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[ 0 => '{{Infobox criminal', 1 => '| name = Assata Shakur', 2 => '| image = Assata Shakur FBI.jpg', 3 => '| image_size = ', 4 => '| caption = ', 5 => '| birth_name = JoAnne Deborah Byron', 6 => '| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|07|16|mf=yes}}', 7 => '| birth_place = [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica, Queens, New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.', 8 => '| death_date = ', 9 => '| death_place = ', 10 => '| resting_place = ', 11 => '| residence = [[Cuba]]', 12 => '| nationality = American (1947–present)', 13 => '| occupation = [[Activism|Activist]]', 14 => '| known_for = Murder conviction, one of the FBI's "Most Wanted Terrorists", friend of [[Afeni Shakur]] and [[Mutulu Shakur]] and often described as their son [[Tupac Shakur]]'s "godmother" or "step-aunt"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/storyline/wp/2014/12/20/cuba-still-harbors-one-of-americas-most-wanted-fugitives-what-happens-to-assata-shakur-now/|title=Cuba still harbors one of America’s most wanted fugitives. What happens to Assata Shakur now? - The Washington Post|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref>', 15 => '| predecessor = ', 16 => '| successor = ', 17 => '| conviction_status = Escaped', 18 => '| spouse = {{marriage|Louis Chesimard|1967|1970|end=divorced}}', 19 => '| children = 1 daughter', 20 => '| parents = ', 21 => false, 22 => '| allegiance = [[Black Liberation Army]] <small>(1970/1-1981)</small><br>[[Black Panther Party]] <small>(1970)</small>', 23 => '| motive = ', 24 => '| reward_amount = $2,000,000', 25 => '| capture_status = Fugitive', 26 => '| wanted_by = [[FBI]]', 27 => '| escaped = {{Start date and age|1979|11|02|br=yes}}', 28 => '| escape_end = ', 29 => '| comments = ', 30 => '| footnotes = ', 31 => '| cause = ', 32 => '| alias = Assata Shakur', 33 => '| conviction = 1977: First degree murder, second‐degree murder (later dismissed), atrocious assault and battery, assault and battery against a police officer, assault with a dangerous weapon, assault with intent to kill, illegal possession of a weapon, armed robbery (bank)', 34 => '| conviction_penalty = [[Life sentence]]', 35 => '| partner(s) = ', 36 => '}}', 37 => '{{Black Power sidebar|expanded=People}}', 38 => ''''Assata Olugbala Shakur''' (born '''JoAnne Deborah Byron'''; July 16, 1947, sometimes referred to by her married surname '''Chesimard''') is a former member of the [[Black Liberation Army]], who was convicted (under New Jersey's "aiding and abetting" statute) of the [[Murder#Degrees of murder in the United States|first-degree murder]] of State Trooper Werner Foerster during a shootout on the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] in 1973. On November 2, 1979, she escaped from prison, and in 1984, she surfaced in [[Cuba]], where she was granted [[political asylum]].', 39 => false, 40 => 'Born in [[Flushing, Queens]], she grew up in New York City and [[Wilmington, North Carolina]]. After she ran away from home several times, her aunt who would later act as one of her lawyers, took her in. She became involved in political activism at [[Borough of Manhattan Community College]] and [[City College of New York]]. After graduation, she began using the name Assata Shakur, and briefly joined the [[Black Panther Party]]. She then joined the [[Black Liberation Army]], a loosely-knit offshoot of the Black Panthers which led an armed struggle against the US government through tactics such as robbing banks and killing police officers and drug dealers. ', 41 => false, 42 => 'Between 1971 and 1973, she was charged with several crimes and was the subject of a multi-state [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]]. In May 1973, Shakur was arrested after being wounded in a shootout on the [[New Jersey Turnpike]]. Also involved in the shootout were [[New Jersey State Police|New Jersey State Troopers]] Werner Foerster and James Harper and BLA members [[Sundiata Acoli]] and Zayd Malik Shakur. Harper was wounded; Zayd was killed; Foerster was killed by Acoli. Between 1973 and 1977, she was charged with [[murder]], [[attempted murder]], [[robbery|armed robbery]], [[bank robbery]], and [[kidnapping]] in relation to the shootout and six other incidents. She was acquitted on three of the charges and three were [[motion (legal)#Motion to dismiss|dismissed]]. In 1977, she was convicted of the murder of Foerster (under New Jersey law the prosecution did not need to prove that Shakur fired the shots that killed either Foerster or Zayd Shakur) and of seven other felonies related to the shootout, in a trial her supporters argue was unfair.', 43 => 'While serving a life sentence for murder she escaped from prison in 1979.', 44 => false, 45 => 'Shakur has lived in Cuba since 1984, despite US government efforts to have her returned. The FBI has added her to its [[FBI Most Wanted Terrorists|list of most-wanted terrorists]] as Joanne Deborah Chesimard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/wanted_terrorists/joanne-deborah-chesimard|title=JOANNE DEBORAH CHESIMARD|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref>', 46 => false, 47 => '== Early life and education ==', 48 => 'Assata Shakur was born Joanne Deborah Byron, in [[Flushing, Queens]], [[New York City]], on July 16, 1947.<ref name="fbibirth">{{cite web|author=[[Robert Mueller|Mueller, Robert S. III]] |url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/fugitives/dt/chesimard_jd.htm |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |title=Wanted by the FBI – Fugitive – Joanne Deborah Chesimard |accessdate=June 6, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611130142/http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/fugitives/dt/chesimard_jd.htm |archivedate=June 11, 2008 |df= }} According to the FBI, Shakur has also used August 19, 1952, as a birthdate.</ref> She lived for three years with her mother, school teacher Doris E. Johnson, and retired grandparents, Lula and Frank Hill.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Castellucci|first1=John|title=The big dance: the untold story of Kathy Boudin and the terrorist family that committed the Brink's robbery murders|date=1986|publisher=Dodd, Mead|isbn=9780396087137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEvZAAAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref> In 1950, Shakur's parents divorced and she moved with her grandparents to [[Wilmington, North Carolina]]. Shakur moved back to Queens with her mother and stepfather after elementary school, attending Parsons Junior High School. However, she still frequently visited her grandparents in the south. The family struggled financially and argued frequently; Shakur spent little time at home.<ref>Eyes of the Rainbow. Dir. Gloria Roland. Perf. Asset Shakur. 1997. May 4, 2013. Web. May 15, 2017.', 49 => '</ref> She often ran away, staying with strangers and working for short periods of time, until she was taken in by her mother's sister Evelyn A. Williams, a civil rights worker, who lived in Manhattan.<ref name="scheffler203">Scheffler, 2002, p. 203.</ref> She has said that her aunt was the heroine of her childhood, as she was constantly introducing her to new things. She said that her aunt was "very sophisticated and knew all kinds of things. She was right up my alley because i [sic] was forever asking all kinds of questions. I wanted to know everything." Williams often took her to museums, theaters, and art galleries, and the conflicts that did rise between the two were typically due to Shakur's habit of lying.<ref name="africana">{{cite book|authors=Gates, Henry Louis, and Anthony Appiah |date=1999| title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|publisher= Basic Civitas Books|isbn= 0-465-00071-1|pages= 1697–1698}}</ref>', 50 => false, 51 => 'Shakur converted to [[Roman Catholicism]] as a child and attended the all-girls [[Cathedral High School (New York City)|Cathedral High School]],<ref name="howell" /> for six months before transferring to public high school, which she attended until she dropped out. Shakur is no longer Catholic. She later earned a [[General Educational Development]] (GED) with her aunt's help.<ref name="africana"/> Often there were few, or no other black students in her high school class. Shakur later wrote teachers seemed surprised when she answered a question in class, as if not expecting black people to be intelligent and engaged, and what she was taught a sugar-coated version of history that ignored the oppression suffered by people of color, especially in the United States. In her autobiography she later wrote: "I didn’t know what a fool they had made out of me until I grew up and started to read real history".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shakur|first1=Assata|title=Assata: An Autobiography|date=1987|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=9781556520747|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVVp9RLqlYwC|language=en}}</ref>', 52 => false, 53 => 'Shakur attended [[Borough of Manhattan Community College]] (BMCC) and then the [[City College of New York]] (CCNY) in the mid-1960s, where she was involved in many political activities, protests, and sit-ins.<ref>"Hands Off Assata Shakur: Angela Davis Calls for Radical Activism to Protect Activist Exiled in Cuba." Democracy Now! N.p., n.d. Web. 16 May 2017.</ref> She was arrested for the first time—with 100 other BMCC students—in 1967, on charges of trespassing. The students had chained and locked the entrance to a college building to protest low numbers of black faculty and the absence of a black studies program.<ref>Williams, 1993, p. 7.</ref> In April 1967, she married Louis Chesimard, a fellow student-activist at CCNY. The married life ended within a year; they divorced in December 1970. Shakur's marriage receives one paragraph in her memoir, she wrote that it ended over their differing views of gender roles.<ref>Perkins, 2000, p. 103.</ref>', 54 => false, 55 => '==Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army==', 56 => 'After graduation from CCNY, Shakur briefly joined the [[Black Panther Party]] (BPP).<ref name="james">{{cite book| authors=James, Matthew Thomas & James, Joy James (Ed.)|date=2005| title=The New Abolitionists: (Neo)slave Narratives And Contemporary Prison Writings|publisher= SUNY Press|isbn= 0-7914-6485-7|page= 77}}</ref> She soon left the party, disliking the macho behavior of the men and believing that the BPP lacked knowledge and understanding of United States [[African diaspora|black history]].<ref>Shakur, 1987, p. 221-4.</ref> Shakur then joined the [[Black Liberation Army]] (BLA), an offshoot of the BPP whose members, inspired by the [[Vietcong]] and the [[Battle of Algiers (1956–57)|Battle of Algiers]], led a campaign of armed struggle against the U.S. government using tactics such as planting bombs, holding up banks and murdering drug dealers and police.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finkelman|first1=Paul|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century Five-volume Set|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195167795|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&pg=PA208|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_2013-05-03">{{cite news|author=Harris, Paul| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/03/fbi-wanted-first-woman-joanne-chesimard?INTCMP=SRCH |title=FBI makes Joanne Chesimard the first woman to appear on most-wanted list| work=The Guardian|date=May 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James, Joy |date=2003|title=Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield| isbn= 0-7425-2027-7|page= 104}}</ref>', 57 => false, 58 => 'She began using the name Assata Olugbala Shakur in 1971, rejecting Joanne Chesimard as a "slave name".<ref name="africana"/> Assata is a West African name, derived from the [[Arabic]] name [[Aisha]], said to mean "she who struggles", while Shakur means "thankful one" in Arabic. Olugbala means "savior" in [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Van Deburg |author2=William L. | authorlink=William L. Van Deburg | date=1997| title= Modern Black Nationalism: From Marcus Garvey to Louis Farrakhan| publisher= NYU Press| isbn= 0-8147-8789-4| page=269}} As early as 1973, Shakur referred to Joanne Chesimard as her "[[slave name]]".</ref> She now identified as an African and felt her old name no longer fit: "It sounded so strange when people called me Joanne. It really had nothing to do with me. I didn’t feel like no Joanne, or no negro, or no amerikan. I felt like an African woman".<ref>Shakur, Assata. Assata - an autobiography. London: Zed, 2014. Print.</ref>', 59 => false, 60 => '==Allegations and manhunt==', 61 => 'On April 6, 1971, Shakur was shot in the stomach during a struggle with a guest at the [[Hotel Pennsylvania|Statler Hilton Hotel]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]. According to police, Shakur knocked on the door of a guest's room, asked "Is there a party going on here?" then displayed a revolver and demanded money.<ref name="NYT_1971-04-07">{{cite news |last=Waggoner|first= Walter H.|date= April 7, 1971 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/07/archives/woman-shot-in-struggle-with-her-alleged-victim.html |title=Woman Shot in Struggle With Her Alleged Victim|newspaper= ''The New York Times'' |page= 40|accessdate=June 12, 2008}}</ref> In 1987, Shakur confirmed to a journalist that there was a drug connection to this incident but refused to elaborate.<ref name="howell" />', 62 => false, 63 => 'She was booked on charges of attempted robbery, [[felony|felonious]] [[assault]], [[endangerment|reckless endangerment]], and possession of a deadly weapon, then released on [[bail]].<ref>''The New York Times'' (November 23, 1977), "Plea by Joanne Chesimard", p. 23.</ref> Shakur is alleged to have said that she was glad that she had been shot since, afterward, she was no longer afraid to be shot again.<ref>Seedman, Albert and Peter Hellman. (1975) ''Chief!''. Avon {{ISBN|0-380-00358-9}}. pp. 451–452.</ref>', 64 => false, 65 => 'Following an August 23, 1971, bank robbery in Queens, Shakur was sought for questioning. A photograph of a woman (who was later alleged to be Shakur) wearing thick-rimmed black glasses, with a high hairdo pulled tightly over her head, and pointing a gun, was widely displayed in banks. The [[New York Clearing House Association]] paid for full-page ads displaying material about Shakur.<ref>Williams, 1993, pp. 4–5.</ref> In 1987, when asked in [[Cuba]] about police allegations that the BLA funded themselves through bank robberies and theft, Shakur responded, "There were expropriations, there were bank robberies."<ref name="howell" />', 66 => false, 67 => 'On December 21, 1971, Shakur was named by the [[New York City Police Department]] as one of four suspects in a [[Grenade|hand grenade]] attack that destroyed a police car and slightly injured two patrolmen in [[Maspeth, Queens]]; a 13-state alarm was issued three days after the attack when a witness identified Shakur and Andrew Jackson from [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) photographs.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |date= December 22, 1971 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/22/archives/2-suspects-named-in-grenade-attack.html |title=2 Suspects Named In Grenade Attack |page= 23}}</ref><ref>Pace, Eric (December 27, 1971). "Police See More Military Arms in Use". ''The New York Times'', p. 10.</ref><ref>''The New York Times'' (January 1, 1972). "A Suspect in Panther's Death Here Is Slain by F.B.I. in South", p. 6.</ref><ref>Kaufman, Michael T. (February 9, 1972), "9 in Black 'Army' Are Hunted in Police Assassinations". ''The New York Times'', p. 1.