dissents from other judges, and authoring three dissents of his own.<ref name=":0"/>', 150 => false, 151 => 'Notable decisions on the D.C. Circuit include the following:', 152 => false, 153 => '===Fourth and Fifth Amendments===', 154 => '{{BLP sources section|date=September 2018}}', 155 => '''Hedgepeth v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority'', 386 F.3d 1148,<ref>{{cite court', 156 => '|litigants=Hedgepeth v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority|reporter=DC|opinion=03-7149|court=[[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]]|year=2004 |url=http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200410/03-7149a.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> involved a 12-year-old girl who was arrested, searched, handcuffed, driven to police headquarters, booked, and fingerprinted after she violated a publicly advertised [[zero tolerance]] "no eating" policy in a [[Washington Metro]] station by eating a single [[french fries|french fry]]. She was released to her mother three hours later. She sued, alleging that an adult would have only received a citation for the same offense, while children must be detained until parents are notified. The D.C. Circuit unanimously affirmed the district court's dismissal of the girl's lawsuit, which was predicated on alleged violations of the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]] (unreasonable search and seizure) and [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] (equal protection).', 157 => false, 158 => '"No one is very happy about the events that led to this litigation," Roberts wrote, and noted that the policies under which the girl was apprehended had since been changed. Because age discrimination is evaluated using a [[rational basis review|rational basis]] test, however, only weak state interests were required to justify the policy, and the panel concluded they were present. "Because parents and guardians play an essential role in that rehabilitative process, it is reasonable for the District to seek to ensure their participation, and the method chosen—detention until the parent is notified and retrieves the child—certainly does that, in a way issuing a citation might not." The court concluded that the policy and detention were constitutional, noting that "the question before us ... is not whether these policies were a bad idea, but whether they violated the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution," language reminiscent of Justice [[Potter Stewart]]'s dissent in ''[[Griswold v. Connecticut]]''. "We are not asked in this case to say whether we think this law is unwise, or even asinine," Stewart had written; "[w]e are asked to hold that it violates the United States Constitution. And that, I cannot do."', 159 => false, 160 => '===Military tribunals===', 161 => 'In ''[[Hamdan v. Rumsfeld]]'', Roberts was part of a unanimous Circuit panel overturning the district court ruling and upholding [[military tribunal]]s set up by the Bush administration for trying [[terrorism]] suspects known as [[enemy combatant]]s. Circuit Judge [[A. Raymond Randolph]], writing for the court, ruled that [[Salim Ahmed Hamdan]], a driver for [[al-Qaeda]] leader [[Osama bin Laden]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=712&p=local&a=5 |title=Lawyer says Hamden not al-Qaeda – Yemeni was bin Laden's driver – local |work=Yemen Times |accessdate=August 26, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608064851/http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=712&p=local&a=5 |archivedate=June 8, 2011}}</ref> could be tried by a military court because:', 162 => false, 163 => '# the military commission had the approval of the [[United States Congress]];', 164 => '# the [[Third Geneva Convention]] is a [[treaty]] between nations and as such it does not confer [[individual rights]] and remedies enforceable in U.S. courts;', 165 => '# even if the Convention could be enforced in U.S. courts, it would not be of assistance to Hamdan at the time because, for a conflict such as the [[War on Terror|war against Al-Qaeda]] (considered by the court as a separate war from that against [[Afghanistan]] itself) that is not between two countries, it guarantees only a certain standard of judicial procedure without speaking to the jurisdiction in which the prisoner must be tried.', 166 => false, 167 => 'The court held open the possibility of judicial review of the results of the military commission after the current proceedings ended.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200507/04-5393a.pdf |title=USCA-DC Opinions - Search - 04-5393a.pdf |publisher=Pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov |date=July 15, 2005 |accessdate=July 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629045051/http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200507/04-5393a.pdf |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> This decision was overturned on June 29, 2006, by the Supreme Court in a 5–3 decision, with Roberts not participating due to his prior participation in the case as a circuit judge.<ref>{{cite web|title=FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions.|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/548/557.html|website=Findlaw|accessdate=January 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212201353/http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/548/557.html|archive-date=December 12, 2015|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 168 => false, 169 => '===Environmental regulation===', 170 => 'Roberts wrote a dissent in ''Rancho Viejo, LLC v. Norton'', [http://laws.lp.findlaw.com/dc/015373b.html 323 F.3d 1062], a case involving the protection of a rare [[California toad]] under the [[Endangered Species Act]]. When the court denied a rehearing [[en banc]], [http://laws.lp.findlaw.com/dc/015373b.html 334 F.3d 1158] (D.C. Cir. 2003), Roberts dissented, arguing that the panel opinion was inconsistent with ''[[United States v. Lopez]]'' and ''[[United States v. Morrison]]'' in that it incorrectly focused on whether the ''regulation'' substantially affects [[Commerce Clause|interstate commerce]] rather than on whether the regulated ''activity'' does. In Roberts's view, the Commerce Clause of the Constitution did not permit the government to regulate activity affecting what he called "a hapless toad" that "for reasons of its own, lives its entire life in California." He said that reviewing the panel decision would allow the court "alternative grounds for sustaining application of the Act that may be more consistent with Supreme Court precedent."<ref>See also: "Chief Justice Roberts—Constitutional Interpretations of Article III and the Commerce Clause: Will the 'Hapless Toad' and 'John Q. Public' Have Any Protection in the Roberts Court?" Paul A. Fortenberry and Daniel Canton Beck. 13 U. Balt. J. Envtl. L. 55 (2005)</ref>', 171 => false, 172 => '==Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court==', 173 => '{{Main|John Roberts Supreme Court nomination and hearings}}[[File:Robertsoath6.jpg|thumb|John Roberts appears in the background, as President Bush announces his nomination of Roberts for the position of Chief Justice.]]', 174 => 'On July 19, 2005, [[George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates|President Bush nominated]] Roberts to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] to fill a vacancy that would be created by the retirement of [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Justice]] [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]. Roberts was the first Supreme Court nominee since [[Stephen Breyer]] in 1994. Bush announced Roberts's nomination in a live, nationwide television broadcast from the [[East Room]] of the [[White House]] at 9 p.m. Eastern Time.', 175 => false, 176 => 'Chief Justice [[William H. Rehnquist]] died on September 3, 2005, while Roberts's confirmation was still pending before the Senate. Shortly thereafter, on September 5, Bush withdrew Roberts's nomination as O'Connor's successor and announced Roberts's new nomination to the position of Chief Justice.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/JusticeNomi |title=Chief Justice Nomination Announcement |work=C-SPAN |date=September 5, 2005 |accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref> Bush asked the Senate to expedite Roberts's confirmation hearings to fill the vacancy by the beginning of the Supreme Court's session in early October.', 177 => false, 178 => '===Roberts's testimony on his jurisprudence===', 179 => 'During his confirmation hearings, Roberts said that he did not have a comprehensive jurisprudential philosophy, and he did "not think beginning with an all-encompassing approach to constitutional interpretation is the best way to faithfully construe the document."<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name="multiple1" /> Roberts analogized judges to baseball umpires: "[I]t's my job to call balls and strikes, and not to pitch or bat."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/13/AR2005091300693.html | title=Transcript: Day One of the Roberts Hearings | work=The Washington Post | date=September 13, 2005 | accessdate=July 4, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019142313/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/13/AR2005091300693.html | archive-date=October 19, 2012 | dead-url=no | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Roberts demonstrated an encyclopedic knowledge of Supreme Court precedent, which he discussed without notes. Among the issues he discussed were:', 180 => false, 181 => '====Commerce Clause====', 182 => 'In Senate hearings, Roberts has stated:', 183 => false, 184 => '{{quote|Starting with ''[[McCulloch v. Maryland]]'', Chief Justice [[John Marshall]] gave a very broad and expansive reading to the powers of the Federal Government and explained generally that if the ends be legitimate, then any means chosen to achieve them are within the power of the Federal Government, and cases interpreting that, throughout the years, have come down. Certainly, by the time ''[[United States v. Lopez|Lopez]]'' was decided, many of us had learned in [[law school]] that it was just sort of a formality to say that [[Commerce Clause|interstate commerce]] was affected and that cases weren't going to be thrown out that way. ''Lopez'' certainly breathed new life into the [[Commerce Clause]].', 185 => false, 186 => 'I think it remains to be seen, in subsequent decisions, how rigorous a showing, and in many cases, it is just a showing. It's not a question of an abstract fact, does this affect interstate commerce or not, but has this body, the Congress, demonstrated the impact on interstate commerce that drove them to legislate? That's a very important factor. It wasn't present in ''Lopez'' at all. I think the members of Congress had heard the same thing I had heard in law school, that this is unimportant—and they hadn't gone through the process of establishing a record in that case.