View source for Orders of magnitude (numbers)

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{{anchor|10−4|10−5|10−7|10−8|10−10|10−11}}
[[File:Logarithmic scale.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|The [[logarithmic scale]] can compactly represent the relationship among variously sized numbers.]]
This list contains selected positive [[number]]s in increasing order, including counts of things, [[dimensionless quantity|dimensionless quantities]] and [[probability|probabilities]]. Each number is given a name in the [[Long and short scales|short scale]], which is used in English-speaking countries, as well as a name in the [[long and short scales|long scale]], which is used in some of the countries that do not have English as their national language.
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==Smaller than {{10^|-100}} (one googolth)==

[[File:Chimpanzee seated at typewriter.jpg|thumb|Chimpanzee [[Infinite monkey theorem|probably not]] typing ''Hamlet'']]
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– random selections:'' Approximately {{10^|−183,800}} is a rough first estimate of the probability that a typing "[[monkey]]", or an English-illiterate typing robot, when [[Infinite monkey theorem|placed in front of a typewriter]], will type out William Shakespeare's play ''[[Hamlet]]'' as its first set of inputs, on the precondition it typed the needed number of characters.<ref>{{cite book | author=[[Charles Kittel]] and [[Herbert Kroemer]] | title=Thermal Physics (2nd ed.) | publisher=W. H. Freeman Company | year=1980 | isbn=978-0-7167-1088-2 |pages=53}}</ref>  However, demanding correct [[punctuation]], [[capitalization]], and spacing, the probability falls to around 10<sup>−360,783</sup>.<ref>There are around 130,000 letters and 199,749 total characters in [[Hamlet]]; 26 letters ×2 for capitalization, 12 for punctuation characters = 64, 64<sup>199749</sup> ≈&nbsp;10<sup>360,783</sup>.</ref>
* ''Computing:'' 2.2{{e|−78913}} is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by an [[Octuple-precision floating-point format|octuple-precision]] IEEE floating-point value.
**1{{e|−6176}} is equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a [[Decimal128 floating-point format|quadruple-precision IEEE decimal]] floating-point value.
**6.5{{e|−4966}} is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a [[Quadruple-precision floating-point format|quadruple-precision]] IEEE floating-point value.
**3.6{{e|−4951}} is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by an [[Extended precision|80-bit x86 double-extended]] IEEE floating-point value.
**1{{e|−398}} is equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a [[Decimal64 floating-point format|double-precision IEEE decimal]] floating-point value.
**4.9{{e|−324}} is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a [[Double-precision floating-point format|double-precision]] [[IEEE floating-point]] value.
**1.5{{e|-157}} is approximately equal to the probability that in a randomly selected group of 365 people, all of them will [[Birthday problem|have different birthdays]].<ref>Calculated: 365! / 365<sup>365</sup> ≈ 1.455{{e|-157}}</ref>
**1{{e|−101}} is equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a [[Decimal32 floating-point format|single-precision IEEE decimal]] floating-point value.

==10<sup>−100</sup> to 10<sup>−30</sup>==
[[File:Card shuffle.jpg|thumb|1/[[Factorial|52!]] chance of a specific [[Shuffling|shuffle]]]]
* ''Mathematics:'' The chances of [[shuffling]] a [[standard 52-card deck]] in any specific order is around 1.24{{e|−68}} (or exactly {{frac|1|[[Factorial|52!]]}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/what-are-the-odds-of-shuffling-a-deck-of-cards-into-the-right-order/|author=Robert Matthews|title=What are the odds of shuffling a deck of cards into the right order?|publisher=Science Focus|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref>
* ''Computing:'' The number 1.4{{e|−45}} is approximately equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a [[Single-precision floating-point format|single-precision]] IEEE floating-point value.

==10<sup>−30</sup>==
({{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}}; 1000<sup>−10</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one nonillionth; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one quintillionth)

ISO: [[quecto-]] (q)

* ''Mathematics:'' The probability in a game of [[Contract bridge|bridge]] of all four players getting a complete [[Suit (cards)|suit]] each is approximately {{val|4.47|e=-28}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bridgehands.com/P/Probabilities_Miscellaneous.htm|title=Probabilities Miscellaneous: Bridge Odds|first=Sales|last=www.BridgeHands.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003015650/http://bridgehands.com/P/Probabilities_Miscellaneous.htm|archive-date=2009-10-03}}</ref>

==10<sup>−27</sup>==
({{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}}; 1000<sup>−9</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one octillionth; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one quadrilliardth)

ISO: [[ronto-]] (r)

==10<sup>−24</sup>==
({{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}}; 1000<sup>−8</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one septillionth; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one quadrillionth)

ISO: [[yocto-]] (y)

==10<sup>−21</sup>==
({{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}}; 1000<sup>−7</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one sextillionth; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one trilliardth)

ISO: [[zepto-]] (z)
* ''Mathematics:'' The probability of matching 20 numbers for 20 in a game of [[keno]] is approximately 2.83 × 10<sup>−19</sup>.
* ''Mathematics:'' The odds of a [[March Madness pools#Pursuit of the perfect bracket|perfect bracket]] in the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament]] are 1 in 2<sup>63</sup>, approximately 1.08 × 10<sup>−19</sup>, if coin flips are used to predict the winners of the 63 matches.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilco |first1=Daniel |title=The absurd odds of a perfect NCAA bracket |url=https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/bracketiq/2023-03-16/perfect-ncaa-bracket-absurd-odds-march-madness-dream |website=NCAA.com |date=16 March 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref>

==10<sup>−18</sup>==
[[File:Snake eyes dice.jpg|thumb|[[Craps#Names of rolls|Snake eyes]]]]
({{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}}; 1000<sup>−6</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one quintillionth; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one trillionth)

ISO: [[atto-]] (a)
* ''Mathematics:'' The probability of rolling [[Craps#Names of rolls|snake eyes]] 10 times in a row on a pair of fair dice is about {{val|2.74|e=-16}}.

==10<sup>−15</sup>==
({{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}}; 1000<sup>−5</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one quadrillionth; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one billiardth)

ISO: [[femto-]] (f)
* ''Mathematics'': The [[Ramanujan constant]], <math>e^{\pi\sqrt{163}} = 262\,537\,412\,640\,768\,743.999\,999\,999\,999\,25\ldots,</math> is an [[almost integer]], differing from the nearest integer by approximately {{val|7.5|e=-13}}.

==10<sup>−12</sup>==
({{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}}; 1000<sup>−4</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one trillionth; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one billionth)

ISO: [[pico-]] (p)
* ''Mathematics:'' The probability in a game of [[Contract bridge|bridge]] of one player getting a complete suit is approximately {{val|2.52|e=-11}} ({{gaps|0.000|000|002|52%}}).
* ''Biology:'' Human [[Luminosity function|visual sensitivity]] to [[infrared|1000&nbsp;nm]] light is approximately {{val|1.0|e=-10}} of its [[Spectral sensitivity|peak sensitivity]] at [[green|555&nbsp;nm]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Walraven | first1 = P. L. | last2 = Lebeek | first2 = H. J. | year = 1963 | title = Foveal Sensitivity of the Human Eye in the Near Infrared | journal = J. Opt. Soc. Am. | volume = 53 | issue = 6| pages = 765–766 | doi=10.1364/josa.53.000765| pmid = 13998626 | bibcode = 1963JOSA...53..765W }}</ref>

==10<sup>−9</sup>==
({{gaps|0.000|000|001}}; 1000<sup>−3</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one billionth; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one milliardth)

ISO: [[nano-]] (n)
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Lottery:'' The odds of winning the Grand Prize (matching all 6 numbers) in the US [[Powerball]] lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules {{As of|2015|10|lc=on}}, are 292,201,338 to 1 against, for a probability of {{val|3.422|e=-9}} ({{gaps|0.000|000|342|2%}}).
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Lottery:'' The odds of winning the Grand Prize (matching all 6 numbers) in the Australian [[Powerball (Australia)|Powerball]] lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules {{As of|2018|04|lc=on}}, are 134,490,400 to 1 against, for a probability of {{val|7.435|e=-9}} ({{gaps|0.000|000|743|5%}}).
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Lottery:'' The odds of winning the Jackpot (matching the 6 main numbers) in the UK [[National Lottery (United Kingdom)|National Lottery]], with a single ticket, under the rules {{As of|2009|08|lc=on}}, are 13,983,815 to 1 against, for a probability of {{val|7.151|e=-8}} ({{gaps|0.000|007|151%}}).

==10<sup>−6</sup>==
({{gaps|0.000|001}}; 1000<sup>−2</sup>; [[long and short scales]]: one millionth)

ISO: [[micro-]] (μ)
[[File:Poker Hands.png|thumb|[[Poker]] hands]]
{|class = "wikitable floatright"
|+ [[Poker hands]]
|-
! Hand !! Chance
|-
| 1. Royal flush || {{gaps|0.000|15%}}
|-
| 2. Straight flush || 0.0014%
|-
| 3. Four of a kind || 0.024%
|-
| 4. Full house || 0.14%
|-
| 5. Flush || 0.19%
|-
| 6. Straight || 0.59%
|-
| 7. Three of a kind || 2.1%
|-
| 8. Two pairs || 4.8%
|-
| 9. One pair || 42%
|-
| 10. No pair || 50%
|}
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– [[Poker]]:'' The odds of being dealt a [[Hand rankings#Straight flush|royal flush]] in poker are 649,739 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.5{{e|-6}} ({{gaps|0.000|15%}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/probability-of-being-dealt-a-royal-flush-3126173|author=Courtney Taylor|title=The Probability of Being Dealt a Royal Flush in Poker|publisher=ThoughtCo.|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref>
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Poker:'' The odds of being dealt a [[straight flush]] (other than a royal flush) in poker are 72,192 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.4{{e|-5}} (0.0014%).
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Poker:'' The odds of being dealt a [[List of poker hands#Four of a kind|four of a kind]] in poker are 4,164 to 1 against, for a probability of 2.4{{e|-4}} (0.024%).

==10<sup>−3</sup>==
(0.001; 1000<sup>−1</sup>; one '''thousandth''')

ISO: [[milli-]] (m)
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Poker:'' The odds of being dealt a [[full house (poker)|full house]] in poker are 693 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.4 × 10<sup>−3</sup> (0.14%).
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Poker:'' The odds of being dealt a [[flush (poker)|flush]] in poker are 507.8 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.9 × 10<sup>−3</sup> (0.19%).
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Poker:'' The odds of being dealt a [[straight (poker)|straight]] in poker are 253.8 to 1 against, for a probability of 4 × 10<sup>−3</sup> (0.39%).
* ''Physics:'' ''α'' = {{val|0.007297352570|(5)}}, the [[fine-structure constant]].

==10<sup>−2</sup>==
(0.01; one [[hundredth]])

ISO: [[centi-]] (c)
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Lottery:'' The odds of winning any prize in the [[National Lottery (United Kingdom)|UK National Lottery]], with a single ticket, under the rules as of 2003, are 54 to 1 against, for a probability of about 0.018 (1.8%).
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Poker:'' The odds of being dealt a [[List of poker hands#Three of a kind|three of a kind]] in poker are 46 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.021 (2.1%).
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Lottery:'' The odds of winning any prize in the [[Powerball]], with a single ticket, under the rules as of 2015, are 24.87 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.0402 (4.02%).
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Poker:'' The odds of being dealt [[two pair]] in poker are 21 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.048 (4.8%).

