View source for National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey

{{Infobox astronomical survey}}
The '''National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey''' ('''NGS-POSS''', or just '''POSS''', also '''POSS I''') was a major [[astronomical survey]], that took almost 2,000 [[photographic plates]] of the night sky. It was conducted at [[Palomar Observatory]], California, United States, and completed by the end of 1958.<ref>A. G. Wilson, Trans. I.A.U. '''8''', 335–336 (1952);</ref><ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963bad..book..481M R. L. Minkowski & G. O. Abell, in ''Basic Astronomical Data: Stars and Stellar Systems'', edited by K. A. Strand (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1968), Appendix II, p. 481–487.]</ref>

==Observations==

The photographs were taken with the {{convert|48|in|m}} [[Samuel Oschin telescope]] at Palomar Observatory,<ref name="Abell1966">{{citation
 | last1 = Albell
 | first1 = George O.
 | authorlink1 = George Ogden Abell
 | title = Properties of Some Old Planetary Nebulae
 | journal = Astrophysical Journal
 
 | date = April 1966
 | volume = 144
 | issue = 
 | pages = 259
 | bibcode = 1966ApJ...144..259A
 | doi = 10.1086/148602
}}</ref> and the astronomical survey was funded by a grant from the [[National Geographic Society]] to the [[California Institute of Technology]]. Among the primary minds behind the project were [[Edwin Hubble]], [[Milton L. Humason]], [[Walter Baade]], [[Ira Sprague Bowen]] and [[Rudolph Minkowski]]. The first photographic plate was exposed on November 11, 1949.  99% of the plates were taken by June 20, 1956, but the final 1% was not completed until December 10, 1958.<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ASPC...43..125R N. Reid & S. Djorgovski (1993) The Second Palomar Sky Survey]</ref>

The survey utilized {{convert|14|in|cm}} square photographic plates, covering about 6[[Degree (angle)|°]] of sky per side (approximately 36 [[square degree]]s per plate). Each region of the sky was photographed twice, once using a red sensitive [[Kodak]] 103a-E plate, and once with a blue sensitive Kodak 103a-O plate. This allowed the color of celestial objects to be recorded.

The survey was originally meant to cover the sky from the north celestial pole to -24° declination. This figure specifies the position of the plate center, hence the actual coverage under the original plan would have been to approximately -27°. It was expected that 879 plate pairs would be required. However the Survey was ultimately extended to -30° plate centers, giving irregular coverage to as far south as -34° declination, and utilizing 936 total plate pairs.

The [[limiting magnitude]] of the survey varied depending on the region of the sky, but is commonly quoted{{who|date=July 2021}} as 22nd [[magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] on average.{{cn|date=July 2021}}

==Publication==

The NGS-POSS was published shortly after the Survey was completed as a collection of 1,872 photographic negative prints each measuring 14" x 14". In the early 1970s there was another "printing" of the Survey, this time on 14" x17" photographic negative prints.

The California Institute of Technology bookstore used to sell prints of selected POSS regions. The regions were chosen to support educational exercises and the set was a curriculum teaching tool.

In 1962, the [[Whiteoak Extension]], comprising 100 red-sensitive plates extending coverage to -42° declination, was completed and published as identically-sized photographic negative prints. The Whiteoak Extension is often found in libraries stored as an appendix or companion to the photographic print edition of the NGS-POSS. This brings the number of prints to 1,972 for most holders of a photographic edition of the NGS-POSS.

In 1981, a set of NGS-POSS Transparency Overlay Maps was published by [[Robert S. Dixon]] of the [[Ohio State University]]. This work is commonly found wherever a photographic print edition of the NGS-POSS is held.

==Derivative works==
{{unsourced|section|date=February 2019}}

Many [[astronomical catalog]]s are partial derivatives of the NGS-POSS (e.g. [[Abell Catalog of Planetary Nebulae]]), which was used for decades for purposes of cataloging and categorizing celestial objects, especially in studies of [[galaxy morphology]].

Innumerable [[astronomical object]]s were discovered by astronomers studying the NGS-POSS photographs.

In 1986, work was begun on a digital version of the NGS-POSS. Eight years later, the scanning of the original NGS-POSS plates was completed. The resulting digital images were compressed and published as the [[Digitized Sky Survey]] in 1994. The Digitized Sky Survey was made available on a set of 102 CD-ROMs, and can also be queried through several web interfaces.

In 1996, an even more compressed version, [[RealSky]], was marketed by the [[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]].

in 2001, a catalog identifying over 89 million objects on the NGS-POSS was placed online as part of the [[Minnesota Automated Plate Scanner]] Catalog of the POSS I.  The catalog was also distributed in a set of 4 DVD-ROMs. The catalog contains accurate sky positions and brightness measurements for all of these objects as well as more esoteric parameters such as ellipticity, position angle, and concentration index.

==See also==
*[[Whiteoak extension]]
*[[Southern Sky Survey]]
*[[Palomar Observatory Sky Survey II]]
*[[2MASS|Two Micron All-Sky Survey]]
*[[Sloan Digital Sky Survey]]
*[[Minnesota Automated Plate Scanner]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://archive.stsci.edu/cgi-bin/dss_form Digitized Sky Survey]
* [http://aps.umn.edu Minnesota Automated Plate Scanner Catalog of the POSS I]

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