<ref name="multiple1">[http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/92548.pdf ''Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 108th Congress, 1st Session''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121190047/http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/92548.pdf |date=November 21, 2011 }}, [[United States Government Printing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]. Retrieved April 12, 2010.</ref>}}', 187 => false, 188 => '====Federalism====', 189 => 'Roberts stated the following about [[Federalism in the United States|federalism]] in a 1999 radio interview:', 190 => false, 191 => '{{quote|We have gotten to the point these days where we think the only way we can show we're serious about a problem is if we pass a federal law, whether it is the Violence Against Women Act or anything else. The fact of the matter is conditions are different in different states, and state laws can be more relevant is I think exactly the right term, more attuned to the different situations in New York, as opposed to Minnesota, and that is what the Federal system is based on.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/92548.pdf |format=PDF |title=Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate |publisher=Access.gpo.gov |accessdate=May 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121190047/http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/92548.pdf |archive-date=November 21, 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref>}}', 192 => false, 193 => '====Reviewing Acts of Congress====', 194 => 'At a Senate hearing, Roberts stated:', 195 => false, 196 => '{{quote|The Supreme Court has, throughout its history, on many occasions described the deference that is due to legislative judgments. Justice Holmes described assessing the constitutionality of an act of Congress as the gravest duty that the Supreme Court is called upon to perform. ... It's a principle that is easily stated and needs to be observed in practice, as well as in theory.', 197 => false, 198 => 'Now, the Court, of course, has the obligation, and has been recognized since ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'', to assess the constitutionality of acts of Congress, and when those acts are challenged, it is the obligation of the Court to say what the law is. The determination of when deference to legislative policy judgments goes too far and becomes abdication of the judicial responsibility, and when scrutiny of those judgments goes too far on the part of the judges and becomes what I think is properly called [[judicial activism]], that is certainly the central dilemma of having an unelected, as you describe it correctly, undemocratic judiciary in a democratic republic.<ref name="multiple1" />}}', 199 => false, 200 => '====''Stare decisis''====', 201 => 'On the subject of ''[[stare decisis]]'', referring to ''[[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown v. Board]]'', the decision overturning school [[Racial segregation|segregation]], Roberts said that "the Court in that case, of course, overruled a prior decision. I don't think that constitutes judicial activism because obviously if the decision is wrong, it should be overruled. That's not activism. That's applying the law correctly."<ref>{{cite press release|title=Testimony of the Honorable Dick Thornburgh|publisher=[[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary]]|date=September 15, 2005|url=http://judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1611&wit_id=4609|accessdate=December 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205031655/http://judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1611&wit_id=4609|archive-date=December 5, 2008|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 202 => false, 203 => '====''Roe v. Wade''====', 204 => 'While working as a lawyer for the Reagan administration, Roberts wrote legal memos defending administration policies on abortion.<ref>{{cite book|last=Greenburg|first=Jan Crawford|title=Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2007|location=New York|page=232}}</ref> At his nomination hearing Roberts testified that the legal memos represented the views of the administration he was representing at the time and not necessarily his own.<ref name="rasoai">{{cite news|last=Goldstein|first=Amy|author2=Charles Babington|title=Roberts Avoids Specifics on Abortion Issue|work=The Washington Post|date=September 15, 2005|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/13/AR2005091300682.html|accessdate=December 6, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829201140/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/13/AR2005091300682.html|archive-date=August 29, 2008|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> "Senator, I was a staff lawyer; I didn't have a position," Roberts said.<ref name="rasoai"/> As a lawyer in the [[George H. W. Bush administration]], Roberts signed a legal brief urging the court to overturn ''[[Roe v. Wade]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Greenburg|first=Jan Crawford|title=Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2007|location=New York |page=226}}</ref>', 205 => false, 206 => 'In private meetings with senators before his confirmation, Roberts testified that ''Roe'' was settled law, but added that it was subject to the legal principle of ''[[stare decisis]],''<ref name="greenburg 233">{{cite book|last=Greenburg|first=Jan Crawford|title=Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2007|location=New York|page=233}}</ref> meaning that while the Court must give some weight to the precedent, it was not legally bound to uphold it.', 207 => false, 208 => 'In his Senate testimony, Roberts said that, while sitting on the [[Circuit Court|Appellate Court]], he had an obligation to respect precedents established by the Supreme Court, including the right to an [[abortion]]. He stated: "''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' is the settled law of the land. ... There is nothing in my personal views that would prevent me from fully and faithfully applying that precedent, as well as ''[[Planned Parenthood v. Casey|Casey]]''." Following the traditional reluctance of nominees to indicate which way they might vote on an issue likely to come before the Supreme Court, he did not explicitly say whether he would vote to overturn either.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|last=[[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary]]|title=Confirmation Hearings on Federal Appointments|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|year=2003|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_senate_hearings&docid=f:92548.wais|accessdate=December 6, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208125417/http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_senate_hearings&docid=f:92548.wais|archive-date=December 8, 2008|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 209 => false, 210 => '===Confirmation===', 211 => 'On September 22, the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] approved Roberts's nomination by a vote of 13–5, with Senators [[Ted Kennedy]], [[Dick Durbin|Richard Durbin]], [[Charles Schumer]], [[Joe Biden]] and [[Dianne Feinstein]] casting the dissenting votes. Roberts was confirmed by the full Senate on September 29 by a margin of 78–22.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00245 |title=U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote |publisher=Senate.gov |accessdate=August 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808055035/http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00245 |archive-date=August 8, 2010 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> All Republicans and the one Independent voted for Roberts; the Democrats split evenly, 22–22. Roberts was confirmed by what was, historically, a narrow margin for a Supreme Court justice. However, all subsequent confirmation votes have been even narrower.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00002 |title=Roll call vote on the Nomination (Confirmation Samuel A. Alito, Jr., of New Jersey, to be an Associate Justice)|publisher=United States Senate|date=January 31, 2006|accessdate=August 5, 2010|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829201552/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00002|archivedate=August 29, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00262|title=Roll call vote on the Nomination (Confirmation Sonia Sotomayor, of New York, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court)|publisher=United States Senate|date=August 6, 2009|accessdate=August 5, 2010|journal=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804125437/http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00262|archive-date=August 4, 2010|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=2&vote=00229|title=Roll call vote on the Nomination (Confirmation Elena Kagan of Massachusetts, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the U.S.)|publisher=United States Senate|date=August 5, 2010|accessdate=August 5, 2010|journal=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807094609/http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=2&vote=00229|archive-date=August 7, 2010|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=115&session=1&vote=00111|title=Roll call vote on the Nomination (Confirmation Neil M. Gorsuch of Colorado, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the U.S.)