</ref> Law enforcement officials in [[Atlanta, Georgia]] said that Shakur and Jackson had lived together in Atlanta for several months in the summer of 1971.<ref>Kaufman, Michael T. (January 30, 1973). "Police by Hundreds Comb 2 Boroughs for 6 Suspects in Ambush Shootings".</ref><ref>''The New York Times'', p. 43.</ref><ref>[[Kaufman, Michael T.]] (May 3, 1973), "Seized Woman Called Black Militants' 'Soul'". ''The New York Times'', p. 47.</ref>', 68 => false, 69 => 'Shakur was one of those wanted for questioning for wounding a police officer attempting to serve a traffic summons in Brooklyn on January 26, 1972.<ref name="w5">Williams, 1993, p. 5.</ref> After an $89,000 Brooklyn bank robbery on March 1, 1972, a ''[[New York Daily News|Daily News]]'' headline asked: "Was that JoAnne?"; Shakur was also wanted for questioning after a September 1, 1972, Bronx bank robbery.<ref name="w5"/> Based on FBI photographs, [[Monsignor]] John Powis alleged that Shakur was involved in an armed robbery at his Our Lady of the Presentation Church in [[Brownsville, Brooklyn]], on September 14, 1972.<ref name="Daily News Article">Daly, Michael (December 13, 2006). "The Msgr. & the Militant", ''New York Daily News''.</ref>', 70 => false, 71 => 'In 1972, Shakur became the subject of a nationwide manhunt after the FBI alleged that she led a Black Liberation Army cell that had conducted a "series of cold-blooded murders of New York City police officers".<ref name="churchill308">Churchill and Vander Wall, 2002, p. 308.</ref> The FBI said these included the "execution style murders" of New York City Police Officers Joseph Piagentini and Waverly Jones on May 21, 1971, and NYPD officers Gregory Foster and Rocco Laurie on January 28, 1972.<ref>Churchill and Vander Wall, 2002, p. 409.</ref><ref>[[Seedman, Albert A.]] (1975). ''Chief!''. New York: Avon Books.</ref> Shakur was alleged to have been directly involved with the Foster and Laurie murders, and involved tangentially with the Piagentini and Jones murders.<ref>Jones, Robert A. (May 3, 1973), "2 Die in Shootout; Militant Seized", ''Los Angeles Times'', p. 22.</ref> In Cuba, Shakur was asked about the BLA's alleged involvement in the killings of police officers; Shakur responded that "In reality, armed struggle historically has been used by people to liberate themselves... But the question lies in when do people use armed struggle... There were people [in the BLA] who absolutely took the position that it was just time to resist, and if black people didn't start to fight back against police brutality and didn't start to wage armed resistance, we would be annihilated."<ref name="howell" />', 72 => false, 73 => 'Some sources identify Shakur as the ''de facto'' head of the BLA after the arrest of co-founder [[Dhoruba al-Mujahid bin Wahad|Dhoruba Moore]].<ref>Camisa, Harry (2003). ''Inside Out: Fifty Years Behind the Walls of New Jersey's Trenton State Prison''. Windsor Press and Publishing. {{ISBN|0-9726473-0-9}}, p. 197.</ref> Robert Daley, Deputy Commissioner of the New York City Police, for example, described Shakur as "the final wanted fugitive, the soul of the gang, the mother hen who kept them together, kept them moving, kept them shooting".<ref>Williams, 1993, p. 6.</ref> Years later, some police officers argued that her importance in the BLA had been exaggerated by the police, with one saying that they themselves had created a "myth" to "demonize" Shakur because she was "educated", "young and pretty".<ref name="bb" />', 74 => false, 75 => 'As of February 17, 1972, when Shakur was identified as one of four BLA members on a short trip to [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], she was wanted for questioning (along with Robert Vickers, Twyman Meyers, Samuel Cooper, and Paul Stewart) in relation to police killings, a Queens bank robbery, and the grenade attack.<ref>Kaufman, Michael T. (February 17, 1972). "Evidence of 'Liberation Army' Said to Rise". ''The New York Times'', p. 1.</ref><ref>McFadden, Robert D. (February 19, 1972). "Warrant Issued In Police Slaying". ''The New York Times'', p. 1.</ref><ref>Montgomery, Paul L. (February 20, 1972), "3D Suspect Linked To Police Slayings". ''The New York Times'', p. 43.</ref> Shakur was announced as one of six suspects in the ambushing of four policemen—two in Jamaica, Queens, and two in [[Brooklyn]]—on January 28, 1973.<ref>Perlmutter, Emanuel (January 29, 1973), "Extra Duty Tours For Police Set Up After 2D Ambush", ''The New York Times'', p. 61.</ref>', 76 => false, 77 => 'By June 1973, an apparatus that would become the FBI's [[Joint Terrorism Task Force]] (JTTF)<ref>According to Churchill and Vander Wall (2002): "What had emerged in the 1980s was a formal amalgamation of FBI COINTELPRO specialists and New York City red squad detectives known as the Joint Terrorist Task Force (JTTF), consolidating the more ''ad hoc'' models of such an apparatus which had materialized in cities like Chicago and Los Angeles during the late 1960s" (p. 309); "JTTF: The Joint Terrorist Task Force, created in the late 1970s as an interlock between the FBI and New York City red squads to engage in COINTELPRO-type activities" (p. xiii).</ref> was issuing nearly daily briefings on Shakur's status and the allegations against her.<ref>Williams, 1993, p. 3.<br/>"It was the spring of 1973 and for the last two years the nationwide dragnet for her capture had intensified each time a young African American identified as a member of the BLA was arrested or wounded or killed. The Joint Terrorist Task Force, made up of the FBI and local police agencies across the country, issued daily bulletins predicting her imminent apprehension each time another bank had been robbed or another cop had been killed. Whenever there was a lull in such occurrences, they leaked information, allegedly classified as 'confidential,' to the media, repeating past accusations and flashing her face across television screens and newspapers with heartbeat regularity, lest the public forget."</ref><ref name="ck16">Cleaver and Katsiaficas, 2001, p. 16.</ref>', 78 => false, 79 => 'According to Cleaver and Katsiaficas, the FBI and local police "initiated a national search-and-destroy mission for suspected BLA members, collaborating in stakeouts that were the products of intensive political repression and counterintelligence campaigns like NEWKILL". They "attempted to tie Assata to every suspected action of the BLA involving a woman".<ref>Cleaver and Katsiaficas, 2001, p. 13.</ref> The JTTF would later serve as the "coordinating body in the search for Assata and the renewed campaign to smash the BLA", after her escape from prison.<ref name="ck16"/> After her capture, however, Shakur was not charged with any of the crimes for which she was the subject of the manhunt.<ref name="churchill308"/><ref name="marable529">[[Manning Marable|Marable, Manning]], and [[Mullings, Leith]]. (2003). ''Let Nobody Turn Us Around: Voices of Resistance, Reform, and Renewal: an African American Anthology''. Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|0-8476-8346-X}}. pp. 529–530.</ref>', 80 => false, 81 => 'Shakur and others<ref name="churchill308"/><ref name="marable529"/><ref>[[Howard Zinn|Zinn, Howard]], and [[Anthony Arnove]] (2004). ''Voices of a People's History of the United States''. [[Seven Stories Press]]. {{ISBN|1-58322-628-1}}, p. 470.</ref> claim that she was targeted by the FBI's [[COINTELPRO]] as a result of her involvement with the black liberation organizations.<ref name="james"/> Specifically, documentary evidence suggests that Shakur was targeted by an investigation named CHESROB, which "attempted to hook former New York Panther Joanne Chesimard (Assata Shakur) to virtually every bank robbery or violent crime involving a black woman on the East Coast".<ref>O'Reilly, Kenneth (1989), ''Racial Matters: The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960–1972''. Collier Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-02-923681-9}}.</ref> Although named after Shakur, CHESROB (like its predecessor, NEWKILL) was not limited to Shakur.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wolf |first1=Paul |title=COINTELPRO: The Untold American Story |url=http://cldc.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/COINTELPRO.pdf |date=2001}}</ref>', 82 => false, 83 => '==New Jersey Turnpike shootout==', 84 => 'On May 2, 1973, at about 12:45&nbsp;a.m.,<ref name="sullivan">Sullivan, Joseph F. (May 3, 1973). "[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0E11F93E54137A93C1A9178ED85F478785F9 Panther, Trooper Slain in Shoot-Out]", ''The New York Times'', p. 1.</ref> Assata Shakur, along with Zayd Malik Shakur (born James F. Costan) and [[Sundiata Acoli]] (born Clark Squire), were stopped on the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] in [[East Brunswick Township, New Jersey|East Brunswick]] for driving with a broken [[Automotive lighting#Rear position lamps (tail lamps)|tail light]] by State Trooper James Harper, backed up by Trooper Werner Foerster in a second patrol vehicle.<ref name="wag2"/> The vehicle was also "slightly" exceeding the [[speed limit]].<ref name="sullivan"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Burrough|first1=Bryan|title=Days of Rage: America's Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence|date=2016|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=9780143107972|page=246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAvTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|language=en}}</ref> Recordings of Trooper Harper calling the dispatcher were played at the trials of both Acoli and Assata Shakur.<ref name="wag2">Waggoner, Walter H. (February 14, 1977). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/17/archives/jury-in-chesimard-murder-trail-listens-to-state-police-radio-tapes.html Jury in Chesimard Murder Trial Listens to State Police Radio Tapes]". ''The New York Times'', p. 83.</ref><ref name="johnston3"/> The stop occurred {{convert|200|yd|m|0}} south of what was then the Turnpike Authority administration building.<ref name="sullivan"/><ref name="johnston3">Johnston, Richard J. (February 20, 1974). "Squires Jurors Hear Chase Tape". ''The New York Times'', p. 78.</ref><ref name="kirsta"/> Acoli was driving the two-door vehicle, Assata Shakur was seated in the right front seat, and Zayd Shakur was in the right rear seat.<ref name="johnston2"/>{{efn|Note that the ''New York Times'' source given here reverses the roles of Zayd Shakur and Acoli.}} Trooper Harper asked the driver for identification, noticed a discrepancy, asked him to get out of the car, and questioned him at the rear of the vehicle.<ref name="sullivan"/>', 85 => false, 86 => 'It is at this point, with the questioning of Acoli, that the accounts of the confrontation begin to differ (see the [[Assata Shakur#Witnesses|witnesses section]] below).<ref name="sul3"/> However, in the ensuing shootout, Trooper Foerster was shot twice in the head with his own gun and killed,<ref name="wag2"/><ref name="sul3"/> Zayd Shakur was killed, and Assata Shakur and Trooper Harper were wounded.', 87 => false, 88 => 'According to initial police statements, at this point one or more of the suspects began firing with semiautomatic handguns and Trooper Foerster fired four times before falling mortally wounded.<ref name="sullivan"/> At Acoli's trial, Harper testified that the gunfight started "seconds" after Foerster arrived at the scene.<ref name="johnston2">Johnston, Richard J. (February 14, 1974). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/14/archives/trooper-recalls-shooting-on-pike-testifies-squire-was-in-car-with.html Trooper Recalls Shooting on Pike]", ''The New York Times'', p. 86. Retrieved 2008-06-17.</ref> At this trial, Harper said that Foerster reached into the vehicle, pulled out and held up a [[semi-automatic pistol]] and ammunition magazine, and said "Jim, look what I found",<ref name="johnston2"/> while facing Harper at the rear of the vehicle.<ref name="johnston4">Johnston, Richard J. H. (March 9, 1974). "Jury Deliberations Begin in Murder Trial of Squire", ''The New York Times'', p. 64.</ref> At this point, Assata Shakur and Zayd Shakur were ordered to put their hands on their laps and not to move; Harper said that Assata Shakur then reached down to the right of her right leg, pulled out a pistol, and shot him in the shoulder, after which he retreated to behind his vehicle.<ref name="johnston2"/> Questioned by prosecutor C. Judson Hamlin, Harper said he saw Foerster shot just as Assata Shakur was felled by bullets from Harper's gun.<ref name="johnston2"/> Harper testified that Acoli shot Foerster with a .38 caliber semiautomatic pistol and then used Foerster's own gun to "execute him".<ref>Johnston, Richard H. (February 13, 1974). "Squire Charged With 'Execution'". ''The New York Times'', p. 84.</ref> According to the testimony of State Police investigators, two jammed semi-automatic pistols were discovered near Foerster's body.<ref name="sul"/>', 89 => false, 90 => '<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:wernerfoerster.jpg|thumb|left|Trooper Werner Foerster]] -->', 91 => 'Acoli then drove the car (a white [[Pontiac LeMans]] with [[Vermont]] license plates)<ref name="kirsta"/>—which contained Assata Shakur, who was wounded, and Zayd Shakur, who was dead or dying—{{convert|5|mi|km|0}} down the road.<ref name="wag2"/><ref name="sullivan"/> The vehicle was chased by three patrol cars and the booths down the turnpike were alerted.<ref name="sullivan"/> Acoli then exited the car and, after being ordered to halt by a trooper, fled into the woods as the trooper emptied his gun.<ref name="sullivan"/> Assata Shakur then walked towards the trooper with her bloodied arms raised in surrender.<ref name="sullivan"/> Acoli was captured after a 36-hour [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]]—involving 400 people, state police helicopters, and bloodhounds.<ref name="sullivan"/><ref name="sullivan2">Sullivan, Joseph F. (May 4, 1973). "Gunfight Suspect Caught in Jersey", ''The New York Times'', p. 41.</ref><ref>Kupendua, Marpessa (January 28, 1998), "[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/090.html Sundiata Acoli]", ''Revolutionary Worker''. No. 94. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.</ref> Zayd Shakur's body was found in a nearby gully along the road.<ref name="sullivan"/>', 92 => false, 93 => 'According to a New Jersey Police spokesperson, Assata Shakur was on her way to a "new hideout in Philadelphia" and "heading ultimately for Washington" and a book in the vehicle contained a list of potential BLA targets.<ref name="sullivan"/> Assata Shakur testified that she was on her way to Baltimore for a job as a bar waitress.<ref name="sul2"/>', 94 => false, 95 => 'Assata Shakur, with gunshot wounds in both arms and a shoulder, was moved to [[Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital|Middlesex General Hospital]] under "heavy guard" and was reported to be in "serious condition"; Trooper Harper was wounded in the left shoulder, in "good" condition, and given a protective guard at the hospital.<ref name="sullivan"/><ref name="sullivan2"/> Assata Shakur was interrogated and arraigned from her hospital bed,<ref>Tomlinson, 1994, p. 144.</ref> and her medical care during this period is often alleged to have been "substandard".<ref name="africana"/><ref>Jones, 1998, p. 397.</ref><ref>[[Angela Davis|Davis, Angela Yvonne]]. 2003. ''Are Prisons Obsolete?''. Seven Stories Press. {{ISBN|1-58322-581-1}}, p. 62.</ref><ref>Dandridge, Rita B. 1992. ''Black Women's Blues: A Literary Anthology, 1934–1988''. Maxwell Macmillan International. {{ISBN|0-8161-9084-4}}, p. 113.