==10<sup>−1</sup>==
(0.1; one tenth)

ISO: [[deci-]] (d)
* ''Legal history'': 10% was widespread as the [[tax]] raised for income or produce in the ancient and medieval period; see [[tithe]].
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Poker:'' The odds of being dealt only [[one pair (poker)|one pair]] in poker are about 5 to 2 against (2.37 to 1), for a probability of 0.42 (42%).
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Poker:'' The odds of being dealt [[no pair]] in poker are nearly 1 to 2, for a probability of about 0.5 (50%).

==10<sup>0</sup>==
[[File:Planets2013.svg|thumb|Eight [[planets of the Solar System]]]]
(1; [[1|one]])
* ''Demography:'' The population of [[Monowi, Nebraska|Monowi]], an incorporated village in [[Nebraska]], [[United States]], was one in 2010.
* ''Religion:'' One is the number of gods in [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]] ([[monotheistic religion]]s).
* ''Computing&nbsp;– [[Unicode]]:'' One character is assigned to the [[Lisu Supplement]] [[Unicode block]], the fewest of any public-use Unicode block as of Unicode 15.0 (2022).
* ''Mathematics:'' [[Square root of 2|{{Radic|2}}]] ≈ {{gaps|1.414|213|562|373|095|049}}, the ratio of the [[diagonal]] of a [[square]] to its side length.
* ''Mathematics:'' φ ≈ {{gaps|1.618|033|988|749|894|848}}, the [[golden ratio]].
* ''Mathematics:'' [[Square root of 3|{{Radic|3}}]] ≈ {{gaps|1.732|050|807|568|877|293}}, the ratio of the [[diagonal]] of a [[unit cube]].
* ''Mathematics:'' the number system understood by most computers, the [[binary numeral system|binary]] system, uses 2 digits: 0 and 1.
*''Mathematics:'' [[Square root of 5|{{Radic|5}}]] ≈ 2.236 067 9775, the correspondent to the diagonal of a rectangle whose side lengths are 1 and 2.
*''Mathematics:'' {{Radic|2}} + 1 ≈ {{gaps|2.414|213|562|373|095|049}}, the [[silver ratio]]; the ratio of the smaller of the two quantities to the larger quantity is the same as the ratio of the larger quantity to the sum of the smaller quantity and twice the larger quantity.
* ''Mathematics:'' [[e (mathematical constant)|e]] ≈ {{gaps|2.718|281|828|459|045|087}}, the base of the [[natural logarithm]].
* ''Mathematics:'' the number system understood by [[ternary computer]]s, the [[ternary numeral system|ternary]] system, uses 3 digits: 0, 1, and 2.
* ''Religion:'' three manifestations of God in the Christian [[Trinity]].
* ''Mathematics:'' [[pi|π]] ≈ {{gaps|3.141|592|653|589|793|238}}, the ratio of a [[circle]]'s circumference to its diameter.
* ''Religion:'' the [[Four Noble Truths]] in Buddhism. 
* ''Biology:'' [[The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two|7 ± 2]], in [[cognitive science]], [[George Armitage Miller|George A. Miller]]'s estimate of the number of objects that can be simultaneously held in human [[working memory]].
* ''Music'': [[7 (number)|7]] notes in a [[major scale|major]] or [[minor scale]].
* ''Astronomy:'' [[8 (number)|8]] planets in the [[Solar System]].
* ''Religion:'' the [[Noble Eightfold Path]] in Buddhism.
* ''Literature:'' 9 circles of [[Hell]] in the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'' by [[Dante Alighieri]].

==10<sup>1</sup>==
[[File:Two hand, ten fingers.jpg|thumb|Ten [[Digit (anatomy)|digits]] on two human [[hand]]s]]
(10; [[10|ten]])

ISO: [[deca-]] (da)
* ''Demography:'' The population of [[Pesnopoy]], a village in [[Bulgaria]], was 10 in 2007.
* ''Human scale:'' There are 10 [[Digit (anatomy)|digit]]s on a pair of human [[hand]]s, and 10 [[toe]]s on a pair of human [[foot|feet]].
* ''Mathematics:'' The number system used in everyday life, the [[decimal]] system, has 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
* ''Religion:'' the [[Ten Commandments]] in the [[Abrahamic religions]].
* ''Music:'' The number of notes (12) in a [[chromatic scale]].
* ''Astrology:'' There are 12 [[Astrological sign|zodiac signs]], each one representing part of the annual path of the sun's movement across the night sky.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– [[Microsoft Windows]]:'' Twelve successive consumer versions of [[Windows NT]] have been released as of December 2021.
* ''Music:'' The number (15) of completed, numbered [[string quartet]]s by each of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] and [[Dmitri Shostakovich]].
* ''Linguistics:'' The [[Finnish language]] has fifteen [[noun]] cases. 
* ''Mathematics:'' The [[hexadecimal]] system, a common number system used in computer programming, uses 16 digits where the last 6 are usually represented by letters: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– Unicode:'' The minimum possible size of a [[Unicode block]] is 16 contiguous code points (i.e., U+''abcde''0 - U+''abcde''F).
* ''Computing&nbsp;– [[UTF-16]]/[[Unicode]]:'' There are 17 addressable [[Plane (Unicode)|plane]]s in UTF-16, and, thus, as Unicode is limited to the UTF-16 code space, 17 valid planes in Unicode.
* ''Science fiction:'' The [[23 enigma]] plays a prominent role in the plot of ''[[The Illuminatus! Trilogy]]'' by [[Robert Shea]] and [[Robert Anton Wilson]].
* ''Mathematics:'' [[Gelfond's constant|e{{sup|π}}]] ≈ 23.140692633
* ''Music:'' a combined total of 24 [[Music written in all major and/or minor keys|major and minor keys]], also the number of works in some musical cycles of [[Well-Tempered Clavier|J. S. Bach]], [[Preludes (Chopin)|Frédéric Chopin]], [[24 Preludes, Op. 11 (Scriabin)|Alexander Scriabin]], and [[24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)|Dmitri Shostakovich]]. 
* ''Alphabetic writing:'' There are 26 letters in the Latin-derived [[English alphabet]] (excluding letters found only in foreign loanwords).
* ''Science fiction:''  The number 42, in {{H2G2|book|1|link=yes}} by [[Douglas Adams]], is the [[Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything]] which is calculated by [[Deep Thought (The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy)|an enormous supercomputer]] over a period of 7.5 million years.
* ''Biology:'' Each human cell contains 46 [[chromosome]]s.
* ''Phonology:'' There are 47 [[phoneme]]s in [[English phonology]] in [[Received Pronunciation]].
* ''Syllabic writing:'' There are 49 letters in each of the two [[kana]] syllabaries ([[hiragana]] and [[katakana]]) used to represent [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (not counting letters representing sound patterns that have never occurred in Japanese).
* ''[[Chess]]:'' Either player in a chess game can claim a draw if 50 consecutive moves are made by each side without any captures or pawn moves.
* ''Demography:'' The population of [[Nassau (Cook Islands)|Nassau Island]], part of the [[Cook Islands]], was around 78 in 2016.
* ''Syllabic writing:'' There are 85 letters in the modern version of the [[Cherokee syllabary]].
* ''Music:'' There are 88 keys on a [[grand piano]].
* ''Computing&nbsp;– [[ASCII]]:'' There are 95 printable characters in the [[ASCII]] [[character set]].

==10<sup>2</sup>==
[[File:ASCII-Table-wide.svg|thumb|128 [[ASCII]] characters]]
(100; [[100|hundred]])

ISO: [[hecto-]] (h)
* ''European history:'' Groupings of 100 homesteads were a common administrative unit in Northern Europe and Great Britain (see [[Hundred (county division)]]).
* ''Music:'' There are 104 [[List of symphonies by Joseph Haydn|numbered symphonies]] of [[Franz Josef Haydn]].
* ''Religion:'' 108 is a sacred number in [[Hinduism]].
* ''Chemistry:'' 118 [[chemical element]]s have been discovered or synthesized as of 2016.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– ASCII:'' There are 128 characters in the [[ASCII]] character set, including nonprintable [[control character]]s.
* ''Videogames:'' There are 151 [[Pokémon]] in the [[List of generation I Pokémon|first generation]].
* ''Phonology:'' The [[Taa language]] is estimated to have between 130 and 164 distinct phonemes.
* ''Political science:'' There were 193 member states of the [[United Nations]] as of 2011.
* ''Computing:'' A [[GIF|GIF image]] (or an [[8-bit]] image) supports maximum 256 (=2<sup>8</sup>) colors.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– Unicode:'' There are 327 different [[Unicode block]]s as of Unicode 15.0 (2022).
* ''Aviation:'' 583 people died in the 1977 [[Tenerife airport disaster]], the deadliest accident in the history of civil aviation.
* ''Music:'' The largest number (626) in the [[Köchel catalogue]] of works of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]].
* ''Demography:'' [[Vatican City]], the least populous independent country, has an approximate population of 800 as of 2018.

==10<sup>3</sup>==
[[File:Legion Task ORG.png|thumb|[[Roman legion]] (precise size varies)]]
({{gaps|1|000}}; [[1000 (number)|thousand]])

ISO: [[kilo-]] (k)
* ''Demography:'' The population of [[Ascension Island]] is 1,122.
* ''Music:'' 1,128: number of known extant works by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] recognized in the [[Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis]] as of 2017.
* ''Typesetting:'' 2,000–3,000 [[Letter (alphabet)|letters]] on a typical typed [[Page (paper)|page]] of text.
* ''Mathematics:'' 2,520 (5×7×8×9 or 2<sup>3</sup>×3<sup>2</sup>×5×7) is the [[least common multiple]] of every positive integer under (and including) 10.
* ''Terrorism:'' 2,996 persons (including 19 terrorists) died in the [[Terrorism|terrorist]] attacks of [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]].
* ''Biology:'' the [[DNA]] of the simplest [[virus]]es has 3,000 [[base pair]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mason|first1=W S|last2=Seal|first2=G|last3=Summers|first3=J|date=1980-12-01|title=Virus of Pekin ducks with structural and biological relatedness to human hepatitis B virus.|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=36|issue=3|pages=829–836|doi=10.1128/JVI.36.3.829-836.1980|issn=0022-538X|pmc=353710|pmid=7463557}}</ref>
* ''Military history'': 4,200 (Republic) or 5,200 (Empire) was the standard size of a [[Roman legion]].
* ''Linguistics:'' Estimates for the [[linguistic diversity]] of living human languages or dialects range between 5,000 and 10,000. ([[SIL Ethnologue]] in 2009 listed 6,909 known living languages.)
*''Astronomy&nbsp;– Catalogues:'' There are 7,840 [[deep-sky object]]s in the [[NGC Catalogue]] from 1888.
* ''Lexicography:'' 8,674 unique words in the [[Hebrew Bible]].

