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HMS Triton (1796)

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For other ships with the same name, see HMS Triton.

Triton in three views, 1797
History
Great Britain
NameHMS Triton
NamesakeTriton
Ordered7 April 1796[1]
Cost£20,722[1]
Laid downApril 1796[1]
Launched5 September 1796[1][2]
Completed31 October 1796[1]
CommissionedSeptember 1796[1]
FateSold, 3 November 1814 OR broken up, 1820[1][2]
General characteristics [1]
Class and typeTriton-class fifth-rate frigate
Tons burthen855 80⁄94 (bm)
Length
  • 142 ft (43.3 m) (gundeck)
  • 123 ft 0+1⁄8 in (37.5 m) (keel)
Beam36 ft 2 in (11.0 m)
PropulsionSails
Complement220
Armament
  • Gundeck: 26 × 12-pounder guns
  • QD: 4 × 6-pounder guns + 6 × 24-pounder carronades
  • Fc: 2 × 6-pounder guns + 2 × 24-pounder carronades

HMS Triton was a 32-gun fifth rate frigate of the Royal Navy designed by James Gambier and launched in 1796 at Deptford. Triton was an experimental ship and the only one built to that design; she was constructed out of fir due to wartime supply shortages of more traditional materials and had some unusual features such as no tumblehome. Her namesake was the Greek god Triton, a god of the sea. She was commissioned in June 1796 under Captain John Gore, with whom she would spend the majority of her active service, to serve in the Channel in the squadron of Sir John Warren.

Triton was a successful ship, serving throughout the majority of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars in several capacities. She took a large number of warships and traders as prizes in the Channel and Mediterranean Sea during her service as a blockade ship and cruiser. Triton also played a prominent role in several small-scale battles, including the Action of 16 October 1799 where she assisted in the capture of two powerful Spanish frigates and earned her captain one of the largest sums of prize money of the war. Her unique design was ultimately flawed, limiting her sailing abilities, and Triton only served at sea for seven years before being converted into a hulk in 1803. She served as a receiving ship and guard ship before being either sold at Plymouth in 1814 or broken up in Newfoundland in 1820.

Construction

The 1796 lines of Triton, demonstrating her steep walls and flat deck.

Triton was a 32-gun, 12-pounder frigate. She was a 'one-off' ship, built to the designs of the First Naval Lord James Gambier.[Note 1][1] She was unusually constructed of fir instead of oak due to financial and operational necessity.[Note 2][3][4] As per her nature as a 'one-off' experimental ship, she had a number of unique features, being described as 'the most singular frigate design of the period'.[5] She was wall-sided instead of incorporating a tumblehome, had almost no sheer, and had a sharply overhanging bow.[1] These uniquely squared off elements of the ship most likely came about because of the difficulties the Royal Navy had in obtaining naturally curved pieces of wood at this time.[6] Triton was ordered on 7 April 1796 and completed with the following dimensions: 142 feet (43.3 m) along the gun deck, 123 feet 0+1⁄8 inch (37.5 m) at the keel, with a beam of 36 feet 2 inches (11.0 m) and a depth in the hold of 11 feet 10+1⁄2 inches (3.6 m). She measured 85580⁄94 tons burthen.[1][2]

Triton was launched on 5 September 1796 and fitted out between 6 September and 31 October at Deptford.[1] She had originally been intended to hold 18-pound guns rather than the 12-pounders she actually had; this was changed because of fears that the power of the larger guns would have been too much for the ship to withstand when firing.[Note 3][1] This structural weakness resulted in later proposals to downgrade Triton further to 9-pounders on her gun-deck.[1] The experimental vertical sides and the very limited sheer of Triton meant she would have been more unstable at sea than contemporary frigates with rounded features.[Note 4] Her steering issues would have been exacerbated by her being designed to float on an even keel, rather than with more weight to the stern as was traditional.[4] In March 1797 Triton was slightly adapted; her fore mast was moved forward by 4 feet 6 inches (1.4 m) and her rudder was narrowed, presumably to improve her sailing qualities, but her short length of service suggests that she still did not live up to expectations.[9][10]