</ref> She was transferred from Middlesex General Hospital in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]] to Roosevelt Hospital in [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]] after her lawyers obtained a court order from Judge John Bachman,<ref>''The New York Times'' (May 15, 1973). "Miss Chesimard Transferred", p. 83.</ref> and then transferred to Middlesex County Workhouse a few weeks later.<ref>''The New York Times'' (June 5, 1973). "Black Militant Transferred", p. 88.</ref>', 96 => false, 97 => 'During an interview, Assata Shakur talked about her treatment from the police and medical staff at [[Middlesex County Hospital]]. She stated that the police were beating and choking her and "doing everything that they could possibly do as soon as the doctors or nurses would go outside".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wahad|first1=Dhoruba Bin et al.|title=Still Black, Still Strong: Survivors of the U.S. War against Black Revolutionaries|date=1993|publisher=Semiotext(e)|page=205-206}}</ref>', 98 => false, 99 => '==Criminal charges and dispositions==', 100 => 'Between 1973 and 1977, in [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[New Jersey]], Shakur was indicted ten times, resulting in seven different criminal trials. Shakur was charged with two [[bank robbery|bank robberies]], the [[kidnapping]] of a Brooklyn [[heroin]] dealer, the [[attempted murder]] of two Queens police officers stemming from a January 23, 1973, failed ambush, and eight other felonies related to the Turnpike shootout.<ref name="churchill308"/><ref name="nelson">Nelson, Jim (February 29, 1988). "The Soul Survivor; Assata Shakur on the Making of a Radical". ''The Washington Post'', p. B6.</ref> Of these trials, three resulted in [[acquittal]]s, one in a [[hung jury]], one in a [[change of venue]], one in a [[Mistrials|mistrial]] due to pregnancy, and one in a conviction; three indictments were dismissed without trial.<ref name="nelson"/>', 101 => false, 102 => '{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"', 103 => '|-', 104 => '! style="width:32%;"| Criminal charge', 105 => '! style="width:*;"| Court', 106 => '! style="width:*;"| Arraignment', 107 => '! style="width:*;"| Proceedings', 108 => '! style="width:*;"| Disposition', 109 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"', 110 => '| Attempted armed robbery at [[Hotel Pennsylvania|Statler Hilton Hotel]]<br />April 5, 1971', 111 => '| [[New York Supreme Court]], New York County', 112 => '| style="text-align:center;"| November 22, 1977', 113 => '| None', 114 => '| Dismissed', 115 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"', 116 => '| Bank robbery in Queens<br />August 23, 1971', 117 => '| [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York]]', 118 => '| style="text-align:center;"| July 20, 1973', 119 => '| January 5–16, 1976', 120 => '| Acquitted', 121 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"', 122 => '| rowspan="2" | Bank robbery in Bronx: Conspiracy, robbery, and assault with a deadly weapon<br />September 1, 1972', 123 => '| rowspan="2" | [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]]', 124 => '| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| August 1, 1973', 125 => '| December 3–14, 1973', 126 => '| Hung jury', 127 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"<!--Second trial for the Bank robbery in Bronx-->', 128 => '| December 19–28, 1973', 129 => '| Acquitted', 130 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"', 131 => '| Kidnapping of James E. Freeman<br />December 28, 1972', 132 => '| N.Y. Supreme Court, Kings County', 133 => '| style="text-align:center;"| May 30, 1974', 134 => '| September 6&nbsp;– December 19, 1975', 135 => '| Acquitted', 136 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"', 137 => '| Murder of Richard Nelson<br />January 2, 1973', 138 => '| N.Y. Supreme Court, New York County', 139 => '| style="text-align:center;"| May 29, 1974', 140 => '| None', 141 => '| Dismissed', 142 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"', 143 => '| Attempted murder of policemen Michael O'Reilly and Roy Polliana<br />January 23, 1973', 144 => '| N.Y. Supreme Court, Queens County', 145 => '| style="text-align:center;"| May 11, 1974', 146 => '| None', 147 => '| Dismissed', 148 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"', 149 => '| rowspan="3" | Turnpike shootout: First-degree murder, second-degree murder, atrocious assault and battery, assault and battery against a police officer, assault with a dangerous weapon, assault with intent to kill, illegal possession of a weapon, and armed robbery<br />May 2, 1973', 150 => '| rowspan="3" | N.J. Superior Court, Middlesex County', 151 => '| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| May 3, 1973', 152 => '| October 9–23, 1973', 153 => '| Change of venue', 154 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"<!--Second turnpike shooting trial-->', 155 => '| January 1&nbsp;– February 1, 1974', 156 => '| Mistrial due to pregnancy', 157 => '|- style="vertical-align:top;"<!--Third turnpike shooting trial-->', 158 => '| February 15&nbsp;– March 25, 1977', 159 => '| Convicted', 160 => '|-', 161 => '! colspan=5 |Source: Shakur, 1987, p. xiv.', 162 => '|}', 163 => false, 164 => '===Turnpike shootout change of venue===', 165 => 'On the charges related to the New Jersey Turnpike shootout, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Leon Gerofsky ordered a [[change of venue]] in 1973 from [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex]] to [[Morris County, New Jersey]], saying "it was almost impossible to obtain a jury here comprising people willing to accept the responsibility of impartiality so that defendants will be protected from transitory passion and prejudice."<ref name="Hershberger">Hershberger, James (March 24, 2006). "Assata Shakur: Case of oppression in U.S". ''Daily Toreador''.</ref> Polls of residents in Middlesex County, where Acoli had been convicted less than three years earlier,<ref>''The New York Times'' (March 12, 1974). "News Summary and Index; The Major Events of the Day", p. 39.</ref> showed that 83% knew her identity and 70% said she was guilty.<ref name="kirsta"/>', 166 => false, 167 => '===Bronx bank robbery mistrial===', 168 => 'In December 1973, Shakur was tried for a September 29, 1972, $3,700 robbery of the [[Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company]] in [[the Bronx]], along with co-defendant Kamau Sadiki (born Fred Hilton).<ref name="p81"/><ref name="awaited"/> In light of the pending murder prosecution against Shakur in New Jersey state court, her lawyers requested that the trial be postponed for six months to permit further preparation. Judge [[Lee P. Gagliardi]] denied a postponement, and the Second Circuit denied Shakur's petition for [[mandamus]].<ref>Chesimard v. Gagliardi, 489 F.2d 271 (2d Cir. 1973) (per curiam).</ref> In protest, the lawyers stayed mute, and Shakur and Sadiki conducted their own defense.<ref name="p81">Perkins, 2000, p. 81.</ref><ref name="awaited">''The New York Times'' (December 14, 1973). "Chesimard Verdict Still Awaited Here", p. 31.</ref> Seven other BLA members were indicted by District Attorney Eugene Gold in connection with the series of holdups and shootings on the same day,<ref>''Los Angeles Times'' (August 23, 1973). "9 'Black Liberation' Suspects Indicted", p. 2.</ref> who—according to Gold—represented the "top echelon" of the BLA as determined by a year-long investigation.<ref>Butler, Vincent (August 24, 1973). "Black Liberation leaders indicted". ''Chicago Tribune'', p. A16.</ref>', 169 => false, 170 => 'The prosecution's case rested largely on the testimony of two men who had pleaded guilty to participating in the holdup.<ref>''The New York Times'' (December 30, 1973), "Chesimard Acquitted", p. 104.</ref> The prosecution called four witnesses: Avon White and John Rivers (both of whom had already been convicted of the robbery) and the manager and teller of the bank.<ref name="prial">Prial, Frank J. (December 12, 1973). "Prosecution Rests Case on Chesimard Robbery Trial; Defendant Ejected", ''The New York Times'', p. 54.</ref> White and Rivers, although convicted, had not yet been sentenced for the robbery and were promised that the charges would be dropped in exchange for their testimony.<ref name="prial"/> White and Rivers testified that Shakur had guarded one of the doors with a [[.357 magnum]] pistol and that Sadiki had served as a lookout and drove the getaway truck during the robbery; neither White nor Rivers was cross-examined due to the defense attorney's refusal to participate in the trial.<ref name="prial"/> Shakur's aunt and lawyer, Evelyn Williams, was also cited for contempt after walking out of the courtroom after many of her attempted motions were denied.<ref name="p81"/> The trial was delayed for a few days after Shakur was diagnosed with [[pleurisy]].<ref>''The New York Times'' (December 7, 1973), "Miss Chesimard Ill; Trial Here Delayed", p. 55.</ref>', 171 => false, 172 => 'During the trial, the defendants were escorted to a "holding pen" outside the courtroom several times after shouting complaints and epithets at Judge Gagliardi.<ref name="NYT_1973-12-06">Lichtenstein, Grace. 1973-12-06. "[https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/06/archives/new-outbursts-mark-chesimard-trial-lawyers-warned-door-blocked.html New Outbursts Mark Chesimard Trial]", ''The New York Times''. Retrieved on 2008-06-12.</ref> While in the holding pen, they listened to the proceedings over loudspeakers.<ref name="NYT_1974-01-27">Dugan, George. 1974-01-27. "[https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/27/archives/mrs-chesimard-expects-a-child-lawyer-believes-pregnancy-will-delay.html Mrs. Chesimard Expects a Child]". ''The New York Times''. Retrieved on 2008-06-12.</ref> Both defendants were repeatedly cited for [[contempt of court]] and eventually barred from the courtroom, where the trial continued in their absence.<ref name="p81"/> A contemporary ''[[New York Times]]'' editorial criticized Williams for failing to maintain courtroom "decorum," comparing her actions to William Kunstler's recent contempt conviction for his actions during the "[[Chicago Seven]]" trial.<ref>''The New York Times'' (December 8, 1973). "Order in Court", p. 34.</ref>', 173 => false, 174 => 'Sadiki's lawyer, Robert Bloom, attempted to have the trial dismissed and then postponed due to new "revelations" regarding the credibility of White, a former co-defendant working for the prosecution.<ref name="licht">Lichtenstein, Grace (December 11, 1973). "Judge and Defendants Clash Again as Chesimard Jury Is Chosen", ''The New York Times'', p. 31.</ref> Bloom had been assigned to defend Hilton over the summer, but White was not disclosed as a government witness until right before the trial.<ref name="prial2">Prial, Frank J. (December 15, 1973). "Mistrial Declared in Chesimard Case as Jury Splits 11-1", ''The New York Times'', p. 28.</ref> Judge Gagliardi instructed both the prosecution and the defense not to bring up Shakur or Sadiki's connections to the BLA, saying they were "not relevant".<ref name="licht"/> Gagliardi denied requests by the jurors to pose questions to the witnesses—either directly or through him—and declined to provide the jury with information they requested about how long the defense had been given to prepare, saying it was "none of their concern".<ref>Prial, Frank J. (December 13, 1973), "Chesimard Trial Goes To The Jury", ''The New York Times'', p. 42.</ref> This trial resulted in a [[hung jury]] and then a mistrial when the jury reported to Gagliardi that they were hopelessly deadlocked for the fourth time.<ref name="prial2"/>', 175 => false, 176 => '===Bronx bank robbery retrial===', 177 => 'The retrial was delayed for one day to give the defendants more time to prepare.<ref>''The New York Times'' (December 18, 1973). "2d Chesimard Trial Delayed", p. 45.</ref> The new jury selection was marked by attempts by Williams to be relieved of her duties, owing to disagreements with Shakur as well as with Hilton's attorney.<ref name="nyt12191773">''The New York Times'' (December 19, 1973). "Second Chesimard Jury Being Picked", p. 47.</ref> Judge Arnold Bauman denied the application, but directed another lawyer, Howard Jacobs, to defend Shakur while Williams remained the attorney of record.<ref name="nyt12191773"/> Shakur was ejected following an argument with Williams, and Hilton left with her as jury selection continued.<ref>''The Hartford Courant'', (December 19, 1973). "Court Ejects Defendant Again", p. 74B.</ref> After the selection of twelve jurors (60 were excused), Williams was allowed to retire from the case, with Shakur officially representing herself, assisted by lawyer Florynce Kennedy.<ref>''The New York Times'' (December 20, 1973). "Jury Picked for New Chesimard Trial", p. 43.</ref> In the retrial, White testified that the six alleged robbers had saved their hair clippings to create disguises, and identified a partially obscured head and shoulder in a photo taken from a surveillance camera as Shakur's.<ref name="prial3">Prial, Frank J. (December 21, 1973). "Mrs. Chesimard Is Ousted Again as 2d Trial for Robbery Begins", ''The New York Times'', p. 8.</ref> Kennedy objected to this identification on the grounds that the prosecutor, assistant United States attorney Peter Truebner, had offered to [[Stipulated judgment|stipulate]] that Shakur was not depicted in any of the photographs.<ref name="prial3"/> Although both White and Rivers testified that Shakur was wearing overalls during the robbery, the person identified as Shakur in the photograph was wearing a jacket.<ref name="c"/> The defense attempted to discredit White on the grounds that he had spent eight months in Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane in 1968, and White countered that he had faked insanity (by claiming to be [[Allah]] in front of three psychiatrists) to get transferred out of prison.<ref>''The New York Times'' (December 22, 1973). "U.S. Witness Tells Of Faking Insanity", p. 29.</ref>', 178 => false, 179 => 'Shakur personally cross-examined the witnesses, getting White to admit that he had once been in love with her; the same day, one juror (who had been frequently napping during the trial) was replaced with an alternate.<ref>''The New York Times'' (December 25, 1973). "Robbery Defendant Questions Witness", p. 19.</ref> During the retrial, the defendants repeatedly left or were thrown out of the courtroom.<ref>Chambers, Marcia (December 27, 1973). "Mrs. Chesimard, in Summation, Terms Holdup Case Contrived". ''The New York Times'', p. 41.</ref> Both defendants were acquitted in the retrial; six jurors interviewed after the trial stated that they did not believe the two key prosecution witnesses.<ref name="c">Chambers, Marcia (December 29, 1973). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/29/archives/mrs-hesimard-wins-acquittal-hilton-her-codefendant-also-cleared-of.html Mrs. Chesimard Wins Acquittal]", ''The New York Times'', p. 16.</ref> Shakur was immediately returned to [[Morristown, New Jersey]], under a heavy guard following the trial.<ref name="c"/> Louis Chesimard (Shakur's ex-husband) and Paul Stewart, the other two alleged robbers, had been acquitted in June.<ref>Chambers, Marcia (December 28, 1973). "2d Jury Here Begins Weighing Chesimard Bank-Robbery Case", ''The New York Times'', p. 24.</ref>', 180 => false, 181 => '===Turnpike shootout mistrial===', 182 => 'The Turnpike shootout proceedings continued with Judge John E. Bachman in Middlesex County.<ref name="smothers">Smothers, Ronald (October 24, 1973), "Chesimard Case Gets A Jury Shift", ''The New York Times'', p. 98.</ref> The jury was chosen from [[Morris County, New Jersey|Morris County]],<ref name="smothers"/> which had a far smaller black population than Middlesex County.<ref>Joy, James (1999), ''Shadowboxing: Representations of Black Feminist Politics''. Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-312-29449-2}}, p. 118.</ref> On this basis, Shakur unsuccessfully attempted to [[removal jurisdiction|remove]] the trial to federal court.<ref>Chesimard v. Kuhlthau, 370 F. Supp. 473 (D.N.J. 1974).</ref>', 183 => false, 184 => 'Before jury selection was complete, it was discovered that Shakur was pregnant. Due to the possibility of [[miscarriage]], the prosecution successfully requested a mistrial for Shakur; Acoli's trial continued.<ref name="preg"/><ref>''The New York Times'' (February 2, 1974), "Chesimard Pregnancy Leads to Mistrial", p. 63, column 6.</ref><ref name="hinds">Hinds, Lennox (October 26, 1998). "[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/097.html The injustice of the trial]". ''Covert Action Quarterly''. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.</ref>', 185 => false, 186 => '===Attempted murder dismissal===', 187 => 'Shakur and four others (including Fred Hilton, Avon White, and Andrew Jackson) were indicted in the State Supreme Court in Bronx on December 31, 1973, on charges of attempting to shoot and kill two policemen—Michael O'Reilly and Roy Polliana, who were wounded but had since returned to duty—in an ambush in [[St. Albans, Queens]] on January 28, 1973.<ref>''The New York Times'' (January 1, 1974). "Chesimard And Four Named In Shootings", p. 16.</ref> On March 5, 1974, two new defendants (Jeannette Jefferson and Robert Hayes) were named in an indictment involving the same charges.<ref>''The New York Times'' (March 6, 1974). "2 More Named in Attempt On Police Officers' Lives", p. 16.</ref> On April 26, while Shakur was pregnant,<ref name="preg">Kamau Sadiki (born Fred W. X. Hilton), a co-defendant who shared a cell with Shakur during their trial for armed robbery in the Bronx (of which both were acquitted), is believed to be the father. See Kirsta, Alix (May 29, 1999), "A black and white case&nbsp;– Investigation&nbsp;– Joanne Chesimard", ''The Times''.</ref> New Jersey Governor [[Brendan Byrne]] signed an [[extradition]] order to move Shakur to New York to face two counts of attempted murder, attempted assault, and possession of dangerous weapons related to the alleged ambush; however, Shakur declined to waive her right to an extradition hearing, and asked for a full hearing before Middlesex County Court Judge John E. Bachman.<ref>''The Hartford Courant'' (May 1, 1974). "Woman Balks At Extradition", p. 16.</ref>', 188 => false, 189 => 'Shakur was extradited to New York City on May 6,<ref>''The New York Times'' (May 7, 1974). "Joanne Chesimard Is Extradited", p. 96, column 5.</ref> arraigned on May 11 (pleading innocent), and remanded to jail by Justice Albert S. McGrover of the State Supreme Court, pending a pretrial hearing on July 2.<ref name="2case">''The Hartford Courant'' (May 30, 1974). "Accused Police Slayer Arraigned in 2 Cases", p. 29D.</ref> In November 1974, New York State Supreme Court Justice Peter Farrell dismissed the attempted murder indictment because of insufficient evidence, declaring "The court can only note with disapproval that virtually a year has passed before counsel made an application for the most basic relief permitted by law, namely an attack on the sufficiency of the evidence submitted by the grand jury."<ref>''The New York Times'' (November 2, 1974), "Judge Quashes Indictment Against Joanne Chesimard", p. 36, column 4.</ref>', 190 => false, 191 => '===Kidnapping trial===', 192 => 'Shakur was indicted on May 30, 1974, on the charge of having robbed a Brooklyn bar and kidnapping bartender James E. Freeman for ransom.<ref name="2case"/> Shakur and co-defendant Ronald Myers were accused of entering the bar with pistols and shotguns, taking $50 from the register, kidnapping the bartender, leaving a note demanding a $20,000 ransom from the bar owner, and fleeing in a rented truck.<ref name="baracquit"/> Freeman was said to have later escaped unhurt.<ref name="baracquit"/> The text of Shakur's opening statement in the trial is reproduced in her autobiography.<ref>Christol, 2001, p. 140. Her other texts in the book are a July 4, 1973 speech ("To My People"), which was broadcast on many radio stations, an exposition on the theory of "armed revolutionary struggle", and many poems.</ref> Shakur and co-defendant Ronald Myers were acquitted on December 19, 1975, after seven hours of jury deliberation, ending a three-month trial in front of Judge William Thompson.<ref name="baracquit">''The New York Times'' (December 20, 1975). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/20/archives/acquittal-is-won-by-miss-chesimard.html Acquittal Is Won By Miss Chesimard"], p. 54.</ref>', 193 => false, 194 => '===Queens bank robbery trial===', 195 => 'In July 1973, after being indicted by a grand jury, Shakur pleaded not guilty in Federal Court in Brooklyn to an indictment related to a $7,700 robbery of the [[Bankers Trust|Bankers Trust Company]] bank in Queens on August 31, 1971.<ref name="qbank">''The New York Times'' (January 7, 1976). "Miss Chesimard Goes on Trial", p. 36.</ref> Judge Jacob Mishlerset set a tentative trial date of November 5 that year.<ref>''The New York Times'' (July 21, 1973). "Miss Chesimard Pleads Not Guilty", p. 60.</ref><ref>Gupte, Pranay (July 21, 1973), "Joanne Chesimard Pleads Not Guilty in Holdup Here", ''The New York Times'', p. 56.</ref> The trial was delayed until 1976,<ref name="qbank"/> when Shakur was represented by Stanley Cohen and Evelyn Williams.<ref name="qacquit"/> In this trial, Shakur acted as her own co-counsel and told the jury in her opening testimony:', 196 => '<!--The capitalization of the following quotation is correct-->', 197 => '<blockquote>I have decided to act as co-counsel, and to make this opening statement, not because I have any illusions about my legal abilities, but, rather, because there are things that I must say to you. I have spent many days and nights behind bars thinking about this trial, this outrage. And in my own mind, only someone who has been so intimately a victim of this madness as I have can do justice to what I have to say.<ref name="rod63"/></blockquote>', 198 => 'One bank employee testified that Shakur was one of the bank robbers, but three other bank employees (including two tellers) testified that they were uncertain.<ref name="qacquit"/> The prosecution showed surveillance photos of four of the six alleged robbers, contending that one of them was Shakur wearing a wig. Shakur was forcibly subdued and photographed by the FBI on the judge's order, after having refused to cooperate, believing that the FBI would use [[photo manipulation]]; a subsequent judge determined that the manners in which the photos were obtained violated Shakur's rights and ruled the new photos inadmissible.<ref name="p81"/> In her autobiography, Shakur recounts being beaten, choked, and kicked on the courtroom floor by five marshals, as Williams narrated the events to ensure they would appear on the court record.<ref name="Shakur, 1987, p. 161">Shakur, 1987, p. 161.</ref> Shortly after deliberation began, the jury asked to see all the photographic exhibits taken from the surveillance footage.<ref name="qacquit"/> The jury determined that a widely circulated FBI photo allegedly showing Shakur participating in the robbery was not her.<ref name="taylor">Taylor, Mark Lewis (January 17, 1999), "[https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/17/nyregion/soapbox-flight-from-justice.html Soapbox; Flight From Justice]". ''The New York Times''. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.</ref>', 199 => false, 200 => 'Shakur was acquitted after seven hours of jury deliberation on January 16, 1976,<ref name="qacquit">''The New York Times'' (January 17, 1976), "[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30910F8395A1A7493C5A8178AD85F428785F9 Joanne Chesimard Is Acquitted In Robbery of a Bank in Queens]", p. 18.</ref> and was immediately remanded back to New Jersey for the Turnpike trial.<ref>''Los Angeles Times'' (January 17, 1976). "Woman Cleared In Bank Robbery", p. A3.</ref> The actual transfer took place on January 29.<ref>''The New York Times'' (January 30, 1976). "Joanne Chesimard Moved for Trial", p. 63.</ref> She was the only one of the six suspects in the robbery to be brought to trial.<ref name="qacquit"/> Andrew Jackson and two others indicted for the same robbery pleaded guilty; Jackson was sentenced to five years in prison and five years' probation; another was shot and killed in a gunfight in Florida on December 31, 1971, and the last remained at large at the time of Shakur's acquittal.<ref name="qbank"/><ref name="qacquit"/>', 201 => false, 202 => '===Turnpike shootout retrial===', 203 => '[[File:Map of New Jersey highlighting Middlesex County.svg|thumb|Shakur's murder trial for the Turnpike shootout took place in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]], [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]], not far from the [[East Brunswick, New Jersey|East Brunswick]] site of the gunfight.]]', 204 => false, 205 => 'By the time she was retried in 1977, Acoli had already been convicted of shooting and murdering Foerster.<ref name="johnston2"/> The prosecution argued that Assata had fired the bullets that had wounded Harper, while the defense argued that the now deceased Zayd had fired them.<ref name="sulliv" /> Based on New Jersey law, if Shakur's presence at the scene could be considered as "aiding and abetting" the murder of Foerster, she could be convicted even if she had not fired the bullets which had killed him.<ref name="guard" />', 206 => false, 207 => 'A total of 289&nbsp;articles had been published in the local press relating to the various crimes with which Shakur had been accused.<ref name="kirsta"/> Shakur again attempted to [[Removal jurisdiction|remove]] the trial to federal court. The [[United States District Court for the District of New Jersey]] denied the petition and also denied Shakur an injunction against the holding of trial proceedings on Fridays (the [[Sabbath#Islam|Muslim Sabbath]]).<ref name="wag2"/><ref>Janson, Donald (February 19, 1977). "Mrs. Chesimard Bids U.S. Court Bar Trial Sessions on Her Sabbath". ''The New York Times'', p. 51, column 1.</ref><ref>''The New York Times'' (January 27, 1977). "Chesimard Plea Rejected", p. 76, column 2.</ref> An [[en banc]] panel of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]] affirmed.<ref>New Jersey v. Chesimard, 555 F.2d 63 (3d Cir. 1977) (en banc).</ref>', 208 => false, 209 => 'The nine-week trial was widely publicized, and was even reported on by the [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union]] (TASS).<ref name="kirsta"/><ref name="b159"/> During the trial, hundreds of civil rights campaigners demonstrated outside of the Middlesex County courthouse each day.<ref name="kirsta"/>', 210 => false, 211 => 'Following the 13-minute opening statement by Edward J. Barone, the first assistant Middlesex County prosecutor (directing the case for the state), William Kunstler (the chief of Shakur's defense staff) moved immediately for a mistrial, calling the eight-count grand jury indictment "adversary proceeding solely and exclusively under the control of the prosecutor", whom Kunstler accused of "improper prejudicial remarks"; Judge Theodore Appleby, noting the frequent defense interruptions that had characterized the previous days' jury selection, denied the motion.<ref name="wag"/>', 212 => false, 213 => 'On February 23, Shakur's attorneys filed papers asking Judge Appleby to [[subpoena]] FBI Director [[Clarence M. Kelley|Clarence Kelley]], Senator [[Frank Church]] and other federal and New York law enforcement officials to testify about the Counter Intelligence Program, which they alleged was designed to harass and disrupt black activist organizations.<ref name="sul">Sullivan, Joseph F. (February 24, 1977), "Chesimard Attorney Acts to Call Kelley; Wants F.B.I. Director and Others to Testify on Program Aimed at Harassing Activists", ''The New York Times'', p. 76, column 1.</ref> Kunstler had previously been successful in subpoenaing Kelley and Church for the trials of [[American Indian Movement]] (AIM) members charged with murdering FBI agents.<ref name="sul"/> The motion (argued March 2)—which also asked the court to require the production of memos, tapes, documents, and photographs of alleged [[COINTELPRO]] involvement from 1970 to 1973—was denied.<ref name="sul"/><ref name="joy"/>', 214 => false, 215 => 'Shakur herself was called as a witness on March 15, the first witness called by the defense; she denied shooting either Harper or Foerster, and also denied handling a weapon during the incident. She was questioned by her own attorney, Stuart Ball, for under 40&nbsp;minutes, and then cross-examined by Barone for less than two hours (see the [[Assata Shakur#Witnesses|Witnesses section]] below).<ref name="sul2"/> Ball's questioning ended with the following exchange:', 216 => '<blockquote>On that night of May 2[n]d, did you shoot, kill, execute or have anything to do with the death of Trooper Werner Foerster?', 217 => false, 218 => 'No.', 219 => false, 220 => 'Did you shoot or assault Trooper James Harper?', 221 => false, 222 => 'No.<ref name="sul2">Sullivan, Joseph F. (March 16, 1977). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/16/archives/mrs-chesimard-on-stand-denies-having-weapon-in-turnpike-shooting.html Mrs. Chesimard, on Stand, Denies Having Weapon in Turnpike Shooting]", ''The New York Times'', p. 57.</ref></blockquote>', 223 => 'Under cross-examination, Shakur was unable to explain how three magazines of ammunition and 16 live shells had gotten into her shoulder bag; she also admitted to knowing that Zayd Shakur carried a gun at times, and specifically to seeing a gun sticking out of Acoli's pocket while stopping for supper at a [[Howard Johnson's]] restaurant shortly before the shooting.<ref name="sul2"/> Shakur admitted to carrying an identification card with the name "Justine Henderson" in her billfold the night of the shootout, but denied using any of the aliases on the long list that Barone proceeded to read.<ref name="sul2"/>', 224 => false, 225 => '====Defense attorneys====', 226 => '[[File:William Kunstler.jpg|thumb|Lawyer [[William Kunstler]] was the chief of Shakur's defense staff.]]', 227 => false, 228 => 'Shakur's defense attorneys were [[William Kunstler]] (the chief of Shakur's defense staff),<ref name="wag"/> Stuart Ball, Robert Bloom, [[Raymond A. Brown]],<ref>Berger, Joseph. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/12/nyregion/12brown.html "Raymond A. Brown, Civil Rights Lawyer, Dies at 94"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 11, 2009. Accessed October 12, 2009.</ref> Stanley Cohen (who died of unknown causes early on in the Turnpike trial), Lennox Hinds, [[Florynce Kennedy]], Louis Myers, Laurence Stern, and Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt.<ref name="nelson"/><ref name="wag"/><ref>Shakur, 1987, p. 247.</ref> Of these attorneys, Kunstler, Ball, Cohen, Myers, Stern and Williams appeared in court for the turnpike trial.<ref name="NYT_1977-03-26">{{cite news|author= Waggoner, Walter H.|date= March 26, 1977|url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70710FC3A5F167493C4AB1788D85F438785F9 |title=Joanne Chesimard Convicted in Killing Of Jersey Trooper| work= The New York Times|accessdate=October 18, 2007}}</ref><ref>Williams, 1993, pp. 162–163.</ref> Kunstler became involved in Shakur's trials in 1975, when contacted by Williams, and commuted from New York City to New Brunswick every day with Stern.<ref>Kunstler, 1994, pp. 275–276.</ref>', 229 => false, 230 => 'Her attorneys, in particular Lennox Hinds, were often held in [[contempt of court]], which the [[National Conference of Black Lawyers]] cited as an example of [[systemic bias]] in the judicial system.