|publisher=United States Senate|date=April 7, 2017|accessdate=February 12, 2018|journal=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429222758/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=115&session=1&vote=00111|archive-date=April 29, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 212 => false, 213 => '==On the U.S. Supreme Court==', 214 => '{{main|Roberts Court}}', 215 => '[[File:John G. Roberts.jpg|right|thumb|Roberts is sworn in as Chief Justice by Justice [[John Paul Stevens]] in the East Room of the [[White House]], September 29, 2005.]]', 216 => false, 217 => 'Roberts took the [[United States Constitution|Constitutional]] [[oath of office#United States|oath of office]], administered by Associate Justice [[John Paul Stevens]] at the [[White House]], on September 29. On October 3, he took the judicial oath provided for by the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] at the [[United States Supreme Court building]], prior to the first oral arguments of the 2005 term.', 218 => false, 219 => 'Justice [[Antonin Scalia]] said that Roberts "pretty much run[s] the show the same way" as Rehnquist, albeit "let[ting] people go on a little longer at conference ... but [he'll] get over that."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9141 |title=A conversation with Justice Antonin Scalia |publisher=Charlie Rose |accessdate=August 7, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705104255/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9141 |archivedate=July 5, 2009 }}</ref> Roberts has been portrayed as a consistent advocate for conservative principles by analysts such as [[Jeffrey Toobin]].<ref>{{cite news| last=Toobin| first=Jeffrey| title=No More Mr. Nice Guy| work=[[The New Yorker]]| date=May 25, 2009| url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/05/25/090525fa_fact_toobin| accessdate=June 28, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627025055/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/05/25/090525fa_fact_toobin| archive-date=June 27, 2009| dead-url=no| df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Garrett Epps]] has described Roberts's prose as "crystalline, vivid, and often humorous".<ref name=epps>{{Cite book| publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press| isbn = 978-0-8122-9130-8| last = Epps| first = Garrett| title = American Justice 2014: Nine Clashing Visions on the Supreme Court| date = 2014-09-08|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mRyBAAAQBAJ|pp=21–33}}</ref>', 220 => false, 221 => 'Seventh Circuit Judge [[Diane Sykes]], surveying Roberts's first term on the court, concluded that his jurisprudence "appears to be strongly rooted in the discipline of traditional legal method, evincing a fidelity to text, structure, history, and the constitutional hierarchy. He exhibits the restraint that flows from the careful application of established decisional rules and the practice of reasoning from the case law. He appears to place great stock in the process-oriented tools and doctrinal rules that guard against the aggregation of judicial power and keep judicial discretion in check: jurisdictional limits, structural federalism, textualism, and the procedural rules that govern the scope of judicial review."<ref>Diane S. Sykes, ''"Of a Judiciary Nature": Observations on Chief Justice Roberts's First Opinions'', 34 Pepp. L. Rev. 1027 (2007).</ref> Roberts has been said to operate under an approach of [[judicial minimalism]] in his decisions,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Silagi|first=Alex|date=2014-05-01|title=Selective Minimalism: The Judicial Philosophy Of Chief Justice John Roberts|url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/572|journal=Law School Student Scholarship}}</ref> having stated, "[i]f it is not necessary to decide more to a case, then in my view it is necessary not to decide more to a case."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/22/washington/22justice.html|title=Chief Justice Says His Goal Is More Consensus on Court|last=Press|first=The Associated|date=2006-05-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-12-08|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Chief Justice Roberts was ranked 50th in the 2016 Forbes ranking of "The World's Most Powerful People."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-roberts/|title=John Roberts|author=Daniel Fisher|work=Forbes|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729050026/https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-roberts/|archive-date=July 29, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 222 => false, 223 => '===Early decisions===', 224 => 'On January 17, 2006, Roberts dissented along with [[Antonin Scalia]] and [[Clarence Thomas]] in ''[[Gonzales v. Oregon]]'', which held that the [[Controlled Substances Act]] does not allow the [[United States Attorney General]] to prohibit physicians from prescribing drugs for the [[assisted suicide]] of the terminally ill as permitted by an Oregon law. The point of contention in the case was largely one of statutory interpretation, not [[federalism]].', 225 => false, 226 => 'On March 6, 2006, Roberts wrote the unanimous decision in ''[[Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights]]'' that colleges accepting federal money must allow military recruiters on campus, despite university objections to the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]]-initiated "[[don't ask, don't tell]]" policy.', 227 => false, 228 => '===Campaign finance===', 229 => 'Following his concurrence in ''[[Citizens United]]'' (2010), Roberts wrote the majority decision for another landmark [[campaign finance]] case called ''[[McCutcheon v. FEC]]'' (2014). In ''McCutcheon'' the court ruled that "aggregate limits" on the combined amount a donor could give to various federal candidates or party committees violated the [[First Amendment]].<ref name=epps /><ref>{{Cite web| title = McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission| work = Oyez| accessdate = 2018-08-05| url = https://www.oyez.org/cases/2013/12-536}}</ref>', 230 => false, 231 => '===Fourth Amendment===', 232 => 'Roberts wrote his first dissent in ''[[Georgia v. Randolph]]'' (2006). The majority's decision prohibited police from searching a home if both occupants are present but one objected and the other consented. Roberts criticized the majority opinion as inconsistent with prior [[case law]] and for partly basing its reasoning on its perception of social custom. He said the social expectation test was flawed because the Fourth Amendment protects a legitimate expectation of privacy, not social expectations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Third Party Consent Searches After Georgia v. Randolph: Dueling Approaches to the Dueling Roommates|author=Renee E. Williams|year=2008|page=950|url=http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/WILLIAMS.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Bu.edu|accessdate=May 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043751/http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/WILLIAMS.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2015|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 233 => false, 234 => 'In ''[[Utah v. Strieff]]'' (2016), Roberts joined the majority in ruling (5-3) that a person with an outstanding [[arrest warrant|warrant]] may be arrested and searched, and that any evidence discovered based on that search is admissible in court; the majority opinion held that this remains true even when police act unlawfully by stopping a person without [[reasonable suspicion]], before learning of the existence of the outstanding warrant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/14-1373_83i7.pdf|title=Utah v. Strieff|website=supremecourt.gov|date=June 20, 2016|access-date=June 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030939/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/14-1373_83i7.pdf|archive-date=July 1, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 235 => false, 236 => '===Notice and opportunity to be heard===', 237 => 'Although Roberts has often sided with Scalia and Thomas, he also provided a crucial vote against their mutual position in ''[[Jones v. Flowers]]'', siding with liberal justices of the court in ruling that, before a home is seized and sold in a tax-forfeiture sale, due diligence must be demonstrated and proper notification needs to be sent to the owners. Dissenting justices were [[Anthony Kennedy]], [[Antonin Scalia]] and [[Clarence Thomas]], while Roberts's opinion was joined by [[David Souter]], [[Stephen Breyer]], [[John Paul Stevens]] and [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]. [[Samuel Alito]] did not participate.', 238 => false, 239 => '===Abortion and Reproductive Health Care===', 240 => 'On the Supreme Court, Roberts has indicated he supports some abortion restrictions. In ''[[Gonzales v. Carhart]]'' (2007), he voted with the majority to uphold the constitutionality of the [[Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act]]. Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]], writing for a five-justice majority, distinguished ''[[Stenberg v. Carhart]]'', and concluded that the court's previous decision in ''[[Planned Parenthood v. Casey]]'' did not prevent Congress from banning the procedure. The decision left the door open for future [[as-applied challenge]]s, and did not address the broader question of whether Congress had the authority to pass the law.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice Thomas wrote separately to emphasize this: "whether the Act constitutes a permissible exercise of Congress' power under the Commerce Clause is not before the Court |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/05-380.ZC.html |publisher=law.cornell.edu |accessdate=May 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414013714/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/05-380.ZC.html |archive-date=April 14, 2015 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Justice [[Clarence Thomas]] filed a concurring opinion, contending that the Court's prior decisions in ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' and ''Casey'' should be reversed; Roberts declined to join that opinion.', 241 => false, 242 => 'In December 2018, Justices Roberts and [[Brett Kavanaugh]] joined the court's four liberal justices in a denial for [[Writ of Certiorari|writ of certiorari,]] declining to hear a case brought by the states of Louisiana and Kansas to deny [[Medicaid]] funding to Planned Parenthood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/10/supreme-court-hamstrings-states-efforts-to-defund-planned-parenthood.html|title=Supreme Court hamstrings states' efforts to defund Planned Parenthood|last=Higgins|first=Tucker|date=2018-12-10|website=www.cnbc.com|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref> Because the Supreme Court declined to hear the case, the lower court rulings in favor of Planned Parenthood still stand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/10/politics/supreme-court-planned-parenthood-abortion/index.html|title=Supreme Court sides with Planned Parenthood in funding fight|last=de Vogue|first=Ariane|date=December 10, 2018|website=cnn.com|access-date=}}</ref>', 243 => false, 244 => '===Equal Protection Clause===', 245 => 'Roberts opposes the use of race in assigning students to particular schools, including for purposes such as maintaining integrated schools.