==10<sup>4</sup>==
({{gaps|10|000}}; [[10,000|ten thousand]] or a [[myriad]])
* ''Biology:'' Each [[neuron]] in the [[human brain]] is estimated to connect to 10,000 others.
* ''Demography:'' The population of [[Tuvalu]] was 10,544 in 2007.
* ''Lexicography:'' 14,500 unique English words occur in the [[King James Version]] of the Bible.
*''Zoology:'' There are approximately 17,500 distinct butterfly species known.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Butterflies|url=https://www.si.edu/spotlight/buginfo/butterfly|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Smithsonian Institution|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Language:'' There are 20,000–40,000 distinct [[Chinese character]]s in more than occasional use.
* ''Biology:'' Each human being is estimated to have 20,000 [[Gene|coding genes]].<ref name="ensembl.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Info/Annotation|title=Homo sapiens – Ensembl genome browser 87|website=www.ensembl.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-01-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525161238/http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Info/Annotation|archive-date=2017-05-25}}</ref>
* ''Grammar:'' Each regular [[verb]] in [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] can have 21,262 [[inflected preposition|inflected]] forms.
* ''War:'' 22,717 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing in the [[Battle of Antietam]], the bloodiest single day of battle in American history.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– Unicode:'' 42,720 characters are encoded in [[CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B]], the most of any single public-use [[Unicode block]] as of Unicode 15.0 (2022).
* ''Aviation:'' {{asof|July 2021}}, 44,000+ airframes have been built of the [[Cessna 172]], the [[List of most-produced aircraft|most-produced aircraft in history]].
* ''Computing&nbsp;- Fonts:'' The maximum possible number of glyphs in a [[TrueType]] or [[OpenType]] font is 65,535 (2<sup>16</sup>-1), the largest number representable by the 16-bit unsigned integer used to record the total number of glyphs in the font.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– Unicode:'' A [[Plane (Unicode)|plane]] contains 65,536 (2<sup>16</sup>) code points; this is also the maximum size of a [[Unicode block]], and the total number of code points available in the obsolete [[UCS-2]] encoding.
* ''Mathematics:'' [[65537 (number)|65,537]] is the largest known [[Fermat prime]].
* ''Memory:'' {{As of|2015}}, the largest number of decimal places of [[Pi|π]] that have been recited from [[memory]] is 70,030.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pi-world-ranking-list.com/index.php?page=lists&category=pi|title=Pi World Ranking List|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629092342/http://www.pi-world-ranking-list.com/index.php?page=lists&category=pi|archive-date=2017-06-29}}</ref>

==10<sup>5</sup>==
[[File:Woman with long brown hair, close-up view.jpg|thumb|100,000–150,000 strands of human [[hair]]]]
({{gaps|100|000}}; [[100,000|one hundred thousand]] or a [[lakh]]).
* ''Demography:'' The population of [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] was 100,982 in 2009.
* ''Biology&nbsp;– Strands of hair on a head:'' The average human head has about 100,000–150,000 strands of [[hair]].
* ''Literature:'' approximately 100,000 verses ([[shloka]]s)  in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– Unicode:'' 149,186 characters (including control characters) encoded in Unicode as of version 15.0 (2022).
* ''Language:'' 267,000 words in [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]''.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– Unicode:'' 293,168 code points assigned to a [[Unicode block]] as of Unicode 15.0.
* ''Genocide:'' 300,000 people killed in the [[Nanjing Massacre]].
* ''Language&nbsp;– English words:'' The [[New Oxford Dictionary of English]] contains about 360,000 definitions for [[English language|English]] [[word]]s.
* ''Mathematics:'' 360,000&nbsp;– The approximate number of entries in The [[On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences]] {{as of|2023|January|lc=on}}.<ref>{{Cite OEIS|1=A360000|access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref>
* ''Biology&nbsp;– Plants:'' There are approximately 390,000 distinct plant species known, of which approximately 20% (or 78,000) are at risk of extinction.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-05-09|title=Kew report makes new tally for number of world's plants|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36230858|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref>
*''Biology&nbsp;– Flowers:'' There are approximately 400,000 distinct flower species on Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Estimate of flowering plant species to be cut by 600,000|url=https://phys.org/news/2010-09-species.html|access-date=2020-11-28|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Literature:'' 564,000 words in ''[[War and Peace]]'' by [[Leo Tolstoy]].
* ''Literature:'' 930,000 words in the [[King James Version]] of the Bible.
* ''Mathematics:'' There are 933,120 possible combinations on the [[Pyraminx]].
* ''Computing&nbsp;– Unicode:'' There are 974,530 publicly-assignable code points (i.e., not surrogates, private-use code points, or noncharacters) in Unicode.

==10<sup>6</sup>==
[[File:Pocket cube scrambled.jpg|thumb|3,674,160 [[Pocket Cube]] positions]]
({{gaps|1|000|000}}; 1000<sup>2</sup>; [[long and short scales]]: one [[1,000,000|million]])

ISO: [[mega-]] (M)
* ''Demography:'' The population of [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] was 1,003,949 in 2004, according to [[Eurostat]].
* ''Computing&nbsp;– [[UTF-8]]:'' There are 1,112,064 (2<sup>20</sup> + 2<sup>16</sup> - 2<sup>11</sup>) valid [[UTF-8]] sequences (excluding overlong sequences and sequences corresponding to code points used for [[UTF-16]] surrogates or code points beyond U+10FFFF).
* ''Computing&nbsp;– [[UTF-16]]/Unicode:'' There are 1,114,112 (2<sup>20</sup> + 2<sup>16</sup>) distinct values encodable in [[UTF-16]], and, thus (as Unicode is currently limited to the UTF-16 code space), 1,114,112 valid code points in Unicode (1,112,064 scalar values and 2,048 surrogates).
*''Ludology&nbsp;– Number of games:'' Approximately 1,181,019 video games have been created as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jacob|title=How Many Video Games Exist?|url=https://gamingshift.com/how-many-video-games-exist/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Gaming Shift|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Biology&nbsp;– Species:'' The [[World Resources Institute]] claims that approximately 1.4 million [[species]] have been named, out of an unknown number of total species (estimates range between 2 and 100 million species). Some scientists give 8.8 million species as an exact figure.
* ''Genocide:'' Approximately 800,000–1,500,000 (1.5 million) [[Armenians]] were killed in the [[Armenian genocide]].
* ''Linguistics:'' The number of possible [[grammatical conjugation|conjugations]] for each verb in the [[Archi language]] is 1,502,839.<ref>Kibrik, A. E. (2001). "Archi (Caucasian—Daghestanian)", ''The Handbook of Morphology'', Blackwell, pg. 468</ref>
* ''Info:'' The [[freedb]] database of [[Compact Disc|CD]] track listings has around 1,750,000 entries {{As of|2005|6|lc=on}}.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– UTF-8:'' 2,164,864 (2<sup>21</sup> + 2<sup>16</sup> + 2<sup>11</sup> + 2<sup>7</sup>) possible one- to four-byte UTF-8 sequences, if the restrictions on overlong sequences, surrogate code points, and code points beyond U+10FFFF are ''not'' adhered to.  (Note that not all of these correspond to unique code points.)
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Playing cards:'' There are 2,598,960 different 5-card [[poker hand]]s that can be dealt from a standard 52-card deck.
* ''Mathematics:'' There are 3,149,280 possible positions for the [[Skewb]].
*''Mathematics&nbsp;– Rubik's Cube:'' 3,674,160 is the number of combinations for the [[Pocket Cube]] (2×2×2 Rubik's Cube).
* ''Geography/Computing&nbsp;– Geographic places:'' The NIMA [[GEOnet Names Server]] contains approximately 3.88 million named [[geographic feature]]s outside the United States, with 5.34 million names. The USGS [[Geographic Names Information System]] claims to have almost 2 million physical and cultural geographic features within the United States.
* ''Computing&nbsp;- Supercomputer hardware:'' 4,981,760 processor cores in the final configuration of the [[Tianhe-2]] supercomputer.
* ''Genocide:'' Approximately 5,100,000–6,200,000 [[Jews]] were killed in [[the Holocaust]].
* ''Info&nbsp;– Web sites:'' As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}, the [[English Wikipedia]] contains approximately {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|R}}/10^6 round1}} million articles in the [[English language]].

==10<sup>7</sup>==
[[File:Pavage domino.svg|thumb|12,988,816 [[domino tiling]]s of a checkerboard]]
({{gaps|10|000|000}}; a [[crore]]; [[long and short scales]]: [[10,000,000|ten million]])
* ''Demography:'' The population of [[Haiti]] was 10,085,214 in 2010.
* ''Literature:'' 11,206,310 words in [[Devta (novel)|''Devta'']] by [[Mohiuddin Nawab]], the longest continuously published story known in the history of literature.
* ''Genocide'': An estimated 12 million persons shipped from Africa to the New World in the [[Atlantic slave trade]].
* ''Mathematics:'' 12,988,816 is the number of [[domino tiling]]s of an 8×8 [[checkerboard]].
* ''Genocide/Famine:'' 15 million is an estimated lower bound for the death toll of the 1959–1961 [[Great Chinese Famine]], the deadliest known famine in human history.
* ''War:'' 15 to 22 million casualties estimated as a result of [[World War I]].
* ''Computing:'' 16,777,216 different [[color]]s can be generated using the [[Web colors#Hex triplet|hex code]] system in [[HTML]] (note that the [[trichromacy|trichromatic]] [[color vision]] of the [[human eye]] can only distinguish between about an estimated 1,000,000 different colors).<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Judd DB, Wyszecki G |title=Color in Business, Science and Industry|publisher=[[Wiley-Interscience]]|series=Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics|edition=third|location=New York|year= 1975|page=388|isbn=978-0-471-45212-6}}</ref>
* ''Science Fiction'': In [[Isaac Asimov]]'s [[Galactic Empire (Isaac Asimov)|Galactic Empire]], in 22,500 CE, there are 25,000,000 different inhabited planets in the Galactic Empire, all inhabited by [[human]]s in Asimov's "human galaxy" scenario.
* ''Genocide/Famine:'' 55 million is an estimated upper bound for the death toll of the Great Chinese Famine.
* ''Literature:'' [[Wikipedia]] contains a total of around {{Spellnum per MOS|{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}}} articles in [[list of Wikipedias|{{NUMBEROF|languages|Wikipedia}} languages]] as of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}.
* ''War:'' 70 to 85 million casualties estimated as a result of [[World War II]].
* ''Mathematics:'' 73,939,133 is the largest [[right-truncatable prime]].