<ref>''The New York Times'' (May 9, 1977). "Black Legal Group Assails U.S. Courts; Lawyers at Conference Find Bias Still Exists Against Blacks Despite Constitutional Bans", p. 67, column 6.</ref> The New Jersey Legal Ethics Committee also investigated complaints against Hinds for comparing Shakur's murder trial to "legalized lynching"<ref>''The New York Times'' (March 2, 1977), "Complaint on Lawyer". Section 2, p. 21, column 2.</ref> undertaken by a "[[kangaroo court]]".<ref name="kirsta"/><ref>In the Matter of Hinds, 449 A.2d 483 (N.J. 1982).</ref> Hinds' disciplinary proceeding reached the U.S. Supreme Court in ''Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Ass'n'' (1982).<ref>Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Ass'n, 457 U.S. 423 (1982).</ref> According to Kunstler's autobiography, the sizable contingent of New Jersey State Troopers guarding the courthouse were under strict orders from their commander, Col. Clinton Pagano, to completely shun Shakur's defense attorneys.<ref name="k276"/>', 231 => false, 232 => 'Judge Appleby also threatened Kunstler with dismissal and contempt of court after he delivered an October 21, 1976 speech at nearby [[Rutgers University]] that in part discussed the upcoming trial,<ref>[[Martin Waldron|Waldron, Martin]] (December 3, 1976), "Kunstler and the Courts in a Battle On Right to Discuss Pending Trial". ''The New York Times'', Section 2, p. 21, column 1.</ref> but later ruled that Kunstler could represent Shakur.<ref>''The New York Times'' (December 15, 1976), "Judge Approves Kunstler". Section 2, p. 53, column 1.</ref> Until obtaining a court order, Williams was forced to strip naked and undergo a body search before each visit with Shakur—during which Shakur was shackled to a bed by both ankles.<ref name="kirsta"/> Judge Appleby also refused to investigate a burglary of her defense counsel's office that resulted in the disappearance of trial documents,<ref name="joy"/> amounting to half of the legal papers related to her case.<ref>Christol, 2001, p. 139.</ref> Her lawyers also claimed that their offices were [[Covert listening device|bugged]].<ref name="p81"/>', 233 => false, 234 => '====Witnesses====', 235 => 'Sundiata Acoli, Assata Shakur, Trooper Harper, and a New Jersey Turnpike driver who saw part of the incident were the only surviving witnesses.<ref name="williamsfacts">Williams, Evelyn A. (June 25, 2005). "[http://assatashakur.org/appeal_case_facts_2005.htm Statement of Facts in the New Jersey trial of Assata Shakur] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214235315/http://www.assatashakur.org/appeal_case_facts_2005.htm |date=2006-12-14 }}". The Talking Drum Collective. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.</ref> Acoli did not testify or make any pre-trial statements, nor did he testify in his own trial or give a statement to the police.<ref>Schuppe, Jonathan (February 8, 2004), "In parole bid, Chesimard cohort denies killing trooper", ''The Star-Ledger''.</ref> The driver traveling north on the turnpike testified that he had seen a State Trooper struggling with a Black man between a white vehicle and a State Trooper car, whose revolving lights illuminated the area.<ref name="williamsfacts"/>', 236 => false, 237 => 'Shakur testified that Trooper Harper shot her after she raised her arms to comply with his demand. She said that the second shot hit her in the back as she turned to avoid it, and that she fell onto the road for the duration of the gunfight before crawling back into the backseat of the Pontiac—which Acoli drove {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} down the road and parked. She testified that she remained there until State Troopers dragged her onto the road.<ref name="sul3"/><ref name="williamsfacts"/>', 238 => false, 239 => 'Trooper Harper's official reports state that after he stopped the Pontiac, he ordered Acoli to the back of the vehicle for Trooper Foerster—who had arrived on the scene—to examine his [[driver's license]].<ref name="williamsfacts"/> The reports then state that after Acoli complied, and as Harper was looking inside the vehicle to examine the [[vehicle registration|registration]], Trooper Foerster yelled and held up an ammunition magazine as Shakur simultaneously reached into her red [[Handbag|pocketbook]], pulled out a [[9 mm caliber|nine-millimeter weapon]] and fired at him.<ref name="williamsfacts"/> Trooper Harper's reports then state that he ran to the rear of his car and shot at Shakur who had exited the vehicle and was firing from a crouched position next to the vehicle.<ref name="williamsfacts"/>', 240 => false, 241 => '====Jury====', 242 => 'A total of 408 potential jurors were questioned during the ''[[voir dire]]'', which concluded on February 14.<ref name="wag">Waggoner, Walter H. (February 16, 1977), "[https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/16/archives/chesimard-murder-trial-opens-in-new-brunswick-execution-of-trooper.html Chesimard Murder Trial Opens in New Brunswick]". ''The New York Times'', p. 46.</ref> All of the 15 jurors—ten women and five men—were white, and most were under thirty years old.<ref name="wag"/><ref>''The New York Times'' (February 15, 1977), "Chesimard Jury Chosen", p. 67, column 5.</ref> Five jurors had personal ties to State Troopers (one girlfriend, two nephews, and two friends).<ref name="joy">James, Joy, p. 144.</ref><ref>Browder, 2006, p. 157.</ref> A sixteenth female juror was removed before the trial formally opened, when it was determined that Sheriff Joseph DeMarino of Middlesex County, while a private detective several years earlier, had worked for a lawyer who represented the juror's husband.<ref name="wag"/> Judge Appleby repeatedly denied Kunstler's requests for DeMarino to be removed from his responsibilities for the duration of the trial "because he did not divulge his association with the juror".<ref name="wag"/>', 243 => false, 244 => 'One prospective juror was dismissed for reading ''Target Blue'',<ref>Daley, Robert. 1973. ''Target Blue: An Insider's View of the N.Y.P.D.''. Delacorte Press. {{ISBN|978-0-440-08489-1}}.</ref> a book by Robert Daley, a former New York City Deputy Police Commander, which dealt in part with Shakur and had been left in the jury assembly room.<ref>''The New York Times'' (January 25, 1974), "Chesimard Panelist Out For Reading Daley Book", p. 71, column 7.</ref> Before the jury entered the courtroom, Judge Appleby ordered Shakur's lawyers to remove a copy of ''[[Roots: The Saga of an American Family]]'' by [[Alex Haley]] from a position on the defense counsel table easily visible to jurors.<ref name="wag"/> The ''Roots'' [[Roots (1977 miniseries)|TV miniseries]] adapted from the book and shown shortly before the trial was believed to have evoked feelings of "[[White guilt|guilt and sympathy]]" with many white viewers.<ref name="wag"/>', 245 => false, 246 => 'Shakur's attorneys sought a new trial on the grounds that one jury member, John McGovern, had violated the jury's [[Jury sequestration|sequestration]] order.<ref>''The New York Times'' (April 20, 1977). "Chesimard Retrial Asked". Section 2, p. 23, column 3.</ref> Judge Appleby rejected Kunstler's claim that the juror had violated the order.<ref>''The New York Times'', May 10, 1977. "Law Group Urges Grand Jury Change", p. 71, column 2.</ref> McGovern later sued Kunstler for [[Slander and libel|defamation]];<ref>Krebs, Alan (February 3, 1978), "Notes on People", ''The New York Times'', p. 16, column 5.</ref> Kunstler eventually publicly apologized to McGovern and paid him a small settlement.<ref name="k277"/> Additionally, in his autobiography, Kunstler alleged that he later learned from a law enforcement agent that a New Jersey State Assembly member had addressed the jury at the hotel where they were sequestered, urging them to convict Shakur.<ref name="k277">Kunstler, 1994, p. 277.</ref>', 247 => false, 248 => '====Medical evidence====', 249 => '[[File:Illu pectoral girdles.png|thumb|Shakur's broken [[clavicle]] was a key element of her defense, and the implications of her injury for the differing accounts of the shootout were points of contention.]]', 250 => false, 251 => 'A key element of Shakur's defense was [[forensic biology|medical testimony]] meant to demonstrate that she was shot with her hands up and that she would have been subsequently unable to fire a weapon. A [[neurologist]] testified that the [[median nerve]] in Shakur's right arm was severed by the second bullet, making her unable to pull a trigger.<ref name="hinds"/> Neurosurgeon Dr. Arthur Turner Davidson, Associate Professor of Surgery at [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]], testified that the wounds in her upper arms, armpit and chest, and severed median nerve that instantly paralyzed her right arm, would only have been caused if both arms were raised, and that to sustain such injuries while crouching and firing a weapon (as described in Trooper Harper's testimony) "would be anatomically impossible".<ref name="kirsta"/><ref name="wag4">Waggoner, Walter H. (March 17, 1977). "Neurosurgeon's Testimony Backs Mrs. Chesimard", ''The New York Times'', Section 2, p. 20, column 3.</ref>', 252 => false, 253 => 'Davidson based his testimony on an August 4, 1976, examination of Shakur and on [[X-ray]]s taken immediately after the shootout at Middlesex General Hospital.<ref name="wag4"/> Prosecutor Barone questioned whether Davidson was qualified to make such a judgment 39&nbsp;months after the injury; Barone proceeded to suggest (while a female Sheriff's attendant acted out his suggestion) that Shakur was struck in the right arm and collar bone and "then spun around by the impact of the bullet so an immediate second shot entered the fleshy part of her upper left arm" to which Davidson replied "Impossible."<ref name="wag4"/>', 254 => false, 255 => 'Dr. David Spain, a [[pathologist]] from [[Brookdale Community College]], testified that her bullet scars as well as X-rays supported her claim that her arms were raised, and that there was "no conceivable way" the first bullet could have hit Shakur's [[clavicle]] if her arm was down.<ref name=sulliv>Sullivan, Joseph F. (March 18, 1977). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/18/archives/doctor-testifies-on-bullet-scars-in-chesimard-trial.html Doctor Testifies On Bullet Scars in Chesimard Trial]", ''The New York Times'', Section 2, p. 24, column 1.</ref><ref>James, Joy, and Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean (2000), ''The Black Feminist Reader''. Blackwell Publishing. {{ISBN|0-631-21007-5}}, p. 279.</ref>', 256 => false, 257 => 'Judge Appleby eventually cut off funds for any further expert defense testimony.<ref name="kirsta"/> Shakur, in her autobiography, and Williams, in ''Inadmissible Evidence'', both claim that it was difficult to find expert witnesses for the trial, because of the expense and because most forensic and ballistic specialists declined on the grounds of a [[conflict of interest]] when approached because they routinely performed such work for law enforcement officials.<ref>Perkins, 2000, pp. 80–81.</ref>', 258 => false, 259 => '====Other evidence====', 260 => 'According to [[Angela Davis]], [[neutron activation analysis]] that was administered after the shootout showed no [[gunpowder]] residue on Shakur's fingers and forensic analysis performed at the [[Trenton, New Jersey]], crime lab and the FBI crime labs in [[Washington, D.C.]] did not find her [[fingerprint]]s on any weapon at the scene.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shakur|first1=Assata|title=Assata: An Autobiography|date=2016|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=9781783606818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|language=en}}</ref> According to tape recordings and police reports made several hours after the shoot-out, when Harper returned on foot to the administration building 200&nbsp;yards (183&nbsp;m) away, he did not report Foerster's presence at the scene; no one at headquarters knew of Foerster's involvement in the shoot-out until his body was discovered beside his patrol car, more than an hour later.<ref name="kirsta"/><ref name="howell">Howell, Ron (Oct. 11, 1987) "'On the Run With Assata Shakur' - ''Newsday''.</ref>', 261 => false, 262 => '====Conviction and sentencing====', 263 => 'On March 24, the jurors listened for 45&nbsp;minutes to a rereading of testimony of the State Police chemist regarding the blood found at the scene, on the LeMans, and Shakur's clothing.<ref name="sul3"/> That night, the second night of jury deliberation, the jury asked Judge Appleby to repeat his instructions regarding the four assault charges 30&nbsp;minutes before retiring for the night, which led to speculation that the jury had decided in Shakur's favor on the remaining charges, especially the two counts of murder.<ref name="sul3">Sullivan, Joseph E. (March 25, 1977). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/25/archives/chesimard-jury-asks-clarification-of-assault-charges.html Chesimard Jury Asks Clarification of Assault Charges]", ''The New York Times'', p. 50.</ref> Appleby reiterated that the jury must consider separately the four assault charges (atrocious assault and battery, assault on a police officer acting in the line of duty, [[assault with a deadly weapon]], and assault with intent to kill), each of which carried a total maximum penalty of 33&nbsp;years in prison.<ref name="sul3"/> The other charges were: first-degree murder (of Foerster), second-degree murder (of Zayd Shakur), illegal possession of a weapon, and armed robbery (related to Foerster's service revolver).<ref name="NYT_1977-03-26"/> The jury also asked Appleby to repeat the definitions of "[[intent (law)|intent]]" and "[[reasonable doubt]]".<ref name="sul3"/>', 264 => false, 265 => 'Shakur was convicted on all eight counts: two murder charges, and six assault charges.<ref name="NYT_1977-03-26"/> The prosecution did not need to prove that Shakur fired the shots that killed either Trooper Foerster or Zayd Shakur: being an accomplice to murder carries an equivalent life sentence under New Jersey law.<ref name="kirsta">Kirsta, Alix (May 29, 1999), "A black and white case&nbsp;– Investigation&nbsp;– Joanne Chesimard". ''The Times''.</ref> Upon hearing the verdict, Shakur said—in a "barely audible voice"—that she was "ashamed that I have even taken part in this trial" and that the jury was "racist" and had "convicted a woman with her hands up".<ref name="NYT_1977-03-26"/> Judge Appleby told the court attendants to "remove the prisoner" and Shakur replied: "the prisoner will walk away on her own feet".<ref name="NYT_1977-03-26"/> After Joseph W. Lewis, the jury foreman, read the verdict, Kunstler asked that the jury be removed before alleging that one juror had violated the sequestration order (see above).<ref name="NYT_1977-03-26"/>', 266 => false, 267 => 'At the post-trial press conference, Kunstler blamed the verdict on racism, stating that "the white element was there to destroy her". When asked by a reporter why, if that were the case, it took the jury 24 hours to reach a verdict, Kunstler replied, "That was just a pretense." A few minutes later the prosecutor Barone disagreed with Kunstler's assessment saying the trial's outcome was decided "completely on the facts".<ref name="NYT_1977-03-26"/>', 268 => false, 269 => 'At Shakur's sentencing hearing on April 25, Appleby sentenced her to 26 to 33&nbsp;years in state prison (10 to 12 for the four counts of assault, 12 to 15 for robbery, 2 to 3 for armed robbery, plus 2 to 3 for aiding and abetting the murder of Foerster), to be served consecutively with her [[Mandatory sentencing|mandatory life sentence]]. However, Appleby dismissed the second-degree murder of Zayd Shakur, as the [[New Jersey Supreme Court]] had recently narrowed the application of the law.