View source for Pharaoh Hound

{{Short description|Maltese breed of hunting dog}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox dog breed
| name           = Pharaoh Hound
| image          = Pies faraona e34.jpg
| image_alt      = 
| image_caption  = 
| image2         = 
| image_alt2     = 
| image_caption2 = 
| altname        = {{lang-mt|Kelb tal-Fenek|italic=no}}
| stock          = 
| country        = Malta
| weight         = 
| maleweight     = 
| femaleweight   = 
| height         = 
| maleheight     = {{right|56–64 cm{{r|fci2}}}}
| femaleheight   = {{right|53–61 cm{{r|fci2}}}}
| coat           = 
| colour         = 
| litter_size    = 
| life_span      = 
| kc_name        = 
| kc_std         = 
| kc2_name       = 
| kc2_std        = 
| fcistd         = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/248g05-en.pdf
| notrecognised  = 
| extinct        = 
| note           = 
}}

The '''Pharaoh Hound''' or {{lang|mt|italic=no|'''Kelb tal-Fenek'''}} is a [[Malta|Maltese]] [[dog breed|breed]] of [[hunting dog]]. It is traditionally used for [[rabbit-hunting]] in the rocky terrain of the islands; the Maltese name means "rabbit dog". 

It is classified by the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] in its "Spitz and primitive" group, and shows similarities to other Mediterranean breeds in that group such as the [[Cirneco dell'Etna]], the [[Andalusian Hound|Podenco Andaluz]], the [[Podenco Canario]], the [[Ibizan Hound|Podenco Ibicenco]] and the [[Portuguese Podengo]]. It is the only Maltese dog breed with international recognition.{{efn|name= a}}

== History ==
[[Image:Klieb tal-Fenek hunting.jpg|thumb|Hunting in a rubble stone wall in Malta. The dogs are indicating; enabling the hunter to put a [[ferret]] there]]

The Kelb tal-Fenek is a traditional breed of rural Malta. As the English-language [[exonym]] suggests, it is sometimes claimed that the Pharaoh Hound descends from the dogs shown in the tomb paintings of [[Ancient Egypt]].{{r|kim|page=25}} Modern [[DNA]] studies suggest that the breed is not of ancient origin, but a moderately recent development from various other breeds.{{r|kim|page=23|heidi|page2=1160}} It apparently became genetically distinct from the Sicilian Cirneco dell'Etna no more than two hundred years ago.{{r|eae}}

In 1647 [[Giovanni Francesco Abela]], in his ''Della Descrittione di Malta isola nel Mare Siciliano: con le sue antichità, ed altre notizie'', wrote "... we have the dogs called Cernechi, much valued for rabbit-hunting, which are often in demand as far away as France, mainly for [use in] steep and stony mountain terrain".{{r|abela}} Some have taken this to refer to the Kelb tal-Fenek.{{r|camilleri}} The modern Cirneco is a [[Sicily|Sicilian]] breed of similar structure and appearance to the Kelb tal-Fenek, but somewhat smaller.

The first litter to be born outside Malta was in the United Kingdom in 1963.{{r|tom}} The breed was accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale as the "Pharaoh Hound" in the same year, under the patronage of the UK.{{r|fci}} A breed standard was approved by the British [[The Kennel Club|Kennel Club]] in 1974.{{r|tom}}

==Appearance==
The Kelb tal-Fenek is slender and graceful. The head is long and finely chiselled, with a slight stop. The coat is glossy and short.{{r|fci2}} It may be chestnut or tan; white patches on the back, sides, shoulder or back of the neck are a disqualifying characteristic, but the tip of the tail may be white. The eyes are [[amber (colour)|amber-coloured]].{{r|fci2}} The dogs have an unusual trait of "blushing" when excited or happy, with their ears and noses becoming bright pink.{{r|coile}}

It has little genetic pre-disposition to disease, and may be expected to live for some 11 to 14 years.{{r|coile}}