==10<sup>8</sup>==
({{gaps|100|000|000}}; [[long and short scales]]: [[100,000,000|one hundred million]])
* ''Demography:'' The population of the [[Philippines]] was 100,981,437 in 2015.
* ''Internet – YouTube:'' The number of [[YouTube]] channels is estimated to be 113.9 million.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Tim|last=Queen|title=How Many YouTube Channels Are There?|url=https://timqueen.com/youtube-number-of-channels/|date=26 March 2022|newspaper=Tim Queen|language=en-US|access-date=2022-03-28}}</ref>
* ''Info&nbsp;– Books:'' The [[British Library]] holds over 150 million items. The [[Library of Congress]] holds approximately 148 million items. See ''[[The Gutenberg Galaxy]]''.
* ''Video gaming:'' {{asof|2020}}, approximately 200 million copies of ''[[Minecraft]]'' (the most-sold video game in history) have been sold.
* ''Mathematics:'' More than 215,000,000 [[mathematical constant]]s are collected on the [[Simon Plouffe|Plouffe]]'s Inverter {{As of|2010|lc=on}}.<ref>[http://pi.lacim.uqam.ca/eng/ Plouffe's Inverter] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050812010306/http://pi.lacim.uqam.ca/eng/ |date=2005-08-12 }}</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 275,305,224 is the number of 5×5 normal [[magic square]]s, not counting rotations and reflections. This result was found in 1973 by [[Richard Schroeppel]].
*''Demography:'' The population of the United States was 328,239,523 in 2019.
* ''Mathematics:'' 358,833,097 [[stellation]]s of the [[rhombic triacontahedron]].
* ''Info&nbsp;– Web sites:'' {{As of|2011|11}}, the [[Netcraft]] web survey estimates that there are 525,998,433 (526 million) distinct [[website]]s.
* ''Astronomy&nbsp;– Cataloged stars:'' The [[Guide Star Catalog II]] has entries on 998,402,801 distinct [[astronomical object]]s.

==10<sup>9</sup>==
[[File:World population v3.svg|thumb|[[World population]] estimates]]
({{gaps|1|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>3</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one [[1,000,000,000|billion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one thousand million, or one [[1,000,000,000|milliard]])

ISO: [[giga-]] (G)
*''Transportation&nbsp;– Cars:'' {{As of|2018}}, there are approximately 1.4 billion [[car]]s in the world, corresponding to around 18% of the human population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How many cars are there in the world?|url=https://www.carsguide.com.au/car-advice/how-many-cars-are-there-in-the-world-70629|date=6 August 2018|website=carsguide|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>
* ''Demographics&nbsp;– China:'' 1,409,670,000&nbsp;– approximate population of the [[People's Republic of China]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Master |first=Farah |date=2024-01-17 |title=China's population drops for second year, with record low birth rate |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-population-drops-2nd-year-raises-long-term-growth-concerns-2024-01-17/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref>
* ''Demographics&nbsp;– India'' 1,428,627,663&nbsp;– approximate population of [[India]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=population.un.org}}</ref>
* ''Demographics – Africa:'' The population of [[Africa]] reached 1,430,000,000 sometime in 2023.
*''Internet&nbsp;– Google:'' There are more than 1,500,000,000 active Gmail users globally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How many Gmail user accounts are there in the world? {{!}} blog.gsmart.in|url=https://blog.gsmart.in/how-many-gmail-account-users-in-the-world/|access-date=2020-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Internet:'' Approximately 1,500,000,000 active users were on [[Facebook]] as of October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/|title=Facebook users worldwide 2016 {{!}} Statista|last=Christof Baron|date=2015|website=Statista|publisher=statista.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909035344/http://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/|archive-date=2016-09-09}}</ref>
* ''Computing&nbsp;– Computational limit of a 32-bit [[Central processing unit|CPU]]'': [[2147483647|2,147,483,647]] is equal to 2<sup>31</sup>−1, and as such is the largest number which can fit into a signed ([[two's complement]]) 32-bit integer on a computer.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– UTF-8:'' 2,147,483,648 (2<sup>31</sup>) possible code points (U+0000 - U+7FFFFFFF) in the pre-2003 version of [[UTF-8]] (including five- and six-byte sequences), before the UTF-8 code space was limited to the much smaller set of values encodable in [[UTF-16]].
* ''Biology&nbsp;– base pairs in the genome:'' approximately 3.3{{e|9}} [[base pair]]s in the human [[genome]].<ref name="ensembl.org"/>
* ''Linguistics'': 3,400,000,000&nbsp;– the total number of speakers of [[Indo-European languages]], of which 2,400,000,000 are native speakers;  the other 1,000,000,000 speak Indo-European languages as a second language.
* ''Mathematics'' and ''computing'': [[4294967295|4,294,967,295]] (2<sup>32</sup> − 1), the product of the five known Fermat primes and the maximum value for a 32-bit [[Integer (computer science)|unsigned integer]] in computing.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– [[IPv4]]:'' 4,294,967,296 (2<sup>32</sup>) possible unique [[IP address]]es.
* ''Computing:'' 4,294,967,296&nbsp;– the number of bytes in 4 [[gibibyte]]s; in computation, 32-bit computers can directly access 2<sup>32</sup> units (bytes) of address space, which leads directly to the 4-gigabyte limit on main memory.
* ''Mathematics:'' 4,294,967,297 is a [[Fermat number]] and [[semiprime]]. It is the smallest number of the form <math>2^{2^n}+1</math> which is not a [[prime number]].
* ''Demographics&nbsp;– [[world population]]:'' 8,019,876,189&nbsp;– Estimated population for the world as of 1 January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year's Day|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|website=commerce.gov|date=3 January 2024|accessdate=2 June 2024}}</ref>

==10<sup>10</sup>==
({{gaps|10|000|000|000}};   [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: ten [[1,000,000,000|billion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: ten thousand million, or ten [[1,000,000,000|milliard]])
* ''Biology&nbsp;– bacteria in the human body:'' There are roughly 10<sup>10</sup> [[bacteria]] in the [[human mouth]].<ref name="Microbes" />
* ''Computing&nbsp;– web pages:'' approximately 5.6{{e|10}} [[web page]]s indexed by [[Google]] as of 2010.

==10<sup>11</sup>==
({{gaps|100|000|000|000}};  [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one hundred [[1,000,000,000|billion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: hundred thousand million, or hundred [[1,000,000,000|milliard]])

* ''Astronomy:'' There are 100 billion planets located in the Milky Way.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Many Planets are in the Milky Way? {{!}} Amount, Location & Key Facts|url=https://nineplanets.org/questions/how-many-planets-are-in-the-milky-way/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Nine Planets|date=29 September 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=January 2013|first=Space com Staff 02|title=100 Billion Alien Planets Fill Our Milky Way Galaxy: Study|url=https://www.space.com/19103-milky-way-100-billion-planets.html|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Space.com|date=2 January 2013|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Biology&nbsp;– Neurons in the brain:'' approximately (1±0.2) × 10<sup>11</sup> [[neuron]]s in the [[human brain]].<ref>"there was, to our knowledge, no actual, direct estimate of numbers of cells or of neurons in the entire human brain to be cited until 2009. A reasonable approximation was provided by Williams and Herrup (1988), from the compilation of partial numbers in the literature. These authors estimated the number of neurons in the human brain at about 85 billion [...] With more recent estimates of 21–26 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex (Pelvig et al., 2008 ) and 101 billion neurons in the cerebellum (Andersen et al., 1992 ), however, the total number of neurons in the human brain would increase to over 120 billion neurons." {{cite journal | last1 = Herculano-Houzel | first1 = Suzana | year = 2009| title = The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain | doi = 10.3389/neuro.09.031.2009 | journal = Front. Hum. Neurosci. | volume = 3| pages = 31 | pmid=19915731 | pmc=2776484| doi-access = free }}</ref>
* ''Medicine:'' The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] requires a minimum of 3 x 10<sup>11</sup> (300 billion) platelets per [[apheresis]] unit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Platelets dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more. |url=https://reference.medscape.com/drug/platelets-999506 |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=reference.medscape.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Paleodemography]]&nbsp;– [[Number of humans that have ever lived]]'': approximately (1.2±0.3) × 10<sup>11</sup>  live births of [[anatomically modern humans]] since the beginning of the [[Upper Paleolithic]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kapitsa | first1 = Sergei P | year = 1996 | title = The phenomenological theory of world population growth | journal = Physics-Uspekhi | volume = 39 | issue = 1| pages = 57–71 | doi=10.1070/pu1996v039n01abeh000127 | bibcode = 1996PhyU...39...57K| s2cid = 250877833 }} (citing the range of 80 to 150 billion, citing K. M. Weiss, Human Biology 56637, 1984, and N. Keyfitz, Applied Mathematical Demography, New York: Wiley, 1977). C. Haub, "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?", ''Population Today'' 23.2), pp. 5–6, cited an estimate of 105 billion births since 50,000 BC, updated to 107 billion as of 2011 in {{Cite web |last=Haub |first=Carl |date=October 2011 |title=How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth? |publisher=[[Population Reference Bureau]] |url=http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx |access-date=April 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424014209/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2002/HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx |archive-date=April 24, 2013 }} (due to the high infant mortality in pre-modern times, close to half of this number would not have lived past infancy).</ref>
* ''Astronomy&nbsp;– stars in our galaxy:'' of the order of 10<sup>11</sup> [[star]]s in the [[Milky Way galaxy]].<ref>Elizabeth Howell, [http://www.space.com/25959-how-many-stars-are-in-the-milky-way.html How Many Stars Are in the Milky Way?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528223601/http://www.space.com/25959-how-many-stars-are-in-the-milky-way.html |date=2016-05-28 }},  Space.com, 21 May 2014 (citing estimates from 100 to 400 billion).</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 608,981,813,029 is the smallest number for which there are more primes of the form 3''k'' + 1 than of the form 3''k'' + 2 up to the number.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Prime Number Races |url=https://dms.umontreal.ca/~andrew/PDF/PrimeRace.pdf |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=granville.dvi}}</ref>
==10<sup>12</sup>==
[[File:Andromeda Galaxy (with h-alpha).jpg|thumb|10<sup>12</sup> stars in the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]]]
({{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>4</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one trillion; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one <!-- if you don't know what "long scale" means, don't edit this line. It is not a mistake. -->billion)