<ref name="toob">{{cite book|last=Toobin|first=Jeffrey', 246 => '|authorlink=Jeffrey Toobin|title=[[The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court]] |publisher=Doubleday|year=2008|location=New York|page=389|isbn=978-0-385-51640-2}}</ref> He sees such plans as discrimination in violation of the constitution's Equal Protection Clause and ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''.<ref name="toob"/><ref name="npr.org">{{cite web |author=Day to Day |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11507805 |title=Justices Reject Race as Factor in School Placement |publisher=NPR |date=June 28, 2007 |accessdate=August 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219212740/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11507805 |archive-date=February 19, 2011 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In ''[[Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1]]'', the court considered two voluntarily adopted school district plans that relied on race to determine which schools certain children may attend. The court had held in ''Brown'' that "racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional,"<ref>{{cite web|title=Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka|url=http://supreme.justia.com/us/349/294/case.html#298|publisher=Supreme.justia.com|quote=349 U.S. 294, 298 (1955) (''Brown II'')|accessdate=May 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904001708/http://supreme.justia.com/us/349/294/case.html#298|archive-date=September 4, 2011|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and later, that "racial classifications, imposed by whatever federal, state, or local governmental actor, ... are constitutional only if they are narrowly tailored measures that further compelling governmental interests,"<ref>[[Adarand Constructors v. Pena]], [http://supreme.justia.com/us/515/200/case.html 515 U.S. 200] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121042438/http://supreme.justia.com/us/515/200/case.html |date=January 21, 2010 }}, 227 (1995).</ref> and that this "[n]arrow tailoring ... require[s] serious, good faith consideration of workable race-neutral alternatives."<ref>[[Grutter v. Bollinger]], [http://supreme.justia.com/us/539/306/case.html 539 U.S. 306] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108175710/http://supreme.justia.com/us/539/306/case.html |date=November 8, 2010 }}, 339 (2003).</ref> Roberts cited these cases in writing for the ''Parents Involved'' majority, concluding that the school districts had "failed to show that they considered methods other than explicit racial classifications to achieve their stated goals."<ref>''Parents Involved'', [https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-908.pdf slip op. at 16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531195839/http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-908.pdf |date=May 31, 2010 }}.</ref> In a section of the opinion joined by four other Justices, Roberts added that "[t]he way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race."', 247 => false, 248 => '===Free speech===', 249 => 'Roberts authored the 2007 student free speech case ''[[Morse v. Frederick]]'', ruling that a student in a public school-sponsored activity does not have the right to advocate [[Recreational drug use|drug use]] on the basis that the right to free speech does not invariably prevent the exercise of school discipline.<ref name="multiple2">{{cite news|last=Economist.com|title=The Supreme Court says no to race discrimination in schools|work=[[The Economist]]|date=June 28, 2007|url=http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9424122&top_story=1|accessdate=December 6, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205080655/http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9424122&top_story=1|archive-date=December 5, 2008|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 250 => false, 251 => 'On April 20, 2010, in ''[[United States v. Stevens]]'', the Supreme Court struck down an [[animal cruelty]] law. Roberts, writing for an 8–1 majority, found that a federal statute criminalizing the commercial production, sale, or possession of depictions of cruelty to animals, was an unconstitutional abridgment of the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. The Court held that the statute was substantially overbroad; for example, it could allow prosecutions for selling photos of out-of-season hunting.<ref>Tribune Wire Services. [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/unleashed/2010/04/supreme-court-animal-videos.html "Supreme court crushes law against animal cruelty videos and photos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701171110/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/unleashed/2010/04/supreme-court-animal-videos.html |date=July 1, 2010 }}, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', April 20, 2010.</ref>', 252 => false, 253 => '===Health care reform===', 254 => 'On June 28, 2012, Roberts delivered the majority opinion in ''[[National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius]]'', which upheld the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] by a 5–4 vote. The Court indicated that although the "individual mandate" component of the Act could not be upheld under the [[Commerce Clause]], the mandate could be construed as a tax and was therefore ruled to be valid under [[U. S. Congress|Congress's]] authority to "lay and collect taxes."<ref name=politico>{{cite news|last=Haberkorn|first=Jennifer|title=Health care ruling: Individual mandate upheld by Supreme Court|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0612/77935.html|accessdate=June 28, 2012|newspaper=Politico|date=June 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628204932/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0612/77935.html|archive-date=June 28, 2012|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=cushman>{{cite news|last=Cushman|first=John|title=Supreme Court Lets Health Law Largely Stand|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/29/us/supreme-court-lets-health-law-largely-stand.html|accessdate=June 28, 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628152412/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/29/us/supreme-court-lets-health-law-largely-stand.html|archive-date=June 28, 2012|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The Court overturned a portion of the law related to the withholding of funds from states that did not comply with the expansion of [[Medicaid]]; Roberts wrote that "Congress is not free ... to penalize states that choose not to participate in that new program by taking away their existing Medicaid funding."<ref name=cushman/>', 255 => 'Sources within the Supreme Court state that Roberts switched his vote regarding the individual mandate sometime after an initial vote<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0612/78048.html |title=New SCOTUS parlor game: Did Roberts flip? |publisher=Politico.com |accessdate=July 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702223834/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0612/78048.html |archive-date=July 2, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Roberts switched views to uphold health care law |last=Crawford |first=Jan |authorlink=Jan Crawford |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-3460_162-57464549/roberts-switched-views-to-uphold-health-care-law/ |date=July 1, 2012 |accessdate=July 1, 2012 |publisher=CBS News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701184530/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-3460_162-57464549/roberts-switched-views-to-uphold-health-care-law/ |archive-date=July 1, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and that Roberts largely wrote both the majority and minority opinions.<ref name=Salon-Campos>{{cite web|last1=Campos|first1=Paul|title=Roberts wrote both Obamacare opinions|url=http://www.salon.com/2012/07/03/roberts_wrote_both_obamacare_opinions/|website=Salon|accessdate=April 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502135248/http://www.salon.com/2012/07/03/roberts_wrote_both_obamacare_opinions/|archive-date=May 2, 2015|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This extremely unusual circumstance has also been used to explain why the minority opinion was also unsigned, itself a rare phenomenon from the Supreme Court.<ref name=Salon-Campos />', 256 => false, 257 => '===Comparison to other Court members===', 258 => 'Roberts has been compared and contrasted to other court members by commentators.<ref name=newrepublic>{{cite web|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/politics/magazine/104898/john-roberts-supreme-court-aca|title=Jeffrey Rosen: Big Chief - The New Republic|author=Jeffrey Rosen|work=The New Republic|access-date=March 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905122015/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/magazine/104898/john-roberts-supreme-court-aca|archive-date=September 5, 2015|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=Coyle >Marcia Coyle, ''The Roberts Court: The Struggle for the Constitution'', 2013</ref> Although Roberts is identified as having a conservative judicial philosophy, his vote in ''[[National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius]]'' to uphold the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (ACA) caused the press to contrast him with the [[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist]] court. Roberts is seen as having a more moderate conservative orientation, particularly when ''[[Bush v. Gore]]'' is compared to Roberts' vote for the ACA.<ref name="Scalia, Antonin 2008">Scalia, Antonin; [[Bryan A. Garner|Garner, Bryan A.]] (2008) ''Making Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges'' (St. Paul: Thomson West) {{ISBN|978-0-314-18471-9}}.</ref> Roberts' judicial philosophy is seen as more moderate and conciliatory than [[Antonin Scalia]]'s and [[Clarence Thomas]]'.