<ref name="sentencing">Sullivan, Joseph F. (April 26, 1977). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/26/archives/assault-charges-add-26-years-to-mrs-chesimards-life-term.html Assault Charges Add 26 Years To Mrs. Chesimard's Life Term]", ''The New York Times'', p. 83, column 4. Retrieved on 2008-06-16.</ref> Appleby finally sentenced Shakur to 30&nbsp;days in the Middlesex County Workhouse for [[contempt of court]], concurrent with the other sentences, for refusing to rise when he entered the courtroom.<ref name="sentencing"/> To become eligible for [[parole]], Shakur would have had to serve a minimum of 25&nbsp;years, which would have included her four years in custody during the trials.<ref name="sentencing"/>', 270 => false, 271 => '===Nelson murder dismissal===', 272 => 'In October 1977, New York State Superior Court Justice John Starkey dismissed murder and robbery charges against Shakur related to the death of Richard Nelson during a hold-up of a Brooklyn social club on December 28, 1972, ruling that the state had [[Speedy trial|delayed too long]] in bringing her to trial. Judge Starkey said, "People have constitutional rights, and you can't shuffle them around."<ref name="seigel">Seigel, Max H. (October 26, 1977). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/26/archives/chesimard-murder-case-dropped-because-of-delay-in-holding-trial.html?sq=Chesimard+Murder+Case+Dropped+Because&scp=1&st=p Chesimard Murder Case Dropped Because of Delay in Holding Trial]". ''The New York Times'', p. 25, column 5.</ref> The case was delayed in being brought to trial as a result of an agreement between the governors of New York and New Jersey as to the priority of the various charges against Shakur.<ref name="seigel"/> Three other defendants were indicted in relation to the same holdup: Melvin Kearney, who died in 1976 from an eight-floor fall while trying to escape from the Brooklyn House of Detention, Twymon Myers, who was killed by police while a fugitive, and Andrew Jackson, the charges against whom were dismissed when two prosecution witnesses could not identify him in a lineup.<ref name="seigel"/>', 273 => false, 274 => '===Attempted robbery dismissal===', 275 => 'On November 22, 1977, Shakur pleaded not guilty to an attempted armed robbery indictment stemming from the 1971 incident at the [[Statler Hilton Hotel]].<ref name="tribrob">''Chicago Tribune'' (November 24, 1977). "Black lib army 'chief' denies 1971 robbery", p. C23.</ref> Shakur was accused of attempting to rob a Michigan man staying at the hotel of $250 of cash and personal property.<ref name="tribrob"/> The prosecutor was C. Richard Gibbons.<ref name="tribrob"/> The charges were dismissed without trial.<ref>Shakur, 1987, p. xiv.</ref>', 276 => false, 277 => '==Imprisonment==', 278 => '[[File:Rikers Island.jpg|thumb|Shakur was kept in solitary confinement on [[Rikers Island]] for 21&nbsp;months.]]', 279 => false, 280 => 'After the Turnpike shootings, Shakur was briefly held at the [[Garden State Youth Correctional Facility]]<ref>Churchill and Vander Wal, 2002, p. 410.</ref> in Yardville, [[Burlington County, New Jersey]] and later moved to [[Rikers Island|Rikers Island Correctional Institution for Women]] in New York City<ref name="scheffler203"/> where she was kept in [[solitary confinement]]<ref name="muhammad">Muhammad, Nisa Islam (May 16, 2005), "[http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_1990.shtml Assata: The stakes are raised]". ''Final Call News''. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.</ref><ref name="nyt41277">''The New York Times'' (April 12, 1977), "Suit Seeks Transfer For Mrs. Chesimard", p. 71, column 2.</ref> for 21&nbsp;months. Shakur's only daughter, Kakuya Shakur, was conceived during her trial<ref name="preg"/> and born on September 11, 1974, in the "[[Psychiatric hospital|fortified psychiatric ward]]" at Elmhurst General Hospital in [[Queens]],<ref name="qacquit"/><ref>''The New York Times'' (September 1, 1974). "Heavy Security for Mrs. Chesimard", p. 40.</ref> where Shakur stayed for a few days before being returned to Rikers Island. In her autobiography, Shakur claims that she was beaten and restrained by several large female officers after refusing a medical exam from a prison doctor shortly after giving birth.<ref name="Shakur, 1987, p. 161"/> ', 281 => 'After a bomb threat was made against Judge Appleby, Sheriff Joseph DeMarino lied to the press about the exact date of her transfer to [[Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women|Clinton Correctional Facility for Women]]; He later claimed the threat to be the cause of his falsification. <ref>''The New York Times'' (March 31, 1977), "Sheriff Says He Lied About Transfer Of Mrs. Chesimard to Aid Security". Section 2, p. 6, column 3.</ref> She was also transferred from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women to a special area staffed by women guards at the Garden State Youth Correctional Facility, where she was the only female inmate,<ref>Krebs, Albin (April 8, 1978). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/08/archives/notes-on-people.html Notes on People]". ''The New York Times'', p. 21, column 3. Retrieved on 2008-06-15.</ref> for "security reasons".<ref name="NYT_1977-04-08">Waggoner, Walter H. (April 8, 1977], "[https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/08/archives/trenton-topics-court-absolves-felons-in-killings-of-accomplices-by.html Trenton Topics; Court Absolves Felons in Killings Of Accomplices by Their Victims"]. ''The New York Times'', Section 2, p. 13, column 4.</ref> When Kunstler first took on Shakur's case (before meeting her), he described her basement cell as "adequate", which nearly resulted in his dismissal as her attorney.<ref name="k276">Kunstler, 1994, p. 276.</ref> On May 6, 1977, Judge [[Clarkson Fisher]], of the [[United States District Court for the District of New Jersey]], denied Shakur's request for an injunction requiring her transfer from the all-male facility to Clinton Correctional Facility for Women; the Third Circuit affirmed.<ref name="nyt41277"/><ref>''The New York Times'' (May 6, 1977), "Mrs. Chesimard's Bid to Transfer To Another Prison Denied by Judge". Section 2, p. 4, column 3.</ref><ref>Chesimard v. Mulcahy, 570 F.2d 1184 (3d Cir. 1978).</ref>', 282 => false, 283 => 'On April 8, 1978, Shakur was transferred to [[Alderson Federal Prison Camp]] in [[Alderson, West Virginia]] where she met [[Puerto Rican independence movement|Puerto Rican nationalist]] [[Lolita Lebrón]]<ref name="scheffler203"/> and Mary Alice, a Catholic nun, who introduced Shakur to the concept of [[liberation theology]].<ref name="scheffler206">Scheffler, 2002, p. 206.</ref> At Alderson, Shakur was housed in the Maximum Security Unit, which also contained several members of the Aryan Sisterhood as well as [[Sandra Good]] and [[Lynette Fromme|Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme]], followers of [[Charles Manson]].<ref>Scheffler, 2002, p. 204.</ref>', 284 => false, 285 => 'On March 31, 1978,<ref>''The New York Times'' (March 31, 1978). "Returned to Prison". Section 2, p. 17, column 3.</ref> after the Maximum Security Unit at Alderson was closed,<ref name="scheffler206"/> Shakur was transferred to the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey.<ref name="scheffler203"/> According to her attorney Lennox Hinds, Shakur "understates the awfulness of the condition in which she was incarcerated", which included [[Body cavity search|vaginal and anal searches]].<ref>Jones, 1998, p. 379.</ref> Hinds argues that "in the history of New Jersey, no woman pretrial detainee or prisoner has ever been treated as she was, continuously confined in a men's prison, under twenty-four-hour surveillance of her most intimate functions, without intellectual sustenance, adequate medical attention, and exercise, and without the company of other women for all the years she was in custody".<ref name="b159">Browder, 2006, p. 159.</ref>', 286 => false, 287 => 'Shakur was identified as a political prisoner as early as October 8, 1973, by [[Angela Davis]],<ref>Cummings, Judith (October 8, 1973), "Angela Davis Asks Support for 'Political Prisoners'", ''The New York Times'', p. 70.</ref> and in an April 3, 1977, ''New York Times'' advertisement purchased by the ''Easter Coalition for Human Rights''.<ref>''The New York Times'' (April 3, 1977), "Display Ad 68 – No Title", p. 46.</ref> An international panel of seven jurists were invited by Hinds to tour a number of U.S. prisons, and concluded in a report filed with the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] that the conditions of her solitary confinement were "totally unbefitting any prisoner".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Matt|title=Let Freedom Ring: A Collection of Documents from the Movements to Free U.S. Political Prisoners|date=2008|publisher=PM Press|isbn=9781604860351|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWP7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130|language=en}}</ref><ref name="b159"/> Their investigation, which focused on alleged human rights abuses of political prisoners, cited Shakur as "one of the worst cases" of such abuses and including her in "a class of victims of FBI misconduct through the [[COINTELPRO]] strategy and other forms of illegal government conduct who as political activists have been selectively targeted for provocation, false arrests, entrapment, fabrication of evidence, and spurious criminal prosecutions".<ref name="kirsta"/><ref>''Covert Action Quarterly'' (October 26, 1998). "[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/093.html The U.N. Petition]". Retrieved on 2008-05-09.</ref> [[Amnesty International]], however, did not regard Shakur as a former political prisoner.<ref name="friedly">Friedly, Jock (January 13, 1999), "Waters seeks asylum for cop killer", ''The Hill'', p. 1.</ref>', 288 => false, 289 => '==Escape==', 290 => 'In early 1979, "the Family", a group of BLA members, began to plan Shakur's escape from prison. They financed this by stealing $105,000 from a Bamberger's store in Paramus, New Jersey.<ref name="Penguin">{{cite book|last1=Burrough|first1=Bryan|title=Days of Rage: America's Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence|date=2015|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780698170070|pages=476–479|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPUVBAAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref> On November 2, 1979, Shakur escaped the [[Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women|Clinton Correctional Facility for Women]] in New Jersey, when three members of the Black Liberation Army visiting her drew concealed .45-caliber pistols and a stick of dynamite, seized two guards as hostages, commandeered a van and escaped.<ref name="NYT_1979-11-03">Hanley, Robert (November 3, 1979). "[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB061FFD3C5C12728DDDAA0894D9415B898BF1D3 Miss Chesimard Flees Jersey Prison, Helped By 3 Armed 'Visitors']." ''The New York Times'' Retrieved on 2007-10-19.</ref><ref>Tomlinson, 1994, p. 146.</ref> No one was injured during the prison break, including the guards held as hostages who were left in a parking lot.<ref name="churchill308"/> According to later court testimony, Shakur lived in [[East Liberty (Pittsburgh)|Pittsburgh]] until August 1980, when she flew to the [[Bahamas]].<ref name="Penguin"/> [[Mutulu Shakur]], [[Silvia Baraldini]], [[Sekou Odinga]], and [[Marilyn Buck]] were charged with assisting in her escape; Ronald Boyd Hill was also held on charges related to the escape.<ref>''The New York Times'' (November 29, 1979). "Bail Set at $2,500 In Chesimard Case". Section 2, p. 4, column 4.</ref><ref name="j425">Jones, 1998, p. 425.</ref> In part for his role in the event, Mutulu was named on July 23, 1982, as the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1980s|380th addition to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] list, where he remained for the next four years until his capture in 1986. State correction officials disclosed in November 1979 that they had not run [[Background check|identity checks]] on Shakur's visitors<ref>Hanley, Robert (November 6, 1979). "No Checking Was Done On Chesimard 'Visitors'; Identification Required of Visitors Security Review Ordered". ''The New York Times''. Section 2, p. 2, column 1.</ref> and that the three men and one woman who assisted in her escape had presented false identification to enter the prison's visitor room,<ref>Hanley, Robert (November 4, 1979). "F.B.I. to Aid Search for Miss Chesimard; Jersey Authorities Tell Magistrate She Apparently Fled the State After Her Prison Escape Visitors Were Not Searched Drove Across a Field Visitation Policies Under Review Official Account of Escape", ''The New York Times'', p. 31, column 6.</ref> before which they were not searched.<ref name="kirsta"/> Mutulu Shakur and Marilyn Buck were convicted in 1988 of several robberies as well as the prison escape.<ref>Lubasch, Arnold H. (May 12, 1988). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/12/nyregion/2-ex-fugitives-convicted-of-roles-in-fatal-armored-truck-robbery.html 2 Ex-Fugitives Convicted of Roles In Fatal Armored-Truck Robbery]." ''The New York Times''. Retrieved on 2008-05-26.</ref>', 291 => false, 292 => '[[File:shakurfbi.jpg|thumb|Shakur in a 1982 photo issued by the [[FBI]]]]', 293 => 'At the time of the escape, Kunstler had just started to prepare her [[appeal]].<ref name="k277"/> After her escape, Shakur lived as a fugitive for several years. The FBI circulated [[wanted poster]]s throughout the New York – New Jersey area; her supporters hung "Assata Shakur is Welcome Here" posters in response.<ref name="cleaver2">{{citation|last=Cleaver |first=Kathleen |date=August 2005 |title=The Fugitive |work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]] |url=http://www.essence.com/essence/lifestyle/voices/0,16109,1081943,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317212535/http://www.essence.com/essence/lifestyle/voices/0%2C16109%2C1081943%2C00.html |archivedate=March 17, 2006 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> In New York, three days after her escape, more than 5,000 demonstrators organized by the National Black Human Rights Coalition carried signs with the same slogan. At the rally, a statement from Shakur was circulated condemning U.S. prison conditions and calling for an independent "New Afrikan" state.<ref name="j425"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cleaver|first1=Kathleen|last2=Katsiaficas|first2=George|title=Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Black Panthers and Their Legacy|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135298326|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tNQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|language=en}}</ref>', 294 => false, 295 => 'For years after Shakur's escape, the movements, activities and phone calls of her friends and relatives—including her daughter walking to school in upper Manhattan—were monitored by investigators in an attempt to ascertain her whereabouts.<ref name="sterling">Sterling, Guy, and Forero, Juan (May 7, 1998), "On the lam, Chesimard is hardly on her own". ''The Star-Ledger'', p. 31.</ref> In July 1980, FBI director [[William Hedgcock Webster|William Webster]] said that the search for Shakur had been frustrated by residents' refusal to cooperate, and a ''New York Times'' editorial opined that the department's commitment to "enforce the law with vigor—but also with sensitivity for civil rights and civil liberties" had been "clouded" by an "apparently crude sweep" through a [[Harlem]] building in search of Shakur.