Service

Captain John Gore in the uniform of a post-captain of 3 years seniority

Triton was commissioned in September 1796 by Captain John Gore, who would command her almost unbrokenly until 1801.[11] Gore had recently returned from French captivity after he had been forced to surrender his command of the recently captured Le Censeur in 1795.[12] From soon after her commissioning until March 1797, the brother of Jane Austen and future Admiral of the Fleet Francis Austen served on Triton as a lieutenant.[13]

Sir John Warren's squadron

Triton began active service in early 1797 by joining the blockading squadron of Sir John Warren in the English Channel.[1] On 10 February she captured the French 14-gun privateer cutter Recovery, which was recently out of Le Havre and with a crew of forty-six had already taken a British smuggler and the American trader Atlantic which was retaken the same day.[14][15] On 11 February she took the 10-gun privateer brig Jeune Emilie, which was forty days out of Saint-Malo and had taken the sloop Friendship as well as the 10-gun letter of marque Battalion.[14][16] Continuing her string of successes, Triton took the 18-gun privateer La Difficile only a day after this.[Note 5][17][18]

Resistance and Constance

On 9 March 1797 the British frigates HMS St Fiorenzo and HMS Nymphe spotted two French ships while returning from a reconnoitre of Brest.[19] These ships were the 40-gun frigate Résistance and 22-gun corvette Constance.[20] The two ships were attempting to return to France after participating in the landing of French troops at Fishguard on 22 February.[19] St Fiorenzo and Nymphe quickly engaged the French ships, despite the French Brest fleet being just over the horizon, first attacking the Résistance who soon surrendered, followed around ten minutes later by Constance.[20] At the close of the action, which would see Résistance purchased into the navy as Fishguard, Triton hove into sight alongside HMS Robust; it has been suggested that the arrival of Triton and Robust facilitated the quick capture of the two French ships, however they did not play any part in the action itself.[Note 6][20] Triton was more successful in reaching action after this, capturing the trader La Zoes on 12 June while sailing with a number of Warren's ships, and Boston on 25 July, now with a different part of the squadron.[Note 7][21][23][22][24]

Convoy attacks

On 11 August Triton was sailing under Warren, with HMS Pomone, HMS Jason and HMS Sylph, off the coast of La Vendée.[25] There, the squadron encountered a French convoy of brigs and chasse-marées protected by the 20-gun corvette Réolaise and a number of gun-boats.[26] Upon seeing the threat, the convoy ran towards the Les Sables-d'Olonne river.[25] The mouth of the river was protected by a fort which the convoy hoped would deter the squadron; however, Commander John Chambers White of Sylph volunteered to go in and attack the anchored ships, and was followed by Pomone and Jason half an hour later.[25] The bombardment from the three ships sank the gun-boat guarding the river and heavily damaged Réolaise; Triton meanwhile had been chasing other ships of the convoy away.[Note 8][25][26] The attack on the convoy heavily disrupted the supplying of the naval base at Brest.[28] The next day, the four ships took the trader Admiralitat.[29]

Triton continued as part of the same squadron, and on 27 August discovered another French convoy around the mouth of the river Gironde.[25] The squadron chased the convoy overnight; Triton and Jason were the fastest of the British and were able to capture five of the ships, which were likely Trois Soeurs, Egalité, St. Peter, St. Ann, and Dauphin.[30][31] The convoy was carrying ship timbers, rosin, and tar, intended to help fit out new French privateers.[32]

Blockade and Channel work

After these convoy actions Triton continued to patrol the Channel as a part of Warren's squadron, which for a brief period of time from March 1798 was commanded by Commodore John Willett Payne.[33] On 14 October 1797 while in company with HMS Childers, she took the 4-gun privateer Le Furet near Île de Batz which was twenty-three days out of Tréguier and had fifty-three men on board.[Note 9][35][36] Near the end of the year she also took the privateer La Helene in the Channel.[1][37]

Action of 30 June 1798

Main article: Action of 30 June 1798

On 24 April 1798 the French 40-gun frigate Seine sailed from Port Louis, the capital of Mauritius, with 280 garrison troops onboard after being recalled from the Indian Ocean.[38] At 7 a.m. on 29 June, Seine was sighted by Jason, HMS Pique, and HMS Mermaid off Brittany.[38] At around 1:35 a.m. a long chase by the three frigates was concluded when Jason, Pique, and Seine all grounded on rocks off La Tranche-sur-Mer; dismasted, Seine surrendered as Mermaid approached.[38] At this time Triton was serving in a small blockading squadron commanded by Captain Robert Stopford and consisting of Stopford's HMS Phaeton alongside St Fiorenzo and Triton; all part of Warren's larger squadron.[39][38][40] The squadron was called in by signal gun by Jason, as a force of French ships including two large frigates and a brig were leaving Rochelle with the intent of attacking the captors of Seine.[38][41] The arrival of Stopford's squadron saved them from French attack, with William James arguing that without the intervention of Triton and the squadron, the situation 'would have been extremely critical'.[38]