ISO: [[tera-]] (T)
* ''Astronomy:'' [[Andromeda Galaxy]], which is part of the same [[Local Group]] as [[Milky Way|our galaxy]], contains about 10<sup>12</sup> stars.
* ''Biology&nbsp;– Bacteria on the human body:'' The surface of the human body houses roughly 10<sup>12</sup> [[bacteria]].<ref name="Microbes">{{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast01sep98_1.htm|title=Earth microbes on the moon|date=1 September 1998|access-date=2 November 2010|publisher=Science@Nasa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323224432/http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast01sep98_1.htm|archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref>
*  ''Astronomy&nbsp;– Galaxies'': A 2016 estimate says there are 2 × 10<sup>12</sup> [[list of galaxies|galaxies]] in the [[observable universe]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hollis|first1=Morgan|title=A universe of two trillion galaxies|url=https://www.ras.org.uk/news-and-press/2910-a-universe-of-two-trillion-galaxies|publisher=The Royal Astronomical Society|date=13 October 2016|access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref>
* ''Biology:'' An estimate says there were 3.04 × 10<sup>12</sup> [[tree]]s on Earth in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34134366|title=Earth's trees number 'three trillion'|author=Jonathan Amos|date=3 September 2015|publisher=BBC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606141754/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34134366|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
* ''Marine biology'': 3,500,000,000,000 (3.5 × 10<sup>12</sup>)&nbsp;– estimated population of [[fish]] in the ocean.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}
* ''Mathematics'': 7,625,597,484,987&nbsp;– a number that often appears when dealing with [[Exponentiation|powers]] of 3. It can be expressed as <math>19683^3</math>, <math>27^9</math>, <math>3^{27}</math>, <math>3^{3^3}</math> and <sup>3</sup>3 or when using [[Knuth's up-arrow notation]] it can be expressed as <math>
3 \uparrow\uparrow 3
</math> and <math>
3 \uparrow\uparrow\uparrow 2
</math>. 
* ''Astronomy:'' A [[light-year]], as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), is the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one year, which is equivalent to about 9.46&nbsp;[[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|trillion]] [[kilometer]]s ({{val|9.46|e=12|ul=km}}).
* ''Mathematics:'' 10<sup>13</sup>&nbsp;– The approximate number of known non-trivial zeros of the [[Riemann zeta function]] {{As of|2004|lc=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Miscellaneous/zetazeroscompute.html |title=Computation of zeros of the Zeta function |author=Xavier Gourdon |date=October 2004 |access-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115183844/http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Miscellaneous/zetazeroscompute.html |archive-date=15 January 2011 }}</ref>
* ''Biology&nbsp;– Blood cells in the human body:'' The average human body is estimated to have (2.5 ± .5) × 10<sup>13</sup> red blood cells.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hatton |first1=Ian A. |last2=Galbraith |first2=Eric D. |last3=Merleau |first3=Nono S. C. |last4=Miettinen |first4=Teemu P. |last5=Smith |first5=Benjamin McDonald |last6=Shander |first6=Jeffery A. |date=2023-09-26 |title=The human cell count and size distribution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=120 |issue=39 |pages=e2303077120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2303077120 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=10523466 |pmid=37722043|bibcode=2023PNAS..12003077H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sender |first1=Ron |last2=Fuchs |first2=Shai |last3=Milo |first3=Ron |date=2016-08-19 |title=Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=e1002533 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533 |doi-access=free |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=4991899 |pmid=27541692}}</ref>
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Known digits of [[pi|π]]:'' {{As of|2019|03}}, the number of known digits of π is 31,415,926,535,897 (the integer part of π{{e|13}}).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/compute/calculating-31-4-trillion-digits-of-archimedes-constant-on-google-cloud |title=Pi in the sky: Calculating a record-breaking 31.4 trillion digits of Archimedes' constant on Google Cloud |last=Haruka Iwao |first=Emma |author-link=Emma Haruka Iwao |date=14 March 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019023120/https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/compute/calculating-31-4-trillion-digits-of-archimedes-constant-on-google-cloud |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref>
* ''Biology'' – approximately 10<sup>14</sup> [[synapse]]s in the human brain.<ref>Koch, Christof. Biophysics of computation: information processing in single neurons. Oxford university press, 2004.</ref>
* ''Biology&nbsp;– Cells in the human body:'' The [[human body]] consists of roughly 10<sup>14</sup> [[cell (biology)|cells]], of which only 10<sup>13</sup> are human.<ref name=Savage1977>{{Cite journal
 | last = Savage | first =  D. C.
 | year = 1977
 | title = Microbial Ecology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
 | journal = Annual Review of Microbiology
 | volume = 31
 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543
 | pmid = 334036
 | pages = 107–33
}}</ref><ref name=Berg1996>{{Cite journal
 | last = Berg | first =  R.
 | year = 1996
 | title = The indigenous gastrointestinal microflora
 | journal = Trends in Microbiology
 | volume = 4
 | doi = 10.1016/0966-842X(96)10057-3
 | pmid=8950812
 | issue = 11
 | pages = 430–5
}}</ref> The remaining 90% non-human cells (though much smaller and constituting much less mass) are [[human flora|bacteria]], which mostly reside in the gastrointestinal tract, although the skin is also covered in bacteria.
* ''Mathematics:'' The first case of exactly 18 prime numbers between multiples of 100 is 122,853,771,370,900&nbsp;+&nbsp;''n'',<ref name="A186311">{{Cite OEIS|1=A186311|2=Least century 100k to 100k+99 with exactly ''n'' primes|access-date=2023-06-16}}</ref> for ''n'' = 1, 3, 7, 19, 21, 27, 31, 33, 37, 49, 51, 61, 69, 73, 87, 91, 97, 99.
* ''Cryptography:'' 150,738,274,937,250 configurations of the plug-board of the [[Enigma machine]] used by the Germans in WW2 to encode and decode messages by cipher.
* ''Computing&nbsp;– [[MAC-48]]:'' 281,474,976,710,656 (2<sup>48</sup>) possible unique [[physical address]]es.
* ''Mathematics:'' 953,467,954,114,363 is the largest known [[Motzkin prime]].

==10<sup>15</sup>==
[[File:Ants eating01.jpg|thumb|10<sup>15</sup> to 10<sup>16</sup> [[ant]]s on Earth]]
({{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>5</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one [[Names of large numbers|quadrillion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: <!-- if you don't know what "long scale" means, don't edit this line. It is not a mistake. -->one thousand billion, or one billiard)

ISO: [[peta-]] (P)
* ''Biology&nbsp;– Insects'': 1,000,000,000,000,000 to 10,000,000,000,000,000 (10<sup>15</sup> to 10<sup>16</sup>)&nbsp;– The estimated total number of [[ant]]s on Earth alive at any one time (their [[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]] is approximately equal to the total biomass of the [[human|human species]]).<ref>[[Bert Holldobler]] and [[E.O. Wilson]] ''The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies'' New York:2009 W.W. Norton Page 5</ref>
* ''Computing:'' 9,007,199,254,740,992 (2<sup>53</sup>)&nbsp;– number until which all integer values can exactly be represented in IEEE [[double precision floating-point format]].
* ''Mathematics:'' 48,988,659,276,962,496 is the fifth [[taxicab number]].
* ''Science Fiction'': In [[Isaac Asimov]]'s [[Galactic Empire (Isaac Asimov)|Galactic Empire]], in what we call 22,500 CE, there are 25,000,000 different inhabited planets in the Galactic Empire, all inhabited by [[human]]s in Asimov's "human galaxy" scenario, each with an average population of 2,000,000,000, thus yielding a total Galactic Empire population of approximately 50,000,000,000,000,000.
* ''Cryptography:'' There are 2<sup>56</sup> = 72,057,594,037,927,936 different possible keys in the obsolete 56-bit [[Data Encryption Standard|DES]] symmetric cipher.
* ''Science Fiction'': There are approximately 100,000,000,000,000,000 (10<sup>17</sup>) sentient beings in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' galaxy.
* ''Physical culture:'' Highest amount of [[byte]]s lifted by a human is 318,206,335,271,488,635 by [[Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241120839867/en/VDURA-and-Phison-Demonstrate-Show-of-Strength-at-SC24 |title=VDURA and Phison Demonstrate Show of Strength at SC24 - Strongman Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Lifts Over 282.624 PB of Data |website=www.businesswire.com|access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref>

==10<sup>18</sup>==
[[File:Scrumbled Rubik's Cube.jpg|thumb|≈4.33{{e|19}} [[Rubik's Cube]] positions]]
({{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>6</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one [[quintillion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one trillion)

ISO: [[exa-]] (E)
* ''Mathematics:'' The first case of exactly 19 prime numbers between multiples of 100 is 1,468,867,005,116,420,800&nbsp;+&nbsp;''n'',<ref name="A186311"/> for ''n'' = 1, 3, 7, 9, 21, 31, 37, 39, 43, 49, 51, 63, 67, 69, 73, 79, 81, 87, 93.
* ''Mathematics:'' 2<sup>61</sup> − 1 = 2,305,843,009,213,693,951 (≈2.31{{e|18}}) is the ninth Mersenne prime. It was determined to be prime in 1883 by [[Ivan Mikheevich Pervushin]]. This number is sometimes called Pervushin's number.
* ''Mathematics:'' [[Goldbach's conjecture]] has been [[Goldbach's conjecture#Partial results|verified]] for all ''n'' ≤ 4{{e|18}} by a project which computed all prime numbers up to that limit.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Silva |first1=Tomás Oliveira e |title=Goldbach conjecture verification |url=http://www.ieeta.pt/~tos/goldbach.html |access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref>
* ''Computing&nbsp;– Manufacturing:'' An estimated 6{{e|18}} [[transistor]]s were produced worldwide in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sia-online.org/cs/papers_publications/press_release_detail?pressrelease.id=96|title=60th Birthday of Microelectronics Industry|date=13 December 2007|publisher=Semiconductor Industry Association|access-date=2 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013035645/http://www.sia-online.org/cs/papers_publications/press_release_detail?pressrelease.id=96|archive-date=13 October 2008}}</ref>
* ''Computing&nbsp;– Computational limit of a 64-bit [[Central processing unit|CPU]]'': [[9,223,372,036,854,775,807]] (about 9.22{{e|18}}) is equal to 2<sup>63</sup>−1, and as such is the largest number which can fit into a signed ([[two's complement]]) 64-bit integer on a computer.
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA basketball tournament]]:'' There are 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 (2<sup>63</sup>) possible ways to enter the [[Bracketology|bracket]].
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– [[Radix|Bases]]:'' 9,439,829,801,208,141,318 (≈9.44{{e|18}}) is the 10th and (by conjecture) largest number with more than one digit that can be written from [[base 2]] to base 18 using only the digits 0 to 9, meaning the digits for 10 to 17 are not needed in bases greater than 10.<ref>Sequence [http://oeis.org/A131646 A131646] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901015656/http://oeis.org/A131646 |date=2011-09-01 }} in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences</ref>
* ''Biology&nbsp;– Insects:'' It has been estimated that the [[insect]] population of the Earth is about 10<sup>19</sup>.<ref>"[https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm Smithsonian Encyclopedia: Number of Insects] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228155225/http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |date=2016-12-28 }}". Prepared by the Department of Systematic Biology, Entomology Section, [[National Museum of Natural History]], in cooperation with Public Inquiry Services, [[Smithsonian Institution]]. Accessed 27 December 2016. Facts about numbers of insects. Puts the number of individual insects on Earth at about 10 quintillion (10<sup>19</sup>).</ref>
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Answer to the [[wheat and chessboard problem]]:'' When doubling the grains of wheat on each successive square of a [[chessboard]], beginning with one grain of wheat on the first square, the final number of grains of wheat on all 64 squares of the chessboard when added up is 2<sup>64</sup>−1 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (≈1.84{{e|19}}).
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Legends:'' The [[Tower of Brahma]] [[legend]] tells about a [[Hindu]] temple containing a large room with three posts, on one of which are 64 [[gold]]en discs, and the object of the [[mathematical game]] is for the [[Brahmins]] in this temple to move all of the discs to another pole so that they are in the same order, never placing a larger disc above a smaller disc, moving only one at a time. Using the simplest algorithm for moving the disks, it would take 2<sup>64</sup>−1 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (≈1.84{{e|19}}) turns to complete the task (the same number as the wheat and chessboard problem above).<ref>[[Ivan Moscovich]], ''1000 playthinks: puzzles, paradoxes, illusions & games'', Workman Pub., 2001 {{isbn|0-7611-1826-8}}''.</ref>
* ''Computing&nbsp;– [[IPv6]]:'' 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 (2<sup>64</sup>; ≈1.84{{e|19}}) possible unique /64 [[subnetwork]]s.
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Rubik's Cube:'' There are 43,252,003,274,489,856,000 (≈4.33{{e|19}}) different positions of a 3×3×3 [[Rubik's Cube]].
* ''[[Password strength]]:'' Usage of the 95-character set found on standard computer keyboards for a 10-character [[password]] yields a computationally [[intractability (complexity)|intractable]] 59,873,693,923,837,890,625 (95<sup>10</sup>, approximately 5.99{{e|19}}) permutations.
* ''Economics:'' [[Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe]] estimated in February 2009 by some economists at 10 sextillion percent,<ref>{{cite news | title=Scores of Zimbabwe farms 'seized' | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7906031.stm | work=BBC | date=23 February 2009 | access-date=14 March 2009 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301021018/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7906031.stm | archive-date=1 March 2009 }}</ref> or a factor of 10<sup>20</sup>.