<ref name="NYT_1980-07-02">''The New York Times'' Editorial Board (July 2, 1980), "[https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F0061EFE385C11728DDDAB0894DF405B8084F1D3 A Cloud Over the New F.B.I.]." Retrieved on 2008-07-02.</ref> In particular, one pre-dawn April 20, 1980, raid on 92&nbsp;Morningside Avenue, during which FBI agents armed with shotguns and machine guns broke down doors and searched through the building for several hours while preventing residents from leaving, was seen by residents as having "racist overtones".<ref>Emery, Richard, and LaMarche, Gara (June 11, 1980). "Our tinderboxes for radical violence". ''The New York Times'', Section A, p. 30, column 4.</ref> In October 1980, New Jersey and New York City Police denied published reports that they had declined to raid a [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn]] building where Shakur was suspected to be hiding for fear of provoking a racial incident.<ref>''The New York Times'' (October 15, 1980), "The City; Chesimard Report Called Unfounded". Section B, p. 3, column 1.</ref> Since her escape, Shakur has been charged with unlawful flight to avoid imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thompson|first1=Krissah|title=Assata Shakur was convicted of murder. Is she a terrorist?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/assata-shakur-was-convicted-of-murder-is-she-a-terrorist/2013/05/08/69acb602-b7e5-11e2-aa9e-a02b765ff0ea_story.html|work=The Washington Post|date=8 May 2013}}</ref>', 296 => false, 297 => '==Political asylum in Cuba==', 298 => 'Shakur was in Cuba by 1984; in that year she was granted [[List of United States citizens granted political asylum in Cuba|political asylum]] there.<ref name="cleaver2"/> The Cuban government paid approximately $13 a day toward her living expenses.<ref name="sterling"/><ref name="davison">Davison, Phil (May 2, 1998). "[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/cubas-american-refugees-1162033.html Cuba's American refugees]", ''The Independent'' (London), p. 13</ref> In 1985, her daughter, Kakuya, who had been raised by Shakur's mother in New York, came to live with her. In 1987, her presence in Cuba became widely known when she agreed to be interviewed by ''[[Newsday]]''.<ref name="howell"/><ref name="scheffler203"/><ref name="mcq" />', 299 => false, 300 => 'In an [[open letter]], Shakur has called Cuba "One of the Largest, Most Resistant and Most Courageous ''[[Quilombo|Palenques]]'' ([[Maroon (people)|Maroon Camps]]) that has ever existed on the Face of this Planet".<ref name="r64"/> She has praised [[Fidel Castro]] as a "hero of the oppressed"<ref name="howell" /> and referred to herself as a "[[Fugitive slave|20th century escaped slave]]".<ref name="r64">Rodriguez, 2006, p. 64.</ref> Shakur is also known to have worked as an English-language editor for [[Radio Havana Cuba]].<ref name="curiosity"/>', 301 => false, 302 => '===Books===', 303 => 'In 1987, she published ''[[Assata: An Autobiography (book)|Assata: An Autobiography]]'', which was written in Cuba. Her autobiography has been cited in relation to [[critical legal studies]]<ref>Farley, Anthony Paul (March 2001). "Symposium Critical Legal Histories: Lilies of the Field: A Critique of Adjudication". ''Cardozo Law Review'' '''22''', 1013.</ref> and [[critical race theory]].<ref>Farley, Anthony Paul (Fall 2005). "Going Back to Class? The Reemergence of Class in Critical Race Theory Symposium: Essay: Accumulation", ''Michigan Journal of Race & Law'' '''11''', 51.</ref> The book does not give a detailed account of her involvement in the BLA or the events on the New Jersey Turnpike, except to say that the jury "[c]onvicted a woman with her hands up!"<ref name=bb>{{cite book|last1=Burrough|first1=Bryan|title=Days of Rage: America's Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence|date=2016|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=9780143107972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAvTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239|language=en}}</ref><ref name="nelson"/> It gives an account of her life beginning with her youth in the South and New York. Shakur challenges traditional styles of literary autobiography and offers a perspective on her life that is not easily accessible to the public.<ref name="Hames-Garcia">{{cite book|last1=Hames-Garcia|first1=Michael|title=Fugitive Thought: Prison Movements, Race, and the Meaning of Justice|date=2004|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=0816643148}}</ref><ref name="Perkins">{{cite book|last1=Perkins|first1=Margo|title=Autobiography as Activism: Three Black Women of the Sixties|date=1999|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|location=Jackson|isbn=9781578062645}}</ref> The book was published by Lawrence Hill & Company in the United States and Canada but the [[copyright]] is held by Zed Books<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-09-18|title=Zed Books|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zed_Books&oldid=801177072|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Ltd. of London due to [[Son of Sam law|"Son of Sam" laws]], which restrict who can receive profits from a book.<ref name="ravo">Ravo, Nick (October 13, 1987). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/13/nyregion/officials-can-t-confirm-chesimard-is-in-havana.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm Officials Can't Confirm Chesimard Is in Havana]", ''The New York Times'', Section B; Page 3, Column 5.</ref> In the six months preceding the publications of the book, Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt and attorney, made several trips to Cuba and served as a go-between with Hill.<ref name=mcq>McQuiston, John T. (October 12, 1987). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/12/nyregion/fugitive-murderer-reported-in-cuba.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink Fugitive murderer reported in Cuba]", ''The New York Times'', Section A; Page 1, Column 1. Retrieved on 2008-06-01.</ref> Her autobiography was republished in Britain in 2014<ref name="guard">{{cite news|last1=Adewunmi|first1=Bim|title=Assata Shakur: from civil rights activist to FBI's most-wanted|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/13/assata-shakur-civil-rights-activist-fbi-most-wanted|work=The Guardian|date=13 July 2014}}</ref> and a dramatized version performed on BBC Radio 4 in July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08y24f9|title=BBC Radio 4 - 15 Minute Drama, Assata Shakur - The FBI's Most Wanted Woman, Episode 4|website=BBC}}</ref>', 304 => false, 305 => 'In 1993, she published a second book, ''Still Black, Still Strong'', with [[Dhoruba al-Mujahid bin Wahad|Dhoruba bin Wahad]] and [[Mumia Abu-Jamal]].', 306 => false, 307 => 'In 2005, SUNY Press released ''The New Abolitionists'' ''(Neo)Slave Narratives and Contemporary Prison Writings,'' edited and with an added introduction by Joy James, in which Shakur's ''Women in Prison: How We Are 1978'' is featured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunypress.edu/p-4133-the-new-abolitionists.aspx|title=The New Abolitionists|website=www.sunypress.edu|access-date=2018-04-19}}</ref> ', 308 => false, 309 => '===Extradition attempts===', 310 => 'In 1997, Carl Williams, the superintendent of the New Jersey State Police, wrote a letter to [[Pope John Paul II]] asking him to raise the issue of Shakur's [[extradition]] during his talks with President [[Fidel Castro]].<ref>''Chicago Sun Times'' (December 28, 1997), "N.J. cops enlist pope; Seek help in getting fugitive out of Cuba", p. 34.</ref> During the pope's visit to Cuba in 1998, Shakur agreed to an interview with [[NBC]] journalist [[Ralph Penza]].<ref name="assataletter2">Shakur, Assata. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20040708153243/http://www.assatashakur.org/escape2.htm An Open Letter from Assata]". The Talking Drum Collective, p. 2. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.</ref> Shakur later published an extensive criticism of the NBC segment, which inter-spliced footage of Trooper Foerster's grieving widow with an FBI photo connected to a bank robbery of which Shakur had been acquitted.<ref>Shakur, Assata, and Lewis, Ida E. (November 1, 2000). "Assata Shakur: Profiled and on the Run". ''[[The Crisis|New Crisis]]'', '''107'''(6).</ref> On March 10, 1998<ref>The 85th anniversary of the death of [[Harriet Tubman]] according to Brath (1998).</ref> New Jersey Governor [[Christine Todd Whitman]] asked [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Janet Reno]] to do whatever it would take to return Shakur from Cuba.<ref>Brath, Elombe (March 13, 1998). "[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/100.html N.J. Bloodhounds on Assata's Trail]", ''NY Daily Challenge''. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.</ref> Later in 1998, U.S. media widely reported claims that the [[United States Department of State|United States State Department]] had offered to lift the [[United States embargo against Cuba|Cuban embargo]] in exchange for the return of 90&nbsp;U.S. fugitives, including Shakur.<ref>James, Joy, p. 115.</ref>', 311 => false, 312 => 'The [[United States Congress]] passed a non-binding resolution in September 1998, asking Cuba for the return of Shakur as well as 90 fugitives believed by Congress to be residing in Cuba; House Concurrent Resolution 254 passed 371–0 in the House and by [[unanimous consent]] in the Senate.<ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d105:HC00254:@@@R House Concurrent Resolution 254]. [[THOMAS]]. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.</ref><ref>Batista, Carlos (March 18, 2002). "Cuba seeks deals with US to fight terror, migrant smuggling". ''Agence France Presse''.</ref> The Resolution was due in no small part to the lobbying efforts of Governor Whitman and New Jersey Representative [[Bob Franks]].<ref name="rod63">Rodriguez, 2006, p. 63.</ref> Before the passage of the Resolution, Franks stated: "This escaped murderer now lives a comfortable life in Cuba and has launched a [[public relations]] campaign in which she attempts to portray herself as an innocent victim rather than a cold-blooded murderer."<ref name="rod63"/>', 313 => false, 314 => 'In an open letter to Castro, [[chair (official)|chair]] of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]] Representative [[Maxine Waters]] of California later explained that many members of the Caucus (including herself) were against Shakur's extradition but had mistakenly voted for the bill, which was placed on the accelerated suspension calendar, generally reserved for non-controversial legislation.<ref name="waters">Waters, Maxine (September 29, 1998). "[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/089.html Congresswoman Waters issues statement on U.S. Freedom Fighter Assata Shakur]". HYPE Information Service. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.</ref> In the letter, Waters explained her opposition, calling [[COINTELPRO]] "illegal, clandestine political persecution".<ref name="waters"/>', 315 => false, 316 => 'On May 2, 2005, the 32nd anniversary of the Turnpike shootings, the FBI classified her as a [[domestic terrorist]], increasing the reward for assistance in her capture to $1&nbsp;million,<ref name="cleaver2"/><ref name="cleaver">Cleaver, Kathleen (2005). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20051031123944/http://www.assatashakur.org/cleaver_k.htm The Fugitive: Why has the FBI placed a million-dollar bounty on Assata Shakur?]". The Talking Drum Collective. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.</ref> the largest reward placed on an individual in the history of New Jersey. [[New Jersey State Police|New Jersey State Police superintendent]] Rick Fuentes said "she is now 120&nbsp;pounds of money."<ref name="williams">Williams, Houston (May 2, 2005), "[http://allhiphop.com/2005/05/02/u-s-government-declares-1-million-bounty-for-assata-shakur-tupacs-godmother/ U.S. Government Declares $2 Million Bounty For Assata Shakur, Tupac's Godmother]</ref> The bounty announcement reportedly caused Shakur to "drop out of sight" after having previously lived relatively openly (including having her home telephone number listed in her local [[telephone directory]]).<ref name="allen-mills"/>', 317 => false, 318 => 'New York City Councilman [[Charles Barron]], a former Black Panther, has called for the bounty to be rescinded.<ref>Parry, Wayne (May 24, 2005), "NY councilman plans rally against Chesimard bounty". ''AP''.</ref> The New Jersey State Police and Federal Bureau of Investigation each still have an agent officially assigned to her case.<ref>Wood, Sam (May 15, 2006), "[http://articles.philly.com/2006-05-15/news/25400356_1_police-officers-bounty-hunters-cop-killers Always a priority: Fugitive cop-killers]". ''Philadelphia Inquirer''.</ref> Calls for Shakur's extradition increased following Fidel Castro's [[2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties|transfer of presidential duties]];<ref name="allen-mills"/> in a May 2005 television address, Castro had called Shakur a victim of racial persecution, saying "they wanted to portray her as a terrorist, something that was an injustice, a brutality, an infamous lie."<ref>Associated Press (May 12, 2005), "[http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2005/05/12/castro_wont_hand_over_killer_of_nj_trooper/ Castro won't hand over killer of N.J. trooper]." ''Boston Globe''. Castro did not refer to Shakur by name, but did describe a woman placed on the U.S. government terrorist watch list on May 2.</ref> In 2013, the FBI announced it had added Shakur to its list of 'most wanted terrorists', the first time that a woman was so designated. The reward for her capture and return was also doubled to $2 million.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Griego|first1=Tina|title=Cuba still harbors one of America’s most wanted fugitives. What happens to Assata Shakur now?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/storyline/wp/2014/12/20/cuba-still-harbors-one-of-americas-most-wanted-fugitives-what-happens-to-assata-shakur-now/|work=Washington Post|date=20 December 2014}}</ref>', 319 => false, 320 => 'In June 2017, President [[Donald Trump]] gave a speech "cancelling" the [[Cuban thaw]] policies of his predecessor [[Barack Obama]]. A condition of making a new deal between the United States and Cuba is the release of political prisoners and the return of fugitives from justice. Trump specifically called for the return of "the cop–killer Joanne Chesimard".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/jun/16/donald-trump-calls-cuba-return-us-fugitives/|accessdate=17 June 2017|title=Trump calls on Cuba to return U.S. fugitives, including cop-killer Chesimard|date=16 June 2017|publisher=The Washington Times – washingtontimes.com}}</ref>', 321 => false, 322 => '==Cultural influence==', 323 => 'A [[documentary film]] about Shakur, ''[[Eyes of the Rainbow]]'', written and directed by Cuban filmmaker [[Gloria Rolando]], appeared in 1997.<ref name="scheffler203"/> The official premiere of the film in [[Havana]] in 2004 was promoted by [[Casa de las Américas (Havana)|Casa de las Américas]], the main cultural forum of the Cuban government.<ref name="curiosity">Wilfredo, Cancio Isla (December 18, 2007). "[http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/2007_4482312/u-s-fugitive-a-hero-to-fidel-but-a-curiosity-to-ma.html U.S. fugitive a hero to Fidel, but a curiosity to many]". McClatchy Newspapers via ''Houston Chronicle''. ''The Miami Herald'' published this article as "Fugitive a curiosity in Cuba".