On 28 September Triton took the 5-gun schooner L'Arraigne as she attempted a passage from Bermeo to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.[42] Towards the end of 1798, Captain Gore was indisposed and temporarily replaced with Edward Griffith.[1] Throughout this period Triton continued to serve alongside St Fiorenzo; on 11 and 12 December the ships captured the Spanish 4-gun privateer St. Joseph, the brand new French 14-gun brig La Rosée, and recaptured the trader George which had been captured while sailing to Lisbon with coal, copper, and bottles.[39][43] On 31 December Triton had parted company with St Fiorenzo, and captured the 14-gun privateer brig L'Impromptu which had recently left Corunna.[44][45]

Action of 18 June 1799

Main article: Action of 18 June 1799

From late January 1799, Gore returned to command Triton as part of the squadron of Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Thompson.[46] On 29 January Gore forced a 16-gun cutter under the guns of the garrison of Guernsey, which then surrendered to the soldiers there.[47] She took the 18-gun L'Aimable Victoire the next day after a chase of eight and a half hours.[46][47] Victoire had sailed from Cherbourg on 28 January and had eighty-six men on board.[1][45][48] By 13 March Triton was sailing with HMS Cambrian, HMS Naiad, and St Fiorenzo, together taking the merchant brig Victoire.[49]

In June Triton was a part of a fleet of twenty-nine ships in the Mediterranean under the orders of Vice-Admiral Lord Keith.[50] On 18 June the fleet encountered a squadron of French frigates under the command of Rear-Admiral Jean-Baptiste Perrée attempting to return to Toulon from Syria. A chase ensued and the frigates Courageuse, Alceste, and Junon, along with the brigs Salamine and Alerte were captured.[50] It was deemed that Triton was one of the nine 'actual captors' of the French ships.[Note 10][51]

Action of 16 October 1799

Main article: Action of 16 October 1799
Ethalion engages Thetis during the Action of 16 October 1799.

By September Triton was again serving in the Channel. On 13 September she took the 6-gun lugger Le St Jacques after she was sighted while leaving L'Orient, St Jacques was carrying 662 13-inch shells to Rochefort.[45][52][53][54]

On 15 October at 8 p.m. the Spanish 34-gun frigates Thetis and Santa Brigada were sighted by Naiad around Cape Finisterre.[55][56] The two were travelling from the area of Vera-Cruz in New Spain with cargoes of treasure bound for any accessible Spanish port.[57][55][58] Naiad began a chase of the Spaniards, and by the morning of 16 October had been joined by HMS Ethalion, HMS Alcmene and Triton.[57][56][59] At 7 a.m. Thetis and Santa Brigada split up to make their capture more difficult; the senior British officer Captain William Pierrepoint of Naiad ordered the leading ship, Ethalion, to ignore the closer Santa Brigada and instead chase Thetis.[55][57] By 11:30 a.m. Ethalion was so close to Thetis that she was forced to engage and after a running fight of one hour, in which no Britons and only one Frenchman were killed, Thetis surrendered to Ethalion.[57][58][56]

While Ethalion chased Thetis, Santa Brigada took a more southerly route of escape and by 17 October had managed to round Cape Finisterre.[55][59][Note 11] In order to do so she had run incredibly close to the rocks of the coast. Triton was the closest of the three British ships in pursuit, and took a similar course to Santa Brigada, however at 5 a.m. she grounded while going at a rate of seven knots, causing damage to her hull.[55][58] By 7 a.m. Gore had managed to get Triton off of the rocks, and she began to fire at Santa Brigada.[57] Alcmene in the meanwhile had sailed to cut Santa Brigada off from the coast, and the two British frigates began to attack her from either side.[56] Santa Brigada attempted to escape, throwing her boats and anchors overboard to save weight and making elaborate manoeuvres among the rocks of Commarurto, but by 8 a.m. Naiad had engaged as well, and Santa Brigada surrendered off the entrance to Muros.[60][55][57][59] Similarly to Ethalion's fight, the casualties involved were very limited. Triton was severely damaged, with much water coming in, from her grounding and would later have to be docked to be repaired, however she only had one wounded man during the action.[58][61] Naiad did not close enough to receive casualties, while Alcmene had one seaman killed and nine wounded, and Santa Brigada two killed and eight wounded.[62]