<ref name=newrepublic /><ref name=Coyle /><ref name="Scalia, Antonin 2008"/> He wishes more consensus from the Court.<ref name=newrepublic /> Roberts' voting pattern is most closely aligned to [[Samuel Alito]]'s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/06/24/upshot/24up-scotus-agreement-rates.html?abt=0002&abg=0|title=Which Supreme Court Justices Vote Together Most and Least Often|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=May 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701091302/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/06/24/upshot/24up-scotus-agreement-rates.html?abt=0002&abg=0|archive-date=July 1, 2015|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 259 => false, 260 => '=== LGBT Rights ===', 261 => 'In 2013, Roberts wrote the 5-4 majority opinion that the appellants seeking to uphold [[California Proposition 8 (2008)|Proposition 8]] in California, which was ruled unconstitutional by lower courts, did not have standing and the lower courts' rulings were allowed to stand and same-sex marriages resumed in California.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/26/politics/scotus-prop-8/index.html|title=Supreme Court dismisses California's Proposition 8 appeal - CNNPolitics|last=Producer|first=By Bill Mears, CNN Supreme Court|work=CNN|access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref> Roberts dissented in ''[[United States v. Windsor]]'' in which the 5-4 majority ruled that key parts of the [[Defense of Marriage Act]] were unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/26/supreme-court-doma-prop-8-rulings|title=Doma defeated on historic day for gay rights in US|last=Roberts|first=Dan|last2=Holpuch|first2=Amanda|date=2013-06-27|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref> The case allowed the federal government to recognize same-sex marriages performed in jurisdictions where legal. He dissented in the ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' case in which Kennedy wrote for the majority, again 5-4, that same-sex couples had a right to marry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/26/417717613/supreme-court-rules-all-states-must-allow-same-sex-marriages|title=Supreme Court Declares Same-Sex Marriage Legal In All 50 States|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en}}</ref> In [[2016 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States|''Pavan v. Smith'']], the Supreme Court "summarily overruled" the Arkansas Supreme Court's decision that the state did not have to list same-sex spouses on birth certificates thus siding with same-sex couples who filed the lawsuit; Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, and Neil Gorsuch dissented but Roberts did not join their dissent leaving open speculation that he ruled with the majority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/a-supreme-court-mystery-has-roberts-embraced-same-sex-marriage-ruling/2017/07/16/33cd522a-68d1-11e7-8eb5-cbccc2e7bfbf_story.html|title=A Supreme Court mystery: Has Roberts embraced same-sex marriage ruling?|last=https://www.facebook.com/robert.barnes.3139|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref>', 262 => false, 263 => '===Non-judicial duties of the Chief Justice===', 264 => '{{Listen', 265 => '|filename=Barack Obama Oath of Office.ogg', 266 => '|title="Barack Obama taking the Oath of Office"', 267 => '|description=The full audio recording of [[Barack Obama]] and John G. Roberts as Obama is [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|sworn in]] as the [[List of Presidents of the United States|44th]] [[President of the United States]] during his [[Barack Obama 2009 presidential inauguration|inauguration]] on January 20, 2009. (Duration: 45 seconds)', 268 => '|type=sound', 269 => '|filename2=President Obama Re-Takes Oath.ogg', 270 => '|title2="President Obama Re-Takes Oath"', 271 => '|description2=Obama retakes the Oath of office of the President of the United States at 19:35 EST, January 21, 2009 (00:35 UTC, January 22, 2009) (Duration: 54 seconds).', 272 => '}}', 273 => '[[File:Second oath of office of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|200px|Barack Obama being administered the oath of office by Roberts a second time on January 21, 2009.]]', 274 => false, 275 => 'As Chief Justice, Roberts also serves in a variety of non-judicial roles, including Chancellor of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] and leading the [[Judicial Conference of the United States]]. Perhaps the best known of these is the custom of the Chief Justice administering the [[oath of office of the President of the United States|oath of office]] at Presidential inaugurations. Roberts debuted in this capacity at the [[Barack Obama 2009 presidential inauguration|inauguration of Barack Obama]] on January 20, 2009. (As a Senator, Obama had voted against Roberts's confirmation to the Supreme Court, making the event doubly a first: the first time a president was sworn in by someone whose confirmation he opposed.<ref>Associated Press - [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28753348/ Chief Justice and Obama seal deal, with a stumble] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105011720/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28753348/ |date=November 5, 2012 }}</ref>) Things did not go smoothly. According to columnist [[Jeffrey Toobin]]:', 276 => false, 277 => '{{quote|Through intermediaries, Roberts and Obama had agreed how to divide the thirty-five-word oath for the swearing in. Obama was first supposed to repeat the clause "I, Barack Hussein Obama, do solemnly swear." But, when Obama heard Roberts begin to speak, he interrupted Roberts before he said "do solemnly swear." This apparently flustered the Chief Justice, who then made a mistake in the next line, inserting the word "faithfully" out of order. Obama smiled, apparently recognizing the error, then tried to follow along. Roberts then garbled another word in the next passage, before correctly reciting, "preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."<ref>Jeffrey Toobin, [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/05/25/090525fa_fact_toobin?printable=true No More Mr. Nice Guy, ''The New Yorker'', May 2009]; ''see also'' Tom LoBianco - [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/20/obama-roberts-fumble-oath/ Chief justice fumbles presidential oath]</ref>}}', 278 => false, 279 => 'Part of the difficulty was that Roberts did not have the text of the oath with him but relied on his memory. On later occasions when Roberts has administered an oath, he has taken the text with him.', 280 => false, 281 => 'The Associated Press reported that "[l]ater, as the two men shook hands in the Capitol, Roberts appeared to say the mistake was his fault."<ref>[http://www.waaytv.com/Global/story.asp?S=9702800 Chief Justice stumbles giving presidential oath for first time] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928095406/http://www.waaytv.com/Global/story.asp?S=9702800 |date=September 28, 2011 }}, Associated Press - January 20, 2009 2:23 PM ET; ''see also'' Toobin, supra ("At the lunch in the Capitol that followed, the two men apologized to each other, but Roberts insisted that he was the one at fault").</ref> The following evening in the [[Map Room (White House)|White House Map Room]] with reporters present, Roberts and Obama repeated the oath correctly. This was, according to the White House, done out of "an abundance of caution" to ensure that the constitutional requirement had been met.', 282 => false, 283 => '=== Critique of President Trump ===', 284 => 'In November 2018, the [[Associated Press]] approached Roberts for comment after [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]] described a jurist who ruled against his asylum policy as an "Obama judge". In response, Roberts asserted that "We do not have Obama judges or Trump judges, Bush judges or Clinton judges. What we have is an extraordinary group of dedicated judges doing their level best to do equal right to those appearing before them." Robert's remarks were widely interpreted as a rebuke of President Trump's comments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46294734|title=Chief justice rebukes Trump's Obama taunt|date=2018-11-21|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/rare-rebuke-chief-justice-roberts-slams-trump-comment-about-obama-n939016|title=In rare rebuke, Chief Justice Roberts slams Trump for comment about 'Obama judge'|work=NBC News|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/11/21/john-roberts-trump-statement/2080266002/|title='We do not have Obama judges or Trump judges,' Chief Justice Roberts says after Trump complaint|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en}}</ref>', 285 => false, 286 => '==Personal life==', 287 => 'Roberts is one of 14 Catholic justices—out of 114 justices total—in the history of the Supreme Court.<ref>Justice [[Sherman Minton]] converted to [[Catholicism]] after his retirement. See [http://www.adherents.com/adh_sc.html Religious affiliation of Supreme Court justices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707040734/http://www.adherents.com/adh_sc.html |date=July 7, 2010 }}</ref> Of those fourteen justices, five (Roberts, [[Clarence Thomas]], [[Samuel Alito]], [[Sonia Sotomayor]], and [[Brett Kavanaugh]]) are currently serving. Roberts married Jane Sullivan in Washington in 1996.<ref name="nytimes"/> She is an attorney, a Catholic, and a trustee (along with [[Clarence Thomas]]) at her alma mater, the [[College of the Holy Cross]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]]. The couple adopted two children, John (Jack) and Josephine (Josie).<ref name="nytimes"/>', 288 => false, 289 => '===Health===', 290 => 'Roberts suffered a [[seizure]] on July 30, 2007, while at his vacation home on Hupper Island off the village of [[Port Clyde, Maine|Port Clyde]] in [[St. George, Maine]].<ref name="tumbles">{{cite news|last=Mears|first=Bill|author2=Jeane Meserve|title=Chief justice tumbles after seizure|publisher=CNN|date=July 31, 2007|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/07/30/roberts.fall/index.html|accessdate=December 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212061906/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/07/30/roberts.fall/index.html|archive-date=December 12, 2008|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="suffers seizure">{{cite news|last=Sherman|first=Mark~title=Chief Justice Roberts Suffers Seizures|work=The Washington Post|date=July 31, 2007|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/30/AR2007073001119.html|accessdate=December 5, 2008|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112035304/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/30/AR2007073001119.html|archive-date=November 12, 2012|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> As a result of the seizure he fell {{convert|5|to|10|ft|sigfig=2}} on a dock near his house but suffered only minor scrapes.