</ref> ''[[Assata aka Joanne Chesimard]]'' is a 2008 biographical film directed by [[Fred Baker (filmmaker)|Fred Baker]]. The film premiered at the [[San Diego Black Film Festival]] and starred Assata Shakur herself. The [[National Conference of Black Lawyers]] and [[Mos Def]] are among the professional organizations and entertainers to support Assata Shakur; the "Hands Off Assata" campaign is organized by [[dream hampton]].<ref name="williams"/>', 324 => false, 325 => 'Numerous musicians have composed and recorded songs about her or dedicated to her:', 326 => '*[[Common (rapper)|Common]] recorded "A Song for Assata" on his album ''[[Like Water for Chocolate (album)|Like Water for Chocolate]]'' (2000) after traveling to Havana to meet with Shakur personally.<ref>Neal, Mark Anthony (May 5, 2000). ', 327 => '*[[Nas (rapper)|Nas]] listed her name in the booklet of his latest CD ''Untitled,'' among important black figures who inspired the album.[http://www.popmatters.com/columns/criticalnoire/000505.shtml "Like Water for Chocolate: Common's Recipe for Progressive Hip-Hop"]. ''Pop Matters''. Retrieved on April 7, 2007.</ref> ', 328 => '*[[Paris (rapper)|Paris]] ("Assata's Song", in ''[[Sleeping with the Enemy (album)|Sleeping with the Enemy]]'' (1992), [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]] ("Rebel Without A Pause" in ''[[It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back]]''(1988), [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] ("Words of Wisdom" in [[2Pacalypse Now]] (1991), [[Digital Underground]] ("Heartbeat Props" in [[Sons of the P]], 1991), [[The Roots]] ("The Adventures in Wonderland" in [[Illadelph Halflife]], 1996), [[Piebald (band)|Piebald]] ("If Marcus Garvey Dies, Then Marcus Garvey Lives" in If It Weren't for Venetian Blinds, It Would Be Curtains for Us All, 1999), [[Asian Dub Foundation]] ("Committed to Life" in ''[[Community Music]]'', 2000), [[Saul Williams]] ("Black Stacey" in ''[[Saul Williams (album)|Saul Williams]]'', 2004), [[Rebel Diaz]] ("Which Side Are You On?" in Otro Guerrillero Mixtape Vol. 2, 2008), [[Lowkey]] ("Something Wonderful" in ''[[Soundtrack to the Struggle]]'', 2011), [[Murs (rapper)|Murs]] ("Tale of Two Cities" in ''[[The Final Adventure]]'', 2012), [[Jay-Z|Jay Z]] ("Open Letter Part II" in 2013), [[Digable Planets]], [[The Underachievers]] and [[X-Clan]] have also recorded songs about Shakur.<ref name="j425"/> Shakur has been described as a "rap music legend"<ref name="allen-mills">Allen-Mills, Tony (May 27, 2007). "Bounty hunt for US cop killer on Cuba", ''The Sunday Times'', p. 27.</ref> and a "minor [[Cause célèbre|cause celebre]]".<ref>Robinson, Eugene (July 18, 2004). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47736-2004Jul13.html "Exiles"], ''The Washington Post'', W23.</ref>', 329 => false, 330 => 'On December 12, 2006, the Chancellor of the [[City University of New York]], [[Matthew Goldstein]], directed [[City College of New York|City College]]'s president, [[Gregory H. Williams]], to remove the "unauthorized and inappropriate" designation of the "Guillermo Morales/Assata Shakur Community and Student Center," which was named by students in 1989. A student group won the right to use the lounge after a campus shutdown over proposed tuition increases.<ref>Arenson, Karen W. (December 13, 2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/13/nyregion/13cuny.html "CUNY Chief Orders Names Stripped From Student Center"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved on May 9, 2008.</ref> CUNY was sued by student and alumni groups after removing the plaque.<ref>Zambito, Thomas (January 7, 2007). "[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/cuny-sued-killer-naming-flap-article-1.262732 CUNY sued in cop killer naming flap]", ''New York Daily News'', p. 3.</ref> As of April 7, 2010, the presiding judge has ruled that the issues of students' free speech and administrators' immunity from suit "deserve a trial".<ref>Wise, Daniel (April 8, 2010). [http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202447703512 "First Amendment Violation Claim Proceeds Against College Over Removed Plaque"], ''New York Law Journal''. Retrieved on April 8, 2010.</ref>', 331 => false, 332 => 'Following controversy, in 1995, [[Borough of Manhattan Community College]] renamed a scholarship that had previously been named for Shakur.<ref>[[William H. Honan|Honan, William H.]] (April 12, 1995). "[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/us/two-scholarships-given-new-names-after-controversy.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink Two Scholarships Given New Names After Controversy]", ''The New York Times'', Section B, p. 11, column 4. Retrieved on June 1, 2008.</ref> In 2008, a Bucknell University professor included Shakur in a course on "African-American heroes"—along with figures such as [[Harriet Tubman]], [[Sojourner Truth]], [[John Henry (folklore)|John Henry]], [[Malcolm X]], and [[Angela Davis]].<ref>Bucknell University (April 1, 2008). "[http://www.bucknell.edu/x41042.xml Superhero Inspiration for Course on 'Black Heroes']".</ref> Her autobiography is studied together with those of Angela Davis and [[Elaine Brown]], the only women activists of the [[Black Power]] movement who have published book-length autobiographies.<ref>Perkins, 2000.</ref> [[Rutgers University]] professor [[H. Bruce Franklin]], who excerpts Shakur's book in a class on 'Crime and Punishment in American Literature,' describes her as a "revolutionary fighter against imperialism".<ref name="hepp">Hepp, Rick (October 31, 2004). "Chesimard still stirs admiration and scorn," ''The Star-Ledger'', p. 23.</ref>', 333 => false, 334 => 'Black NJ State Trooper Anthony Reed (who has left the force) sued the police force because, among other things, persons had hung posters of Shakur, altered to include Reed's badge number, in a Newark barracks. He felt it was intended to insult him, as she had killed an officer, and was "racist in nature".<ref>''The Star-Ledger'' (January 19, 1996). "Black Ex-Trooper Tells Trial of Poster of Killer Chesimard Made to Mock."</ref> According to Dylan Rodriguez, to many "U.S. radicals and revolutionaries" Shakur represents a "venerated (if sometimes fetishized) signification of liberatory desire and possibility".<ref>Rodriguez, 2006, p. 61.</ref>', 335 => false, 336 => 'The largely Internet-based "Hands Off Assata!" campaign is coordinated by Chicago-area Black Radical Congress activists.<ref>[[Herb Boyd|Boyd, Herb]] (2002). ''Race and Resistance: African Americans in the Twenty-first Century''. [[South End Press]]. {{ISBN|0-89608-652-6}}, p. 116.</ref>', 337 => false, 338 => 'In 2015, New Jersey's [[Kean University]] dropped hip-hop artist [[Common (rapper)|Common]] as a commencement speaker because of police complaints. Members of the State Troopers Fraternal Association of New Jersey expressed their anger over Common's "A Song For Assata".<ref>{{cite web|last=Frydenlund |first=Zach |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2015/04/common-pulled-from-kean-university-commencement |title=Common Pulled From Kean University Commencement Speech After Police Complaints |publisher=Complex.com |date= |accessdate=April 3, 2015}}</ref>', 339 => false, 340 => 'In 2015, [[Black Lives Matter]] co-founder [[Alicia Garza]] writes: "When I use Assata’s powerful demand in my organizing work, I always begin by sharing where it comes from, sharing about Assata’s significance to the Black Liberation Movement, what its political purpose and message is, and why it’s important in our context."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|publisher=|accessdate=August 28, 2015}}</ref>', 341 => false, 342 => 'The Chicago Black activist group [[Assata's Daughters]] is named in her honor.<ref name="ZachariasShakur">{{cite news|last1=Zacharias|first1=Michelle|title=Activists of every stripe unite in ICE civil disobedience|url=http://peoplesworld.org/activists-of-every-stripe-unite-in-ice-civil-disobedience/|accessdate=14 March 2016|publisher=People's World|date=17 February 2016}}</ref> In April 2017, former [[San Francisco 49ers]] [[quarterback]] [[Colin Kaepernick]]'s foundation donated $25,000 to the group.', 343 => '<ref>{{cite news|title=Colin Kaepernick - April donations|url=http://kaepernick7.com/ck7-april-2017-donations//}}</ref>', 344 => false, 345 => 'In July 2017, the [[2017 Women's March|Women's March]] official [[Twitter]] feed celebrated Shakur's birthday, leading to criticism from some media outlets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Assata Shakur birthday honored by Women's March organizers|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/07/18/assata-shakur-birthday-honored-by-womens-march-organizers.html|work=Fox News|date=July 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=When the 'Resistance' Gets Reprehensible|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/449570/when-resistance-gets-reprehensible|work=National Review|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lampen |first=Claire |url=https://mic.com/articles/182595/six-months-after-the-womens-march-on-washington-the-resistance-revival-has-a-message-for-trump |title=Six months after the Women’s March on Washington, the Resistance Revival has a message for Trump |work=Mic |date=July 21, 2017 |accessdate=July 22, 2017}}</ref>', 346 => false, 347 => 'In April 2018, a North Carolina court ordered that payment of $15,000 be made to Shakur's representative, her sister Beverly Goins, as part of a land deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wwaytv3.com/2018/04/16/county-pays-15k-to-fbi-fugitive-part-of-freeman-park-land-deal/}}</ref>', 348 => false, 349 => '==Notes==', 350 => '{{Noteslist}}', 351 => false, 352 => '==References==', 353 => '{{Reflist}}', 354 => false, 355 => '==Sources==', 356 => '*Browder, Laura (2006). ''Her Best Shot: Women and Guns in America''. UNC Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-3050-X}}.', 357 => '* [[Bryan Burrough|Burrough, Bryan]]. {{cite book|title=Days of Rage: America's Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence|date=2016|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=9780143107972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAvTCwAAQBAJ|language=en}}.', 358 => '*Christol, Helene. Gysin, Fritz, and Mulvey, Christopher (eds.). (2001). "Militant Autobiography: The Case of Assata Shakur," in ''Black Liberation in the Americas''. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. {{ISBN|3-8258-5137-0}}.', 359 => '*[[Ward Churchill|Churchill, Ward]] and James Vander Wall. (2002). ''[[The COINTELPRO Papers|The Cointelpro papers: documents from the FBI's secret wars against dissent in the United States]]''. [[South End Press]]. {{ISBN|0-89608-648-8}}.', 360 => '*[[Kathleen Neal Cleaver|Cleaver, Kathleen]], and Katsiaficas, George N. (2001). ''Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their Legacy''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-92783-8}}.', 361 => '*James, Joy (2003). ''Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion''. Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|0-7425-2027-7}}.', 362 => '*Jones, Charles Earl (1998). ''The Black Panther Party (Reconsidered)''. Black Classic Press. {{ISBN|0-933121-96-2}}.', 363 => '*[[William Kunstler|Kunstler, William Moses]]. (1994). ''My Life as a Radical Lawyer''. Secaucus, New Jersey: Birch Lane Press. {{ISBN|1-55972-265-7}}.', 364 => '*Perkins, Margo V. (2000). ''Autobiography as Activism: Three Black Women of the Sixties''. [http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/47 Univ. Press of Mississippi]. {{ISBN|1-57806-264-0}}.', 365 => '*Rodriguez, Dylan (2006). ''Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime''. University of Minnesota Press. {{ISBN|0-8166-4560-4}}.', 366 => '*Scheffler, Judith A. (2002). ''Wall Tappings: An International Anthology of Women's Prison Writings, 200 to the Present''. Feminist Press. {{ISBN|1-55861-273-4}}.', 367 => '*Shakur, Assata (1987, New edition November 1, 1999). ''Assata: An Autobiography''. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books. {{ISBN|1-55652-074-3}}.', 368 => '*Tomlinson, Gerald (1994). ''Murdered in Jersey''. Rutgers University Press. {{ISBN|0-8135-2078-9}}.', 369 => '*Williams, Evelyn (1993). ''Inadmissible Evidence: The Story of the African-American Trial Lawyer Who Defended the Black Liberation Army''. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Lawrence Hill Books. {{ISBN|1-55652-184-7}}.', 370 => false, 371 => '==Further reading==', 372 => '*Belton, Brian A. (2007). ''Assata Shakur: A Voice from the Palenques'' in ''Black Routes: Legacy of African Diaspora''. Hansib Publications Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-870518-92-5}}.', 373 => false, 374 => '==External links==', 375 => '{{Wikiquote}}', 376 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306153434/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2013/may/joanne-chesimard-first-woman-named-most-wanted-terrorists-list/joanne-chesimard-first-woman-named-to-most-wanted-terrorists-list "New Most Wanted Terrorist Joanne Chesimard; First Woman Added to List," May 2, 2013, Federal Bureau of Investigation]', 377 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050131180555/http://assatashakur.org/ Assata Shakur Speaks – website in support of Shakur]', 378 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051132/http://njlawman.com/Feature%20Pieces/Joanne%20Chesimard.htm "The Story of Joanne Chesimard," May 2003 editorial, NJLawman.com]', 379 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080222203358/http://www.handsoffassata.net/ ''The Eyes Of The Rainbow'' documentary]', 380 => '* [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/101.html Immoral Bounty for Assata] by Michael Ratner, ''Covert Action Quarterly'', October 27, 1998', 381 => '* [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-cuba-assata-shakur-fbi-america-obama-perspec-1230-20141229-story.html Why Cuba will never send Assata Shakur to the U.S.] by [[Achy Obejas]]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', December 29, 2014.', 382 => '{{Black Panther Party}}', 383 => '{{Portal bar|African American}}', 384 => false, 385 => '{{Authority control}}', 386 => false, 387 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakur, Assata}}', 388 => '[[Category:1947 births]]', 389 => '[[Category:Living people]]', 390 => '[[Category:American autobiographers]]', 391 => '[[Category:American escapees]]', 392 => '[[Category:American exiles]]', 393 => '[[Category:American expatriates in Cuba]]', 394 => '[[Category:American female murderers]]', 395 => '[[Category:American murderers]]', 396 => '[[Category:American female criminals]]', 397 => '[[Category:American Marxists]]', 398 => '[[Category:American people convicted of assault]]', 399 => '[[Category:American people convicted of murdering police officers]]', 400 => '[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]', 401 => '[[Category:American robbers]]', 402 => '[[Category:American socialists]]', 403 => '[[Category:American shooting survivors]]', 404 => '[[Category:Members of the Black Panther Party]]', 405 => '[[Category:Black Power]]', 406 => '[[Category:City College of New York alumni]]', 407 => '[[Category:COINTELPRO targets]]', 408 => '[[Category:Escapees from New Jersey detention]]', 409 => '[[Category:Fugitives wanted by the United States]]', 410 => '[[Category:Fugitives wanted on murder charges]]', 411 => '[[Category:People convicted of murder by New Jersey]]', 412 => '[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New Jersey]]', 413 => '[[Category:People from Queens, New York]]', 414 => '[[Category:Shakur family]]', 415 => '[[Category:FBI Most Wanted Terrorists]]', 416 => '[[Category:American communists]]', 417 => '[[Category:Women autobiographers]]', 418 => '[[Category:Communist women writers]]', 419 => '[[Category:Activists from New York (state)]]' ]