On 21 October Thetis arrived at Plymouth, with Santa Brigada following one day later.[56] While the ships were not bought into the Royal Navy, their true value was in their cargo. The treasure on board the two frigates exceeded £600,000 and included around 877 boxes of Spanish dollars, two bales of indigo, twenty-six of cochineal, twenty-three of cocoa, and sixteen of sugar.[57][62] Sixty-three wagons were required to hold the large amount of treasure when it was transported to London.[62] When proportioned for the crews this meant that Captain Gore alone received £40,730, which was an incredible amount.[55][45][Note 12] Around the same time, Triton recaptured the American ship Abigail while in company with the same three frigates.[60]

Incident off Brittany

Triton continued to play an active role in the Channel after the action. On 11 February 1800 she took the 14-gun brig La Vidette, which had previously been the British privateer Thought, as she travelled from Brest to L'Orient.[1][45][63][64]

Around 12 March, Triton was chasing a cutter off the coast of Brittany when one of her 12-pounder guns burst upon firing.[45][63] The explosion created a number of large splinters which killed the ship's second lieutenant, Lieutenant Alford, and a gunner's mate.[58] Alford had been dining with Captain Gore, and was opening the door to leave the captain's cabin when the explosion blew his head off.[45] Eighteen other members of Triton's crew were wounded in the accident, and a large section of the deck was ripped up as well as the captain's cabin being damaged.[58] The wounded were taken to the Royal Naval Hospital; Alford and the gunner's mate were buried there on 13 March.[45]

By 15 March Triton was cruising with HMS Fowey and the cutter Joseph. Fowey was damaged in a gale and left the station off Brittany, leaving Triton and Joseph to attempt to burn the remains of HMS Repulse which had been lost on rocks off the coast on 10 March.[65][66] The ships failed in doing so, as the French brought a battery of guns to bear on the ships from above the wreck of Repulse.[66] On 15 April the trader San Sebastian arrived at Plymouth having been taken by Triton and HMS Stag while attempting a voyage from Santander.[45]

Later service

In the spring of 1801 Captain Gore was appointed to HMS Medusa and was replaced in Triton by Captain Robert Lewis Fitzgerald.[58][1] She continued to serve in the Channel, taking the French letter of marque Le Jeune Theodore on 15 September 1801.[45][67] Triton was not deemed a success on this commission and was paid off in April 1802.[1]

From July 1803 to 1809 Triton was commanded by Commander William Cashman; she was fitted as a receiving ship at Woolwich in September 1803.[1] By this time the ship's armament had been decreased to twelve nine-pounders and ten twenty four-pound carronades only.[68] In 1807 Triton was the guard ship at Waterford; on 2 September she successfully detained the ships Norway Lion and Karen Helena.[1][69] Her final service was as receiving ship at Plymouth from August 1810.[45][1]

Fate

Triton was either sold at Plymouth for £1,870 on 3 November 1814 or hulked in 1817 and broken up in Newfoundland in 1820.[1][2]