==10<sup>21</sup>==
[[File:Sudoku Puzzle by L2G-20050714 solution standardized layout.svg|thumb|≈6.7{{e|21}} [[sudoku]] grids]]
({{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>7</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one [[sextillion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one thousand trillion, or one [[trilliard]])

ISO: [[zetta-]] (Z)
* ''Geo&nbsp;– Grains of sand:'' All the world's beaches combined have been estimated to hold roughly 10<sup>21</sup> grains of [[sand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html|title=To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630/http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html|archive-date=2012-06-30}}</ref>
* ''Computing&nbsp;– Manufacturing:'' Intel predicted that there would be 1.2{{e|21}} [[transistor]]s in the world by 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/processors/intel-predicts-1-200-quintillion-transistors-in-the-world-by-2015-1025851|title=Intel predicts 1,200 quintillion transistors in the world by 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405010314/http://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/processors/intel-predicts-1-200-quintillion-transistors-in-the-world-by-2015-1025851|archive-date=2013-04-05}}</ref> and Forbes estimated that 2.9{{e|21}} transistors had been shipped up to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Many Transistors Have Ever Shipped? – Forbes|website=[[Forbes]]|url=http://forbes.com/sites/jimhandy/2014/05/26/how-many-transistors-have-ever-shipped|access-date=1 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630142558/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jimhandy/2014/05/26/how-many-transistors-have-ever-shipped/|archive-date=30 June 2015}}</ref>
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Sudoku:'' There are 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960 (≈6.7{{e|21}}) 9×9 [[sudoku]] grids.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afjarvis.staff.shef.ac.uk/sudoku/bertram.html|title=Sudoku enumeration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006193945/http://www.afjarvis.staff.shef.ac.uk/sudoku/bertram.html|archive-date=2006-10-06}}</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' The first case of exactly 20 prime numbers between multiples of 100 is 20,386,095,164,137,273,086,400&nbsp;+&nbsp;''n'',<ref name="A186311"/> for ''n'' = 1, 3, 7, 9, 13, 19, 21, 31, 33, 37, 49, 57, 63, 73, 79, 87, 91, 93, 97, 99.
* ''Astronomy&nbsp;– Stars:'' 70 sextillion = 7{{e|22}}, the estimated number of [[star]]s within range of [[telescope]]s (as of 2003).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msowww.anu.edu.au/news/media_releases/media_release_030717.php |title=Star count: ANU astronomer makes best yet |date=17 July 2003 |publisher=The Australian National University |access-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050724115154/http://msowww.anu.edu.au/news/media_releases/media_release_030717.php |archive-date=July 24, 2005 }}</ref>
* ''Astronomy&nbsp;– Stars:'' in the range of 10<sup>23</sup> to 10<sup>24</sup> stars in the [[observable universe]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Astronomers count the stars|publisher=BBC News|date=July 22, 2003|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3085885.stm|access-date=2006-07-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813153925/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3085885.stm|archive-date=August 13, 2006}}
[https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/12/01/131730552/ "trillions-of-earths-could-be-orbiting-300-sextillion-stars"]
{{cite journal|last = van Dokkum|first =Pieter G.|author2=Charlie Conroy|title = A substantial population of low-mass stars in luminous elliptical galaxies |journal = Nature|volume = 468|issue = 7326|pages = 940–942|date = 2010|pmid = 21124316|doi = 10.1038/nature09578 |bibcode = 2010Natur.468..940V |arxiv = 1009.5992 |s2cid =205222998}}
[http://www.universetoday.com/24328/how-many-stars/ "How many stars?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122232925/http://www.universetoday.com/24328/how-many-stars/ |date=2013-01-22 }}; see [[mass of the observable universe]]</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 146,361,946,186,458,562,560,000 (≈1.5{{e|23}}) is the fifth [[unitary perfect number]].
* ''Mathematics:'' 357,686,312,646,216,567,629,137 (≈3.6{{e|23}}) is the largest [[left-truncatable prime]].
[[File:Avogadro number cube visualisation.svg|thumb|upright|Visualisation of a [[Mole (unit)|mole]] of 1 mm<sup>3</sup> cubes arranged into a cube with {{convert|84.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} sides, overlaid on maps of [[South East England]] and [[London]] (top), and [[Long Island]] and [[New York City]] (bottom)]]
* ''Chemistry&nbsp;– Physics:'' The [[Avogadro constant]] ({{val|6.02214076|e=23}}) is the number of constituents (e.g. atoms or molecules) in one [[mole (unit)|mole]] of a substance, defined for convenience as expressing the order of magnitude separating the molecular from the [[macroscopic scale]].

==10<sup>24</sup>==
({{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>8</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one [[septillion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one quadrillion)

ISO: [[yotta-]] (Y)
* ''Mathematics:'' 2,833,419,889,721,787,128,217,599 (≈2.8{{e|24}}) is the fifth [[Woodall prime]].
* ''Mathematics:'' 3,608,528,850,368,400,786,036,725 (≈3.6{{e|24}}) is the largest [[polydivisible number]].
* ''Mathematics:'' 2<sup>86</sup> = 77,371,252,455,336,267,181,195,264 is the largest known [[power of two]] not containing the digit '0' in its decimal representation.<ref>{{OEIS|A007377}}</ref>

==10<sup>27</sup>==
({{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>9</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one [[octillion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one thousand quadrillion, or one quadrilliard)

ISO: [[ronna-]] (R)

* ''Biology&nbsp;– Atoms in the human body:'' the average human body contains roughly 7{{e|27}} [[atom]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.jlab.org/qa/mathatom_04.html|title=Questions and Answers – How many atoms are in the human body?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031006213134/http://education.jlab.org/qa/mathatom_04.html|archive-date=2003-10-06}}</ref>
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Poker:'' the number of unique combinations of hands and shared cards in a 10-player game of [[Texas hold 'em]] is approximately 2.117{{e|28}}.

==10<sup>30</sup>==


[[File:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|thumb|5 × 10<sup>30</sup> [[bacteria]]l cells on Earth]]
({{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>10</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one [[nonillion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one [[quintillion]])

ISO: [[quetta-]] (Q)

* ''Biology&nbsp;– Bacterial cells on Earth:'' The number of [[bacteria]]l cells on [[Earth]] is estimated at 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, or 5 × 10<sup>30</sup>.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=William B. Whitman |author2=David C. Coleman |author3=William J. Wiebe |year=1998 |title=Prokaryotes: The unseen majority |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=95 |issue=12 |pages=6578–6583 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578|pmc=33863 |pmid=9618454|bibcode=1998PNAS...95.6578W|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,027 is the largest [https://archive.today/20211116100259/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Quasi-minimal_prime quasi-minimal prime].
* ''Mathematics:'' The number of [[partition of a set|partitions]] of 1000 is 24,061,467,864,032,622,473,692,149,727,991.<ref>{{OEIS|A070177}}</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 3<sup>68</sup> = 278,128,389,443,693,511,257,285,776,231,761 is the largest known [[power of three]] not containing the digit '0' in its decimal representation.
* ''Mathematics:'' 2<sup>108</sup> = 324,518,553,658,426,726,783,156,020,576,256 is the largest known [[power of two]] not containing the digit '9' in its decimal representation.<ref>{{OEIS|A035064}}</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 7<sup>39</sup> = 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 is the largest known power of 7 not containing the digit '7' in its decimal representation.

==10<sup>33</sup>==
({{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>11</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one [[decillion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one thousand quintillion, or one quintilliard)
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Alexander's Star:'' There are 72,431,714,252,715,638,411,621,302,272,000,000 (about 7.24{{e|34}}) different positions of [[Alexander's Star]].

==10<sup>36</sup>==
({{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>12</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one [[undecillion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one [[sextillion]])
* ''Mathematics:'' 2<sup>2<sup>7</sup>−1</sup> − 1 = 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,727 (≈1.7{{e|38}}) is the largest known [[double Mersenne prime]] and the 12th Mersenne prime.
* ''Computing:'' 2<sup>128</sup> = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (≈3.40282367{{e|38}}), the theoretical maximum number of Internet addresses that can be allocated under the [[IPv6]] addressing system, one more than the largest value that can be represented by a single-precision IEEE floating-point value, the total number of different [[Universally Unique Identifier]]s (UUIDs) that can be generated.
* ''Cryptography:'' 2<sup>128</sup> = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (≈3.40282367{{e|38}}), the total number of different possible keys in the [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] 128-bit [[key space (cryptography)|key space]] (symmetric cipher).

==10<sup>39</sup>==
({{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>13</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one [[duodecillion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one thousand sextillion, or one sextilliard)
* ''Cosmology:'' The [[Eddington–Dirac number]] is roughly 10<sup>40</sup>.
* ''Mathematics:'' [[Primorial|97#]] × 2<sup>5</sup> × 3<sup>3</sup> × 5 × 7 = 69,720,375,229,712,477,164,533,808,935,312,303,556,800 (≈6.97{{e|40}}) is the [[least common multiple]] of every integer from 1 to 100.