<ref name="tumbles"/> He was taken by private boat to the mainland<ref name="suffers seizure"/> (which is several hundred yards from the island) and then by ambulance to Penobscot Bay Medical Center in [[Rockport, Maine|Rockport]], where he stayed overnight, according to Supreme Court spokesperson Kathy Arberg.<ref name="MaineToday">{{cite web|last=''Maine Today'' staff|title=Chief Justice John Roberts hospitalized in Maine|publisher=Maine Today|date=July 30, 2007 |url=http://news.mainetoday.com/updates/014236.html|accessdate=December 5, 2008|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201172207/http://news.mainetoday.com/updates/014236.html|archivedate=February 1, 2009}}</ref> Doctors called the incident a benign [[idiopathic]] seizure, which means there was no identifiable physiological cause.<ref name="tumbles"/><ref name="suffers seizure"/><ref name="seizure remains"/><ref name="doing fine"/>', 291 => false, 292 => 'Roberts had suffered a similar seizure in 1993.<ref name="tumbles"/><ref name="suffers seizure"/><ref name="seizure remains"/> After this first seizure, Roberts temporarily limited some of his activities, such as driving. According to Senator [[Arlen Specter]], who chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee during Roberts's nomination to be Chief Justice in 2005, senators were aware of this seizure when they were considering his nomination, but the committee did not think it was significant enough to bring up during his confirmation hearings. Federal judges are not required by law to release information about their health.<ref name="tumbles"/>', 293 => false, 294 => 'According to [[neurology|neurologist]] Marc Schlosberg of [[Washington Hospital Center]], who has no direct connection to the Roberts case, someone who has had more than one seizure without any other cause is by definition determined to have [[epilepsy]]. After two seizures, the likelihood of another at some point is greater than 60 percent.<ref name="suffers seizure" /> Steven Garner of [[New York Methodist Hospital]], who is also uninvolved with the case, said that Roberts's previous history of seizures means that the second incident may be less serious than if this were a newly emerging problem.<ref name="seizure remains">{{cite news|last=McCaleb|first=Ian|author2=[[Associated Press]]|title=President Bush Phones Chief Justice John Roberts at Hospital|publisher=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=July 31, 2007|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,291465,00.html|accessdate=December 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203223508/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,291465,00.html|archive-date=February 3, 2009|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 295 => false, 296 => 'The Supreme Court said in a statement that Roberts has "fully recovered from the incident" and that a neurological evaluation "revealed no cause for concern." [[Sanjay Gupta]], a [[CNN]] contributor and a neurosurgeon not involved in Roberts's case, said that when an otherwise healthy person has a seizure his doctor would investigate whether the patient had started any new medications and had normal electrolyte levels. If those two things were normal, then a brain scan would be performed. If Roberts does not have another seizure within a relatively short time period, Gupta said that he was unsure if Roberts would be given the diagnosis of epilepsy. He said the Chief Justice may need to take an anti-seizure medication.<ref name="doing fine">{{cite news|last=Chernoff |first=Alan |author2=Bill Mears|author3=[[Dana Bash]]|title=Chief justice leaves hospital after seizure |publisher=CNN|date=July 31, 2007 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/07/31/roberts.fall/index.html |accessdate=December 5, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515234407/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/07/31/roberts.fall/index.html |archivedate=May 15, 2008}}</ref>', 297 => false, 298 => '===Personal finances===', 299 => 'According to a 16-page financial disclosure form Roberts submitted to the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] prior to his Supreme Court confirmation hearings, his net worth was more than $6&nbsp;million, including $1.6&nbsp;million in stock holdings.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} At the time Roberts left private practice to join the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in 2003, he took a pay cut from $1&nbsp;million a year to $171,800; as Chief Justice, his salary is $255,500 as of 2014. Roberts also holds a one-eighth interest in a cottage in [[Knocklong]], an Irish village in [[County Limerick]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/local-news/limerick-link-to-obama-oath-1-4723260 |title=Limerick link to Obama oath |first=Aine |last=Fitzgerald |date=January 25, 2013 |work=Limerick Leader |accessdate=August 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721222526/http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/local-news/limerick-link-to-obama-oath-1-4723260 |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 300 => false, 301 => 'In August 2010, Roberts sold his stock in [[Pfizer]], which allowed him to participate in two pending cases involving the pharmaceutical maker. Justices are required to recuse themselves in cases in which they own stock of a party.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/sep/29/pfizer-stock-sold-roberts-hear-companys-cases/ |title=Pfizer stock sold; Roberts to hear company's cases |first=Mark |last=Sherman |date=September 29, 2010 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[The Washington Times]] |accessdate=April 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210143610/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/sep/29/pfizer-stock-sold-roberts-hear-companys-cases/ |archive-date=February 10, 2011 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 302 => false, 303 => '==Bibliography of articles by Roberts==', 304 => 'The University of Michigan Law Library (External Links, below) has compiled fulltext links to these articles and a number of briefs and arguments.', 305 => '* ''Developments in the Law—Zoning, "The Takings Clause"'', 91 Harv. L. Rev. 1462 (1978). (Section III of a longer article beginning on p.&nbsp;1427)', 306 => '* ''Comment, "Contract Clause—Legislative Alteration of Private Pension Agreements: Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus,"'' 92 Harv. L. Rev. 86 (1978). (Subsection C of a longer article beginning on p.&nbsp;57)', 307 => '* ''New Rules and Old Pose Stumbling Blocks in High Court Cases,'' ''[[Legal Times]]'', February 26, 1990, co-authored with E. Barrett Prettyman Jr.', 308 => '* {{cite journal |year=1993 |title=Article III Limits on Statutory Standing |journal=Duke Law Journal |volume=42 |page=1219 |doi=10.2307/1372783}}', 309 => '* ''Riding the Coattails of the Solicitor General,'' ''[[Legal Times]]'', March 29, 1993.', 310 => '* ''The New Solicitor General and the Power of the Amicus,'' ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', May 5, 1993.', 311 => '* {{cite journal |year=1994 |title=The 1992–1993 Supreme Court |journal=Public Interest Law Review |volume=107 }}', 312 => '* ''Forfeitures: Does Innocence Matter?,'' ''New Jersey Law Journal'', October 9, 1995.', 313 => '* ''Thoughts on Presenting an Effective Oral Argument,'' ''School Law in Review'' (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20050910235657/http://www.nsba.org/site/docs/36400/36316.pdf Link]', 314 => '* ''The Bush Panel,'' 2003 BYU L. Rev. 62 (2003). (Part of a tribute to Rex. E. Lee beginning on p.&nbsp;1. "The Bush Panel" contains a speech by Roberts.)', 315 => '* {{cite journal |year=2005 |title=Oral Advocacy and the Re-emergence of a Supreme Court Bar |journal=Journal of Supreme Court History |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=68–81 |doi=10.1111/j.1059-4329.2005.00098.x |author= Roberts, JOHN G.}}', 316 => '* {{cite journal |year=2006 |title=What Makes the D.C. Circuit Different? A Historical View |journal=Virginia Law Review |volume=92 |issue=3 |page=375 |url=http://www.virginialawreview.org/sites/virginialawreview.org/files/375_0.pdf |format=PDF}}', 317 => '* {{cite journal |year=2005 |title=A Tribute to Chief Justice Rehnquist |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=119 |page=1 |url=http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/119/Nov05/Rehnquist_TributeFTX.pdf |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304021527/http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/119/Nov05/Rehnquist_TributeFTX.pdf |archivedate=March 4, 2009 }}', 318 => false, 319 => '==See also==', 320 => '{{wikiquote|John Roberts}}', 321 => '* [[Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States]]', 322 => '* [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]', 323 => '* [[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States]]', 324 => '* [[List of United States Chief Justices by time in office]]', 325 => '* [[List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by time in office]]', 326 => '* [[List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court|United States Supreme Court cases decided by the Roberts Court]]', 327 => false, 328 => '==Further reading==', 329 => false, 330 => '===News articles===', 331 => '* "Roberts Listed in Federalist Society '97–98 Directory". Washington Post. July 25, 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/24/AR2005072401201.