Notes and citations

Notes

  1. ^ Gambier served at the Admiralty for 6 years, with one of his main personal contributions being in the field of ship design. The painting of Triton by Nicholas Pocock was completed for Gambier to immortalise his creation.
  2. ^ Triton was part of the first of three phases of fir-built ships during the French Wars, with her phase of seven ships being the longest serving of the three, however she herself was the shortest lived.[3]
  3. ^ This was a common fear in ships made from alternative woods. In a similar fashion, the Maidstone-class frigates of 1795-6 were constructed with pitch pine and also downgraded from 18-pounders to 12-pounders.[7]
  4. ^ When compared to frigates such as HMS Unicorn, which had the same number of guns and was built only 2 years earlier but was able to carry 18-pounders and larger carronades, the structural and firepower-related weaknesses of Triton are clear.[8]
  5. ^ For Difficile and Jeune Emilie, Triton was in company with HMS Phoenix and HMS Scourge; when taking Recovery the ships were joined by HMS Unite and HMS Stag.[17]
  6. ^ William James describes Triton here as a 28-gun frigate rather than her usual 32-gun configuration.[19]
  7. ^ The former group of ships were HMS Impétueux, HMS Mars, HMS Marlborough, and HMS Phaeton.[21] The latter group were HMS Pomone, HMS Anson, HMS Artois, HMS Sylph, and the cutter Dolly.[22]
  8. ^ While Warren claimed in his report that Réolaise was 'so damaged as to be unfit for Service', by August 1799 she was operational again.[27]
  9. ^ Le Furet was larger than the description suggests, being pierced for fourteen guns but only carrying four.[34]
  10. ^ The other ships involved in the captures were HMS Centaur, HMS Bellona, HMS Defiance, HMS Captain, HMS Emerald, HMS Success, HMS Peterel, and HMS Santa Teresa.[51]
  11. ^ James notes that there are some discrepancies over the dating of events relating to the actions, but those stated are the consensus.[57]
  12. ^ Exact prize money figures were: Captains £40,730 18s, Lieutenants £5,091 7s 3d, Warrant officers £2,468 10s 9d, Midshipmen 'etc' £791 17s, Seamen and Marines £182 4s 9d.[56]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Winfield, British Warships, p. 478
  2. ^ a b c d Colledge and Warlow, Ships of the Royal Navy, p. 416.
  3. ^ a b Wareham, Frigate Captains, p. 15
  4. ^ a b Gardiner, First Frigates, p. 54
  5. ^ Gardiner, First Frigates, p. 53
  6. ^ Gardiner, First Frigates, p. 115
  7. ^ Winfield, British Warships, p. 477
  8. ^ Winfield, British Warships, p. 343.
  9. ^ Gardiner, First Frigates, p. 79
  10. ^ Gardiner, First Frigates, p. 101
  11. ^ Wareham, Frigate Captains, p. 282
  12. ^ Marshall, Royal Naval Biography, Vol. 2 Part 1, p. 610
  13. ^ Poplawski, Jane Austen Encyclopaedia, p. 62
  14. ^ a b "No. 13980". The London Gazette. 14 February 1797. p. 157.
  15. ^ "No. 15212". The London Gazette. 10 December 1799. p. 1284.
  16. ^ Schomberg, Naval Chronology, p. 122
  17. ^ a b "No. 14091". The London Gazette. 13 February 1798. p. 144.
  18. ^ Duncan, British Trident, p. 111
  19. ^ a b c James, Naval History, Vol. 2, p. 91
  20. ^ a b c Clowes, The Royal Navy, Vol. 4, pp. 506-7
  21. ^ a b "No. 14058". The London Gazette. 21 October 1797. p. 1012.
  22. ^ a b "No. 16246". The London Gazette. 11 April 1809. p. 507.
  23. ^ "No. 14057". The London Gazette. 17 October 1797. p. 999.
  24. ^ "No. 16243". The London Gazette. 4 April 1809. p. 458.
  25. ^ a b c d e James, Naval History, Vol. 2, p. 96
  26. ^ a b Clowes, The Royal Navy, Vol. 4, p. 508
  27. ^ Roche, Dictionnaire des bâtiments, Vol. 1, p. 337
  28. ^ "No. 14045". The London Gazette. 12 September 1797. p. 879.
  29. ^ "No. 15349". The London Gazette. 28 March 1801. p. 351.
  30. ^ "No. 15024". The London Gazette. 2 June 1798. p. 486.
  31. ^ "No. 15018". The London Gazette. 22 May 1798. p. 436.
  32. ^ "No. 14045". The London Gazette. 12 September 1797. p. 880.
  33. ^ Clarke, Naval Chronicle, p. 36
  34. ^ Schomberg, Naval Chronology, p. 133
  35. ^ "No. 14063". The London Gazette. 7 November 1797. p. 1067.
  36. ^ "No. 14060". The London Gazette. 28 October 1797. p. 1033.
  37. ^ Schomberg, Naval Chronology, p. 136
  38. ^ a b c d e f James, Naval History, Vol. 2, pp. 247-9
  39. ^ a b "No. 15093". The London Gazette. 29 December 1798. p. 1249.
  40. ^ Marshall, Royal Naval Biography, Vol. 1 Part 1, p. 355
  41. ^ Duncan, British Trident, p. 130
  42. ^ Schomberg, Naval Chronology, p. 146
  43. ^ Schomberg, Naval Chronology, p. 149
  44. ^ "No. 15097". The London Gazette. 29 January 1799. p. 36.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Michael Phillips.Triton (32) (1796). Michael Phillips' Ships of the Old Navy. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  46. ^ a b "No. 15229". The London Gazette. 8 February 1800. p. 130.
  47. ^ a b Schomberg, Naval Chronology, p. 150
  48. ^ "No. 15221". The London Gazette. 11 January 1800. p. 38.
  49. ^ "No. 15338". The London Gazette. 17 May 1801. p. 208.
  50. ^ a b "No. 15264". The London Gazette. 3 June 1800. p. 607.
  51. ^ a b "No. 15891". The London Gazette. 18 February 1806. p. 224.
  52. ^ "No. 15188". The London Gazette. 28 September 1799. p. 996.
  53. ^ "No. 15250". The London Gazette. 22 April 1800. p. 392.
  54. ^ Schomberg, Naval Chronology, p. 84
  55. ^ a b c d e f g "No. 15197". The London Gazette. 22 October 1799. p. 1094.
  56. ^ a b c d e f Clowes, The Royal Navy, Vol. 4, pp. 525-6
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h James, Naval History, Vol. 2, pp. 402-3
  58. ^ a b c d e f g Marshall, Royal Naval Biography, Vol. 1 Part 2, p. 611
  59. ^ a b c Henderson, The Frigates, p. 120
  60. ^ a b "No. 15220". The London Gazette. 7 January 1800. p. 30.
  61. ^ Duncan, British Trident, p. 196
  62. ^ a b c Henderson, The Frigates, p. 121
  63. ^ a b "No. 15233". The London Gazette. 22 February 1800. p. 187.
  64. ^ Schomberg, Naval Chronology, p. 85
  65. ^ Michael Phillips. Repulse (64) (1780). Michael Phillips' Ships of the Old Navy. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  66. ^ a b Naval Chronicle, Vol. 3 January–July 1800, p. 326
  67. ^ "No. 15531". The London Gazette. 9 November 1802. p. 1181.
  68. ^ Gardiner, First Frigates, p. 55
  69. ^ "No. 16497". The London Gazette. 18 June 1811. p. 1131.