=={{anchor|1042}}10<sup>42</sup> to 10<sup>100</sup>==
({{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}}; 1000<sup>14</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: one [[tredecillion]]; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: one [[septillion]])
* ''Mathematics:'' 141×2<sup>141</sup>+1 = 393,050,634,124,102,232,869,567,034,555,427,371,542,904,833 (≈3.93{{e|44}}) is the second [[Cullen prime]].
* ''Mathematics:'' There are 7,401,196,841,564,901,869,874,093,974,498,574,336,000,000,000 (≈7.4{{e|45}}) possible permutations for the [[Rubik's Revenge]] (4×4×4 Rubik's Cube).
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|4.52{{e|46}} legal [[chess]] positions]]
* ''Chess'': 4.52{{e|46}} is a proven [[upper bound]] for the number of [[chess]] positions allowed according to the rules of [[chess]].<ref>{{cite web | title = John's Chess Playground | author = John Tromp | year = 2010 | url = http://www.cwi.nl/~tromp/chess/chess.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140601124247/http://homepages.cwi.nl/~tromp/chess/chess.html | archive-date = 2014-06-01 }}</ref>
* ''Geo'': 1.33{{e|50}} is the estimated number of [[atom|atoms]] on [[Earth]].
* ''Mathematics:'' 2<sup>168</sup> = 374,144,419,156,711,147,060,143,317,175,368,453,031,918,731,001,856 is the largest known [[power of two]] which is not [[Pandigital number|pandigital]]: There is no digit '2' in its decimal representation.<ref name="A217379" />
* ''Mathematics:'' 3<sup>106</sup> = 375,710,212,613,636,260,325,580,163,599,137,907,799,836,383,538,729 is the largest known [[power of three]] which is not pandigital: There is no digit '4'.<ref name="A217379">{{Cite OEIS |A217379 |Numbers having non-pandigital power of record size (excludes multiples of 10). |editor-first=James G. |editor-last=Merickel |access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 808,017,424,794,512,875,886,459,904,961,710,757,005,754,368,000,000,000 (≈8.08{{e|53}}) is the [[Order (group theory)|order]] of the [[monster group]].
* ''Cryptography:'' 2<sup>192</sup> = 6,277,101,735,386,680,763,835,789,423,207,666,416,102,355,444,464,034,512,896 (6.27710174{{e|57}}), the total number of different possible keys in the [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] (AES) 192-bit [[key space (cryptography)|key space]] (symmetric cipher).
* ''Cosmology:'' 8{{e|60}} is roughly the number of [[Planck time]] intervals since the [[universe]] is theorised to have been created in the [[Big Bang]] 13.799 ± 0.021 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] years ago.<ref name="Planck 2015">{{cite journal|author=Planck Collaboration|year=2016|title=Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters (See Table 4 on page 31 of pfd).|url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/planck-2015-results(491d214e-7255-415e-97b5-96d8ae621eaa).html|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=594|page=A13|arxiv=1502.01589|bibcode=2016A&A...594A..13P|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201525830|s2cid=119262962}}</ref>
* ''Cosmology:'' 1{{e|63}} is [[Archimedes]]' estimate in ''[[The Sand Reckoner]]'' of the total number of grains of [[sand]] that could fit into the entire [[cosmos]], the diameter of which he estimated in [[stadion (unit)|stadia]] to be what we call 2 [[light-year]]s.
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Cards:'' 52[[factorial|!]] = 80,658,175,170,943,878,571,660,636,856,403,766,975,289,505,440,883,277,824,000,000,000,000 (≈8.07{{e|67}})&nbsp;– the number of ways to order the [[Playing card|cards]] in a 52-card deck.
* ''Mathematics:'' There are ≈1.01×10<sup>68</sup> possible combinations for the [[Megaminx]].
* ''Mathematics:'' 1,808,422,353,177,349,564,546,512,035,512,530,001,279,481,259,854,248,860,454,348,989,451,026,887 (≈1.81{{e|72}})&nbsp;– The largest known [[prime factor]] found by [[Lenstra elliptic-curve factorization]] (LECF) {{As of|2010|lc=on}}.<ref>[[Paul Zimmermann (mathematician)|Paul Zimmermann]], "[http://www.loria.fr/~zimmerma/records/top50.html 50 largest factors found by ECM] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220133814/http://www.loria.fr/~zimmerma/records/top50.html |date=2009-02-20 }}".</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' There are 282,870,942,277,741,856,536,180,333,107,150,328,293,127,731,985,672,134,721,536,000,000,000,000,000 (≈2.83{{e|74}}) possible permutations for the [[Professor's Cube]] (5×5×5 Rubik's Cube).
* ''Cryptography:'' 2<sup>256</sup> =  115,792,089,237,316,195,423,570,985,008,687,907,853,269,984,665,640,564,039,457,584,007,913,129,639,936 (≈1.15792089{{e|77}}), the total number of different possible keys in the [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] (AES) 256-bit [[key space (cryptography)|key space]] (symmetric cipher).
* ''Cosmology:'' Various sources estimate the total number of [[fundamental particle]]s in the [[observable universe]] to be within the range of 10<sup>80</sup> to 10<sup>85</sup>.<ref>Matthew Champion, [http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/oct98/905633072.As.r.html "Re: How many atoms make up the universe?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511190951/http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/oct98/905633072.As.r.html |date=2012-05-11 }}, 1998</ref><ref name="nasawmap">[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html WMAP- Content of the Universe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726014944/http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html |date=2016-07-26 }}. Map.gsfc.nasa.gov (2010-04-16). Retrieved on 2011-05-01.</ref> However, these estimates are generally regarded as guesswork. (Compare the [[Eddington number]], the estimated total number of protons in the observable universe.)
* ''Computing:'' 9.999 999{{e|96}} is equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE [[decimal32 floating-point format]].
* ''Computing:'' 69! (roughly 1.7112245{{e|98}}), is the largest [[factorial]] value that can be represented on a calculator with two digits for powers of ten without overflow.
* ''Mathematics:'' One [[googol]], 1{{e|100}}, 1 followed by one hundred zeros, or 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.

==10<sup>100</sup> (one googol) to 10<sup>1000</sup>==

{{see also|googol}}
({{gaps|10|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}}; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: ten duotrigintillion; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: ten thousand [[sexdecillion]], or ten sexdecillard)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bmanolov.free.fr/numbers_names.php|title=Names of large and small numbers|publisher=Miscellaneous pages by Borislav Manolov|website=bmanolov.free.fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930211121/http://bmanolov.free.fr/numbers_names.php|archive-date=2016-09-30}}</ref>

* ''Mathematics:'' There are 157 152 858 401 024 063 281 013 959 519 483 771 508 510 790 313 968 742 344 694 684 829 502 629 887 168 573 442 107 637 760 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 (≈1.57{{e|116}}) distinguishable permutations of the [[V-Cube 6]] (6×6×6 Rubik's Cube).
* ''Chess:'' [[Shannon number]], 10<sup>120</sup>, a lower bound of the [[game-tree complexity]] of chess.
* ''Physics:'' 10<sup>120</sup>, [[Cosmological constant problem|discrepancy]] between the observed value of the [[cosmological constant]] and a naive estimate based on [[Quantum Field Theory]] and the [[Planck energy]].
* ''Physics:'' 8{{e|120}}, ratio of the mass-energy in the [[observable universe]] to the energy of a photon with a wavelength the size of the [[observable universe]].
* ''Mathematics:'' 19 568 584 333 460 072 587 245 340 037 736 278 982 017 213 829 337 604 336 734 362 294 738 647 777 395 483 196 097 971 852 999 259 921 329 236 506 842 360 439 300 (≈1.96{{e|121}}) is the period of [[Fermat pseudoprime]]s.
* ''History&nbsp;– Religion:'' [[Asaṃkhyeya]] is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] name for the number 10<sup>140</sup>. It is listed in the [[Avatamsaka Sutra]] and metaphorically means "innumerable" in the [[Sanskrit]] language of [[History of India|ancient India]].
* ''Xiangqi:'' 10<sup>150</sup>, an estimation of the game-tree complexity of [[xiangqi]].
* ''Mathematics:'' There are 19 500 551 183 731 307 835 329 126 754 019 748 794 904 992 692 043 434 567 152 132 912 323 232 706 135 469 180 065 278 712 755 853 360 682 328 551 719 137 311 299 993 600 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 (≈1.95{{e|160}}) distinguishable permutations of the [[V-Cube 7]] (7×7×7 Rubik's Cube).
[[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|≈2.08{{e|170}} legal [[Go (game)|Go]] positions]]
* ''Go:'' There are 208 168 199 381 979 984 699 478 633 344 862 770 286 522 453 884 530 548 425 639 456 820 927 419 612 738 015 378 525 648 451 698 519 643 907 259 916 015 628 128 546 089 888 314 427 129 715 319 317 557 736 620 397 247 064 840 935 (≈2.08{{e|170}}) legal positions in the game of Go. See [[Go and mathematics]].
* ''Economics:'' The annualized rate of the [[Hungarian pengő#Hyperinflation|hyperinflation in Hungary]] in 1946 was estimated to be 2.9{{e|177}}%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hanke |first1=Steve |last2=Krus |first2=Nicholas |title=Hyperinflation Table |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/The_Hanke_Krus_Hyperinflation_Table.pdf |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> It was the most extreme case of [[hyperinflation]] ever recorded.
* ''Board games:'' 3.457{{e|181}}, number of ways to arrange the tiles in [[English-language Scrabble|English Scrabble]] on a standard 15-by-15 Scrabble board.
* ''Physics:'' 10<sup>186</sup>, approximate number of [[Planck volume]]s in the [[observable universe]].
* ''Shogi:'' 10<sup>226</sup>, an estimation of the game-tree complexity of [[shogi]].
* ''Physics:'' 7×10<sup>245</sup>, approximate spacetime volume of the history of the observable universe in [[Planck units]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richardeldridge.com/impossible.html|title=Richard Eldridge}}</ref>
* ''Computing:'' 1.797 693 134 862 315 807{{e|308}} is approximately equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE [[double precision floating-point format]].
* ''Computing:'' (10 – 10<sup>−15</sup>){{e|384}} is equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE [[decimal64 floating-point format]].
* ''Mathematics:'' [[Primorial|997#]] × 31# × 7 × 5<sup>2</sup> × 3<sup>4</sup> × 2<sup>7</sup> = 7 128 865 274 665 093 053 166 384 155 714 272 920 668 358 861 885 893 040 452 001 991 154 324 087 581 111 499 476 444 151 913 871 586 911 717 817 019 575 256 512 980 264 067 621 009 251 465 871 004 305 131 072 686 268 143 200 196 609 974 862 745 937 188 343 705 015 434 452 523 739 745 298 963 145 674 982 128 236 956 232 823 794 011 068 809 262 317 708 861 979 540 791 247 754 558 049 326 475 737 829 923 352 751 796 735 248 042 463 638 051 137 034 331 214 781 746 850 878 453 485 678 021 888 075 373 249 921 995 672 056 932 029 099 390 891 687 487 672 697 950 931 603 520 000 (≈7.13{{e|432}}) is the	[[least common multiple]] of every integer from 1 to 1000.