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Roberts Listed in Federalist Society '97–98 Directory | first=Charles | last=Lane | date=July 25, 2005 | accessdate=May 6, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430113246/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/24/AR2005072401201.html | archive-date=April 30, 2011 | dead-url=no | df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 332 => '* "Appellate judge Roberts is Bush high-court pick." MSNBC. July 19, 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8625492 |title='Full, fair' hearings pledged for court nominee - The Changing Court |publisher=MSNBC |date=July 20, 2005 |accessdate=August 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704201436/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8625492/ |archive-date=July 4, 2010 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 333 => '* Argetsinger, Amy, and Jo Becker. "The nominee as a young pragmatist: under Reagan, Roberts tackled tough issues." ''Washington Post''. July 22, 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/21/AR2005072101782.html?nav=hcmodule | work=The Washington Post | title=The Nominee As a Young Pragmatist | first1=Jo | last1=Becker | first2=Amy | last2=Argetsinger | date=July 22, 2005 | accessdate=May 6, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629060909/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/21/AR2005072101782.html?nav=hcmodule | archive-date=June 29, 2011 | dead-url=no | df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 334 => '* Barbash, Fred, et al.: "Bush to nominate Judge John G. Roberts Jr." ''Washington Post''. July 19, 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/19/AR2005071901426.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Bush Chooses Roberts for Court | first1=Peter | last1=Baker | first2=Jim | last2=VandeHei | date=July 20, 2005 | accessdate=May 6, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629060921/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/19/AR2005071901426.html | archive-date=June 29, 2011 | dead-url=no | df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 335 => '* Becker, Jo, and R. Jeffrey Smith. "Record of accomplishment—and some contradictions". ''The Washington Post''. July 20, 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/19/AR2005071902065.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Record of Accomplishment -- And Some Contradictions | date=July 20, 2005 | accessdate=May 6, 2010 | first1=R. Jeffrey | last1=Smith | first2=Jo | last2=Becker | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629060941/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/19/AR2005071902065.html | archive-date=June 29, 2011 | dead-url=no | df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 336 => '* Bumuller, Elisabeth, and David Stout: "President chooses conservative judge as nominee to court." ''New York Times''. July 19, 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/19/politics/politicsspecial1/19cnd-judge.html?hp&ex=1121832000&en=856520306462d3af&ei=5094&partner=homepage | work=The New York Times | title=President's Choice of Roberts Ends a Day of Speculation | first1=David | last1=Stout | first2=Elisabeth | last2=Bumiller | date=July 19, 2005 | accessdate=May 6, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417115127/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/19/politics/politicsspecial1/19cnd-judge.html?hp&ex=1121832000&en=856520306462d3af&ei=5094&partner=homepage | archive-date=April 17, 2009 | dead-url=no | df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 337 => '* Entous, Adam. "Bush picks conservative Roberts for Supreme Court." Reuters. July 19, 2005.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://today.reuters.com/business/newsarticle.aspx?type=tnBusinessNews&storyID=nN19377424&imageid=&cap= | agency=Reuters | title=Bush picks conservative Roberts for Supreme Court | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050916001840/http://today.reuters.com/business/newsarticle.aspx?type=tnBusinessNews&storyID=nN19377424&imageid=&cap= | archivedate = September 16, 2005}}</ref>', 338 => '* Goodnough, Abby. "Nominee Gave Quiet Advice on Recount" New York Times. July 21, 2005.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/21/politics/21florida.html "Nominee Gave Quiet Advice on Recount"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007143603/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/21/politics/21florida.html |date=October 7, 2014 }} ''The New York Times'', July 21, 2005</ref>', 339 => '* Lane, Charles. "Federalist affiliation misstated: Roberts does not belong to group." ''Washington Post''. July 21, 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/20/AR2005072002431.html?nav=hcmodule | work=The Washington Post | title=Federalist Affiliation Misstated | first=Charles | last=Lane | date=July 21, 2005 | accessdate=May 6, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061022/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/20/AR2005072002431.html?nav=hcmodule | archive-date=June 29, 2011 | dead-url=no | df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 340 => '* Lane, Charles. "Short record as judge is under a microscope." ''Washington Post''. July 21, 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/20/AR2005072002322.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Short Record as Judge Is Under a Microscope | first=Charles | last=Lane | date=July 21, 2005 | accessdate=May 6, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061036/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/20/AR2005072002322.html | archive-date=June 29, 2011 | dead-url=no | df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 341 => '* Groppe, Maureen, and John Tuohy. "If you ask John where he's from, he says Indiana." ''Indianapolis Star''. July 20, 2005.<ref>{{cite web |last=Groppe |first=Maureen |url=http://www.indystar.com/article/20050720/NEWS02/507200476/-you-ask-John-where-he-s-from-he-says-Indiana- |title=Indianapolis Crime/Courts &#124; Indianapolis Star |publisher=Indystar.com |date=July 20, 2005 |accessdate=May 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052247/http://www.indystar.com/article/20050720/NEWS02/507200476/-you-ask-John-where-he-s-from-he-says-Indiana- |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 342 => '* McFeatters, Ann. "John G. Roberts Jr. is Bush choice for Supreme Court." ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette''. July 19, 2005.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05200/540299.stm | work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | title=Bush nominates John G. Roberts Jr. for Supreme Court | date=July 19, 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911160231/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05200/540299.stm|archivedate= September 11, 2005}}</ref>', 343 => '* Riechmann, Deb. "Federal judge Roberts is Bush's choice." Associated Press. July 20, 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-111232617.html|title=Federal Judge Roberts Is Bush's Choice|access-date=January 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172420/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-111232617.html|archive-date=September 24, 2015|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 344 => '* "Colleagues call high court nominee a smart, self-effacing '[[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]]'." New York Times. July 20, 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/20/world/americas/20iht-web.0720profile.html|title=Colleagues call high court nominee a smart, self-effacing 'Eagle Scout'|publisher=|access-date=February 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512122012/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/20/world/americas/20iht-web.0720profile.html|archive-date=May 12, 2013|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 345 => '* "Who Is John G. Roberts Jr.?" ABC News. July 19, 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/SupremeCourt/story?id=954398&page=1 |title=Who Is John G. Roberts Jr.? |publisher=ABC News |date=July 19, 2005 |accessdate=May 21, 2015}}</ref>', 346 => false, 347 => '===Government/official biographies===', 348 => '* "President announces Judge John Roberts as Supreme Court nominee." Office of the Press Secretary, Executive Office of the President.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/07/20050719-7.html |title=President Announces Judge John Roberts as Supreme Court Nominee |publisher=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov |date=July 19, 2005 |accessdate=August 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033301/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/07/20050719-7.html |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 349 => '* "John G. Roberts biography." Office of Legal Policy, U.S. Department of Justice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/olp/robertsbio.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050721040345/http://www.usdoj.gov/olp/robertsbio.htm|title=USDOJ: OLP: Roberts Bio|archivedate=July 21, 2005|publisher=usdoj.gov}}</ref>', 350 => '* "Biographical Sketches of the Judges of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit." United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/internet.nsf/Content/Stub+-+Biographical+Sketches+of+the+Judges+of+U.S.+Court+of+Appeals+for+the+DC+Circuit |title=U.S. Court of Appeals - D.C. Circuit - Home |publisher=Cadc.uscourts.gov |accessdate=August 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007081123/http://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/internet.nsf/Content/Stub+-+Biographical+Sketches+of+the+Judges+of+U.S.+Court+of+Appeals+for+the+DC+Circuit |archive-date=October 7, 2010 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 351 => '* John G. Roberts Questionnaire for Appeals Court Confirmation Hearing (p.&nbsp;297–339) and responses to Questions from Various Senators (p.&nbsp;443–461)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/89324.pdf |format=PDF |title=HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE: ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS |publisher=Access.gpo.gov |accessdate=May 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206180354/http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/89324.pdf |archive-date=February 6, 2012 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 352 => false, 353 => '===Other===', 354 => '* [[Shannen W. Coffin|Coffin, Shannen W.]] "Meet John Roberts: The President Makes the Best Choice." ''National Review Online''. July 19, 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/coffin/coffin200507192142.asp |title=Shannen W. Coffin on John Roberts on National Review Online |publisher=Nationalreview.com |date=July 19, 2005 |accessdate=August 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104144925/http://www.nationalreview.com/coffin/coffin200507192142.asp |archive-date=January 4, 2009 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>', 355 => '* "Former Hogan & Hartson partner nominated for the U.S. Supreme Court." Hogan & Hartson, LLP. July 20, 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoganlovells.com/newsmedia/newspubs/detail.aspx?news=293 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515062555/http://www.hoganlovells.com/newsmedia/newspubs/detail.aspx?news=293 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |title=Former Hogan & Hartson Partner Nominated for the U.S. Supreme Court |publisher=Hoganlovells.com |date=July 20, 2005 |accessdate=May 21, 2015 }}</ref>', 356 => '* "John G. Roberts Jr." Oyez.