References

  • Clarke, James Stanier and John McArthur (1800) The Naval Chronicle: Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511731556
  • Clowes, William Laird (1899) The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to 1900 Volume Four. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company. ISBN 1861760132
  • Colledge, J.J. and Ben Warlow (2010) Ships of the Royal Navy. Newbury: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-935149-07-1
  • Duncan, Archibald (1805) The British Trident; or, Register of Naval Actions; including Authentic Accounts of all the most Remarkable Engagements at Sea, in which The British Flag has been Eminently Distinguished; from the period of the memorable Defeat of the Spanish Armada, to the Present Time. Volume IV. London: James Cundee.
  • Gardiner, Robert (1992) The First Frigates: Nine-pounder & Twelve-pounder Frigates 1748-1815 London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0 85177 601 9
  • Henderson, James (1970) The Frigates. London: A & C Black. ISBN 1-85326-693-0
  • James, William (1859) The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02166-1
  • Marshall, John (1823) Royal Naval Biography: or, Memoirs of the Services of all the Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired-Captains, Post-Captains, and Commanders Volume 1 - Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-77733-2
  • Marshall, John (1823) Royal Naval Biography: or, Memoirs of the Services of all the Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired-Captains, Post-Captains, and Commanders Volume 1 - Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02265-1
  • Poplawski, Paul (1998). A Jane Austen Encyclopedia. Westport: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0313300172.
  • Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours, Volume 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.
  • Schomberg, Isaac (1802). Naval Chronology, Or an Historical Summary of Naval and Maritime Events from the Time of the Romans, to the Treaty of Peace 1802: With an Appendix, Volume 5. London: T. Egerton.
  • Wareham, Thomas Nigel Ralph (1999) The Frigate Captains of the Royal Navy, 1793-1815. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Exeter. ISNI 0000 0001 3563 3797
  • Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. London: Seaforth. ISBN 1-86176-246-1.
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