==10<sup>1000</sup> to 10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup> (one googolplex)==

{{see also|googolplex}}
* ''Mathematics:'' There are approximately 1.869{{e|4099}} distinguishable permutations of the world's largest [[Rubik's Cube]] (33×33×33).
* ''Computing:'' 1.189 731 495 357 231 765 05{{e|4932}} is approximately equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE 80-bit x86 [[extended precision]] floating-point format.
* ''Computing:'' 1.189 731 495 357 231 765 085 759 326 628 007 0{{e|4932}} is approximately equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE [[quadruple-precision floating-point format]].
* ''Computing:'' (10 – 10<sup>−33</sup>){{e|6144}} is equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE [[decimal128 floating-point format]].
* ''Computing:'' 10<sup>10,000</sup> − 1 is equal to the largest value that can be represented in [[Windows Phone]]'s calculator.
* ''Mathematics:'' 104,824<sup>5</sup> + 5<sup>104,824</sup> is the largest proven [[Leyland number|Leyland prime]];  with 73,269 digits {{As of|2023|4|lc=on}}.<ref>Chris Caldwell, [http://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=27 The Top Twenty: Elliptic Curve Primality Proof] at The [[Prime Pages]].</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' approximately 7.76 × 10<sup>206,544</sup> cattle in the smallest herd which satisfies the conditions of [[Archimedes's cattle problem]].
* ''Mathematics:'' 2,618,163,402,417 × 2<sup>1,290,000</sup> − 1 is a 388,342-digit [[Sophie Germain prime]]; the largest known {{As of|2023|4|lc=on}}.<ref>Chris Caldwell, [http://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=2 The Top Twenty: Sophie Germain (p)] at The [[Prime Pages]].</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 2,996,863,034,895  ×  2<sup>1,290,000</sup> ± 1 are 388,342-digit [[twin prime]]s; the largest known {{As of|2023|04|lc=on}}.<ref>Chris Caldwell, [https://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=1 The Top Twenty: Twin] at The [[Prime Pages]].</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 3,267,113# – 1 is a 1,418,398-digit [[primorial prime]]; the largest known {{As of|2023|04|lc=on}}.<ref>Chris Caldwell, [http://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=5 The Top Twenty: Primorial] at The [[Prime Pages]].</ref>
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Literature:'' [[Jorge Luis Borges]]' [[Library of Babel]] contains at least 25<sup>1,312,000</sup> ≈ 1.956 × 10<sup>1,834,097</sup> books (this is a lower bound).<ref>From the third paragraph of the story: "Each book contains 410 pages; each page, 40 lines; each line, about 80 black letters." That makes 410 x 40 x 80 = 1,312,000 characters.  The fifth paragraph tells us that "there are 25 orthographic symbols" including spaces and punctuation.  The magnitude of the resulting number is found by taking logarithms. However, this calculation only gives a lower bound on the number of books as it does not take into account variations in the titles&nbsp;– the narrator does not specify a limit on the number of characters on the spine.  For further discussion of this, see Bloch, William Goldbloom. ''[[The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel]]''. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2008.</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 10<sup>1,888,529</sup> − 10<sup>944,264</sup> – 1 is a 1,888,529-digit [[palindromic prime]], the largest known {{As of|2023|04|lc=on}}.<ref>Chris Caldwell, [http://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=53 The Top Twenty: Palindrome] at The [[Prime Pages]].</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 4 × 72<sup>1,119,849</sup> − 1 is the smallest prime of the form 4 × 72<sup>''n''</sup> − 1.<ref>Gary Barnes, [http://www.noprimeleftbehind.net/crus/Riesel-conjectures.htm Riesel conjectures and proofs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412022834/http://www.noprimeleftbehind.net/crus/Riesel-conjectures.htm|date=2021-04-12}}</ref> 
* ''Mathematics:'' 422,429!&nbsp;+ 1 is a 2,193,027-digit [[factorial prime]]; the largest known {{As of|2023|04|lc=on}}.<ref>Chris Caldwell, [http://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=30 The Top Twenty: Factorial primes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410122813/http://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=30 |date=2013-04-10 }} at The [[Prime Pages]].</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' (2<sup>15,135,397</sup> + 1)/3 is a 4,556,209-digit [[Wagstaff prime|Wagstaff probable prime]], the largest known {{as of|2021|06|lc=on}}.
* ''Mathematics:'' 1,963,736<sup>1,048,576</sup> + 1 is a 6,598,776-digit [[Generalized Fermat prime]], the largest known {{As of|2023|04|lc=on}}.<ref>Chris Caldwell, [http://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=12 The Top Twenty: Generalized Fermat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328165031/http://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=12|date=2021-03-28}} at The [[Prime Pages]].</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' (10<sup>8,177,207</sup> − 1)/9 is a 8,177,207-digit [[probable prime]], the largest known {{as of|2021|5|8|lc=on}}.<ref>[http://www.primenumbers.net/prptop/prptop.php PRP records]</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 10,223 × 2<sup>31,172,165</sup> + 1 is a 9,383,761-digit [[Proth prime]], the largest known Proth prime<ref>Chris Caldwell, [http://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=66 The Top Twenty: Proth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124044130/https://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=66|date=2020-11-24}} at The [[Prime Pages]].</ref> and non-Mersenne prime {{As of|2021|lc=on}}.<ref name="largestprime" />
[[File:Digits in largest prime found as a function of time.svg|thumb|Digit growth in the [[largest known prime]]]]
* ''Mathematics:'' 2<sup>82,589,933</sup> − 1 is a 24,862,048-digit [[Mersenne prime]]; the [[largest known prime]] of any kind {{as of|2020|lc=on}}.<ref name="largestprime">Chris Caldwell, [http://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=3 The Top Twenty: Largest Known Primes] at The [[Prime Pages]].</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' 2<sup>82,589,932</sup> × (2<sup>82,589,933</sup>&nbsp;−&nbsp;1) is a 49,724,095-digit [[perfect number]], the largest known as of 2020.<ref>Chris Caldwell, [http://primes.utm.edu/mersenne/index.html Mersenne Primes: History, Theorems and Lists] at The [[Prime Pages]].</ref>
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– History:'' 10<sup>8&times;10<sup>16</sup></sup>, largest named number in [[Archimedes]]' ''[[The Sand Reckoner|Sand Reckoner]]''.
* ''Mathematics:'' 10<sup>googol</sup> (<math>10^{10^{100}}</math>), a [[googolplex]]. A number 1 followed by 1 googol zeros. [[Carl Sagan]] has estimated that 1 googolplex, fully written out, would not fit in the [[observable universe]] because of its size, while also noting that one could also write the number as 10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lFQOmb6mVs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/0lFQOmb6mVs| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Googol and Googolplex by Carl Sagan|last=asantos|date=15 December 2007|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Larger than 10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>==
(One [[googolplex]]; 10<sup>googol</sup>; [[Long and short scales|short scale]]: googolplex; [[long and short scales|long scale]]: googolplex)
* ''Go:'' There are at least 10<sup>10<sup>108</sup></sup> legal games of Go. See [[Go and mathematics#Game_tree_complexity|Game Tree Complexity]].
* ''Mathematics&nbsp;– Literature:'' The number of different ways in which the books in [[Jorge Luis Borges]]' [[The Library of Babel|Library of Babel]] can be arranged is approximately <math>10^{10^{1,834,102}}</math>, the [[factorial]] of the number of books in the Library of Babel.
* ''Cosmology:''  In [[Chaotic Inflation theory|chaotic inflation theory]], proposed by physicist [[Andrei Linde]], our [[universe]] is one of many other universes with different [[physical constant]]s that originated as part of our local section of the [[Multiverse#Bubble theory|multiverse]], owing to a [[vacuum]] that had not decayed to its [[ground state]]. According to Linde and Vanchurin, the total number of these universes is about <math>10^{10^{10,000,000}}</math>.<ref>Zyga, Lisa [http://www.physorg.com/news174921612.html "Physicists Calculate Number of Parallel Universes"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606094329/http://www.physorg.com/news174921612.html |date=2011-06-06 }}, ''[[PhysOrg]]'', 16 October 2009.</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' <math>10^{\,\!10^{10^{34}}}</math>, order of magnitude of an upper bound that occurred in a [[Skewes' number|proof of Skewes]] (this was later estimated to be closer to 1.397 × 10<sup>316</sup>).
*''Cosmology:'' The estimated number of [[Planck time|Planck time units]] for [[quantum fluctuations]] and [[quantum tunnelling|tunnelling]] to generate a new [[Big Bang]] is estimated to be <math>10^{10^{10^{56}}}</math>.
* ''Mathematics:'' <math>10^{\,\!10^{10^{100}}}</math>, a number in [[Names of large numbers#The googol family|the googol family]] called a googolplexplex, googolplexian, or googolduplex. 1 followed by a googolplex zeros, or 10<sup>googolplex</sup>
*''Cosmology:'' The uppermost estimate to the size of the entire universe is approximately <math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math> times that of the [[observable universe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Susskind's challenge to the Hartle–Hawking no-boundary proposal and possible resolutions |author=Don N. Page for Cornell University |journal= Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics |year=2007 |volume=2007 |issue=1 |page=004 |doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2007/01/004 |arxiv=hep-th/0610199 |bibcode=2007JCAP...01..004P |s2cid=17403084 }}</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' <math>10^{\,\!10^{10^{963}}}</math>, order of magnitude of another upper bound in a proof of [[Stanley Skewes|Skewes]].
* ''Mathematics:'' Steinhaus' [[Steinhaus–Moser notation#Mega|mega]] lies between 10[4]257 and 10[4]258 (where ''a''[''n'']''b'' is [[hyperoperation]]).
* ''Mathematics:'' Moser's number, "2 in a mega-gon" in [[Steinhaus–Moser notation]], is approximately equal to 10[10[4]257]10, the last four digits are ...1056.
* ''Mathematics:'' [[Graham's number]], the last ten digits of which are ...2464195387. Arises as an upper bound solution to a problem in [[Ramsey theory]]. Representation in powers of 10 would be impractical (the number of 10s in the power tower <math>10^{\,\!10^{10^{...}}}</math> would be virtually indistinguishable from the number itself).
* ''Mathematics:'' [[Kruskal's tree theorem|TREE(3)]]: appears in relation to a theorem on trees in [[graph theory]].  Representation of the number is difficult, but one weak lower bound is  ''A''<sup>''A''(187196)</sup>(1), where A(n) is a version of the [[Ackermann function]].
* ''Mathematics:'' [[Friedman's SSCG function|SSCG(3)]]: appears in relation to the [[Robertson–Seymour theorem]].  Known to be greater than TREE(3).
* ''Mathematics:'' [[Transcendental integers]]: a set of numbers defined in 2000 by [[Harvey Friedman]], appears in proof theory.<ref>H. Friedman, [https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/1/1952/files/2014/01/EnormousInt.12pt.6_1_00-23kmig3.pdf Enormous integers in real life] (accessed 2021-02-06)</ref>
* ''Mathematics:'' [[Rayo's number]] is a large number named after Agustín Rayo which has been claimed to be the largest number to have ever been named.<ref>{{cite web|title=CH. Rayo's Number|url=http://mathfactor.uark.edu/2007/04/ch-rayos-number/|publisher=The Math Factor Podcast|accessdate=24 March 2014}}</ref> It was originally defined in a "big number duel" at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] on 26 January 2007.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kerr|first=Josh|title=Name the biggest number contest|url=http://joshkerr.com/who-can-name-the-bigger-number-contest/|accessdate=27 March 2014|date=7 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320033110/http://www.joshkerr.com/who-can-name-the-bigger-number-contest/|archive-date=20 March 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Mathematics}}
* [[Conway chained arrow notation]]
* [[Wikipedia:Size comparisons|Encyclopedic size comparisons on Wikipedia]]
* [[Fast-growing hierarchy]]
* [[Indian numbering system]]
* [[Infinity]]
* [[Large numbers]]
* [[List of numbers]]
* [[Mathematical constant]]
* [[Names of large numbers]]
* [[Names of small numbers]]
* [[Power of 10]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [[Seth Lloyd]]'s paper [https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0110141 ''Computational capacity of the universe''] provides a number of interesting dimensionless quantities.
* [http://mrob.com/pub/math/numbers.html Notable properties of specific numbers]
* {{cite web|last=Clewett|first=James|title=4,294,967,296 – The Internet is Full|url=http://www.numberphile.com/videos/internet_full.html|work=Numberphile|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|access-date=2013-04-06|archive-date=2013-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524114431/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/internet_full.html|url-status=dead}}

{{Orders of magnitude|state=expanded}}
{{Large numbers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orders Of Magnitude (Numbers)}}
[[Category:Orders of magnitude|Numbers]]