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/justices/john_g_roberts_jr|title=John G. Roberts, Jr.|publisher=Oyez.org|accessdate=April 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404054043/https://www.oyez.org/justices/john_g_roberts_jr|archive-date=April 4, 2016|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>', 357 => '* "John G. Roberts, Jr. Fact Sheet" La Lumiere School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lalumiere.org/about/roberts.htm |title=LaLumiere School - About Us - Judge John Roberts, Jr., Class of 1973 |publisher=Web.archive.org |accessdate=May 21, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023175717/http://www.lalumiere.org/about/roberts.htm |archivedate=October 23, 2005 }}</ref>', 358 => '* "John G. Roberts federal campaign contributions." Newsmeat.com. July 19, 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsmeat.com/judiciary_political_donations/John_G_Roberts.php |title=NEWSMEAT ▷ John G Roberts's Federal Campaign Contribution Report |publisher=Newsmeat.com |date=August 5, 2010 |accessdate=August 26, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628190724/http://www.newsmeat.com/judiciary_political_donations/John_G_Roberts.php |archivedate=June 28, 2011 }}</ref>', 359 => '* "Progress for America: Support for the Confirmation of John G. Roberts"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://judgeroberts.com/ |title=Judge Roberts |publisher=Judge Roberts |accessdate=August 7, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050723020711/http://judgeroberts.com/ | archivedate = July 23, 2005}}</ref>', 360 => '* "Report of the Alliance for Justice: Opposition to the Confirmation of John G. Roberts to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit." [[Alliance for Justice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independentjudiciary.com/resources/docs/John_Roberts_Report.pdf |title=Report of the Alliance for Justice: Opposition to the Confirmation of John G. Roberts to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit |publisher=independentjudiciary.com |accessdate=July 3, 2012|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051001052242/http://www.independentjudiciary.com/resources/docs/John_Roberts_Report.pdf | archivedate = October 1, 2005}}</ref>', 361 => '* Joel K. Goldstein, "Not Hearing History: A Critique of Chief Justice Roberts's Reinterpretation of ''Brown''," 69 Ohio St. L.J. 791 (2008).<ref>{{cite journal |ssrn=1387162 |title=Not Hearing History: A Critique of Chief Justice Robert's Reinterpretation of Brown |author=Joel Goldstein |journal=Ohio State Law Journal |volume=69 |issue=5 |year=2008}}</ref>', 362 => false, 363 => '===References===', 364 => '{{Reflist}}', 365 => false, 366 => '==External links==', 367 => '* {{FJC Bio|nid=1391841}}', 368 => '{{wikisource author}}', 369 => '{{wikiquote|John Roberts}}', 370 => '{{commons category|John Roberts}}', 371 => '* {{Ballotpedia|John_Roberts_(Supreme_Court)}}', 372 => '* {{C-SPAN|johngroberts}}', 373 => '* [http://www.OnTheIssues.org/John_Roberts.htm Issue positions and quotes] at [[OnTheIssues]]', 374 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051024200447/http://www.asksam.com/ebooks/johnroberts/ Judge Roberts's Published Opinions in a searchable database]', 375 => '* [http://civilliberty.about.com/od/ussupremecourt/ig/Know-Your-Supreme-Court/Chief-Justice-John-Roberts.htm Chief Justice John Roberts] at About.com', 376 => '* [http://www.anastigmatix.net/reference/JGR.html List of Circuit Judge Roberts's opinions for the DC Circuit ]', 377 => '* [http://www.fed-soc.org/ Federalist Society]', 378 => '* [http://www.rcfp.org/news/documents/20050721-robertsrec.html A summary of media-related cases handled by Supreme Court nominee John G. Roberts Jr.] from The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, July 21, 2005', 379 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050919162420/http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/ SCOTUSblog]', 380 => '* [http://www.historyguy.com/biofiles/chief_justice_scotus.html List of Chief Justices, including John Roberts, Jr.]', 381 => '* [http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/10/04/on_first_day_roberts_sets_no_nonsense_tone/ On first day, Roberts sets no-nonsense tone] – ''[[The Boston Globe]]''', 382 => ';Nomination and confirmation', 383 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111121190047/http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/pdf/108hrg/92548.pdf Transcript of Senate Judiciary Committee hearing] on the nomination of John Roberts to the D.C. circuit (Roberts Q&A on pages 17–79) [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_senate_hearings&docid=f:92548.wais plain text available here]', 384 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050919162429/http://www.sctnomination.com/blog/ Supreme Court Nomination Blog]', 385 => '* [http://www.c-span.org/congress/roberts_senate.asp Senate Vote on the Roberts nomination]', 386 => '* [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law/july-dec05/roberts_7-22.html Experts Analyze Supreme Court Nominee John Roberts's Legal Record]', 387 => '* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/19/AR2005071900870.html Profile of the Nominee] – ''[[The Washington Post]]''', 388 => '* [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/politics/politicsspecial1/11questions.html?ex=1284091200&en=abf98b4ef43253a8&ei=5090 A Senate Hearing Primer] – ''[[The New York Times]]''', 389 => '* [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/13/politics/politicsspecial1/roberts_textindex.html Video and Transcripts From the Roberts Confirmation Hearings] – ''[[The New York Times]]''', 390 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051024203025/http://www.asksam.com/ebooks/JohnRoberts/confirmation_hearing.asp Search and browse the transcripts from Judge Roberts's confirmation hearing]', 391 => '* [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CHRG-ROBERTS/pdf/GPO-CHRG-ROBERTS.pdf Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on John Glover Roberts, Jr. in September 2005] United States Government Publishing Office', 392 => false, 393 => '{{s-start}}', 394 => '{{s-legal}}', 395 => '{{s-bef|before=[[James L. Buckley]]}}', 396 => '{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]}}|years=2003–2005}}', 397 => '{{s-aft|after=[[Patricia Millett]]}}', 398 => '|-', 399 => '{{s-bef|before=[[William Rehnquist]]}}', 400 => '{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[Chief Justice of the United States]]}}|years=2005–present}}', 401 => '{{s-inc}}', 402 => '|-', 403 => '{{s-prec|usa}}', 404 => '{{s-bef|before={{Incumbent U.S. House Speaker}}|as=[[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives]]}}', 405 => '{{s-ttl|title=[[United States order of precedence|Order of Precedence of the United States]]<br>''{{small|as Chief Justice of the United States}}''|years=}}', 406 => '{{s-aft|after=[[Jimmy Carter]]|as=Former [[President of the United States]]}}', 407 => '{{s-end}}', 408 => false, 409 => '{{johnrobertsopinions}}', 410 => '{{Chief Justices of the United States}}', 411 => '{{SCOTUS Justices}}', 412 => '{{start U.S. Supreme Court composition| CJ=Roberts| }}', 413 => '{{U.S. Supreme Court composition court lifespan|cj=John Roberts|years=2005–present}}', 414 => '{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 2005–2006}}', 415 => '{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 2006–2009}}', 416 => '{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 2009–2010}}', 417 => '{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 2010–2016}}', 418 => '{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 2017–2018}}', 419 => '{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 2018–present}}', 420 => '{{end U.S. Supreme Court composition}}', 421 => '{{United States Judicial Conference}}', 422 => '{{US Order of Precedence}}', 423 => '{{Authority control}}', 424 => false, 425 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Roberts, John}}', 426 => '[[Category:1955 births]]', 427 => '[[Category:20th-century American lawyers]]', 428 => '[[Category:21st-century American lawyers]]', 429 => '[[Category:21st-century American judges]]', 430 => '[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]', 431 => '[[Category:American people of Czech descent]]', 432 => '[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]', 433 => '[[Category:American people of Welsh descent]]', 434 => '[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]', 435 => '[[Category:Catholics from Indiana]]', 436 => '[[Category:Catholics from Maine]]', 437 => '[[Category:Chief Justices of the United States]]', 438 => '[[Category:Federalist Society members]]', 439 => '[[Category:George H. W. Bush administration personnel]]', 440 => '[[Category:Georgetown University Law Center faculty]]', 441 => '[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]', 442 => '[[Category:Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit]]', 443 => '[[Category:La Lumiere School alumni]]', 444 => '[[Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States]]', 445 => '[[Category:Lawyers from Buffalo, New York]]', 446 => '[[Category:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.]]', 447 => '[[Category:Lawyers who have represented the United States government]]', 448 => '[[Category:Living people]]', 449 => '[[Category:People from LaPorte County, Indiana]]', 450 => '[[Category:People from St. George, Maine]]', 451 => '[[Category:People with epilepsy]]', 452 => '[[Category:Reagan administration personnel]]', 453 => '[[Category:United States court of appeals judges appointed by George W. Bush]]', 454 => '[[Category:United States Department of Justice lawyers]]', 455 => '[[Category:United States federal judges appointed by George W. Bush]]', 456 => '[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]' ]