== Use ==
[[Image:KtF1.jpg|thumb|Pharaoh Hound]]
The Kelb tal-Fenek is usually taken out to hunt at night when there are fewer distractions. Generally, the hunters take their dogs into the countryside and release pairs of a male and a female dog in each compass direction. The dogs then search out their prey using scent. When a rabbit is found the hounds give chase, the small and more agile female in the lead with the male keeping the rabbit from darting too far to the sides.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} At this point the dogs giving chase emit a high pitched bark, attracting the other dogs and the hunters, all of whom come running. By the time the hunters and other dogs arrive the rabbit has almost always gone to ground. The hunters then gather and leash all but one dog, then place nets over all of the likely escape holes of the rabbit.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Finally the hunter takes a ferret (with a small bell attached) from a round wicker basket, and places it into the last entrance to the rabbit's burrow. The Kelb tal-Fenek can hear the little bell up to 3 metres down under the rocky terrain. When the ferret flushes the rabbit out a hole, one free dog swoops down upon it.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} The use of ferrets is mentioned by Strabo about rabbit-hunting in the Balearic Islands under Roman rule.{{r|owen|page=489|camilleri}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist | refs=
{{efn|name = a |The [[Maltese dog|Maltese]] toy dog breed has no verified connection with the Maltese islands.}}
}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=abela>Giovanni Francesco Abela (1647). [https://books.google.com/books?id=O16hNFXY25MC&pg=PA129 ''Della Descrittione di Malta isola nel Mare Siciliano: con le sue antichità, ed altre notizie'']. Malta: Paolo Bonacota, pages 129–130. "... habbiamo i cani chiamati Cernechi[,] molto stimati per la caccia al coniglio, che in fin dalla Francia sono richiesti ben spesso con molta istanza massimamente per i luoghi sassosi alpestri, e scoscesi"</ref>

<ref name=camilleri>Cecil S. Camilleri (1995). "A Study of the Maltese Kelb tal-Fenek". Valletta, Malta: Progress Press.</ref>

<ref name=coile>Caroline Coile (2015). ''Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds'', third edition. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's Educational Series. {{isbn|9781438067926}}.</ref>

<ref name=eae>Andrea Talenti, Dayna L. Dreger, Stefano Frattini, Michele Polli, Stefano Marelli, Alexander C. Harris, Luigi Liotta, Raffaella Cocco, Andrew N. Hogan, Daniele Bigi, Romolo Caniglia, Heidi G. Parker, Giulio Pagnacco, Elaine A. Ostrander, Paola Crepaldi (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5838073 Studies of modern Italian dog populations reveal multiple patterns for domestic breed evolution]. ''Ecology and Evolution'' '''8''' (5): 2911–2925. {{doi|10.1002/ece3.3842}}.</ref>

<ref name=fci>[http://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/PHARAOH-HOUND-248.html Pharaoh Hound (248)]. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. 
Accessed March 2020.</ref>

<ref name=fci2>[http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/248g05-en.pdf FCI-Standard N° 248: Pharaoh Hound]. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed January 2021.</ref>

<ref name=heidi>Heidi G. Parker, Lisa V. Kim1, Nathan B. Sutter, Scott Carlson, Travis D. Lorentzen, Tiffany B. Malek, Gary S. Johnson, Hawkins B. DeFrance, Elaine A. Ostrander, Leonid Kruglyak (2004). [https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1097406 Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog]. ''Science'' '''304''' (5674): 1160-1164. {{doi|10.1126/science.1097406}}</ref>

<ref name=kim>Kim Dennis-Bryan, Tracy Morgan (2020). ''The Complete Dog Breed Book''. London: Dorling Kindersley. {{isbn|9780241412732}}.</ref>

<ref name=owen>Clifford Owen (1969). The domestication of the ferret. In: Peter John Ucko, Geoffrey William Dimbleby (editors) (1969). ''The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals'' (conference publication). Institute of Archaeology, University of London. {{isbn|9780715605974}}.</ref>

<ref name=tom>Jan Scotland (20 July 2004). [https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/the-national-dog-of-malta.117338 The national dog of Malta]. ''Times of Malta''. Accessed March 2020.</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons|Pharaoh Hound}}
*Perini, F., Cardinali, I., et al. (2023). ''Phylogeographic and population genetic structure of hound-like native dogs of the Mediterranean Basin.'' Research in Veterinary Science.

{{Primitive dogs}}
{{hounds}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:FCI breeds]]
[[Category:Sighthounds]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Malta]]
[[Category:Rare dog breeds]]