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==Geographic distribution==
==Geographic distribution==
[[File:Iranian Kurds demonstration in support of Kobanî people 04.jpg|thumb|Iranian Kurds in [[Marivan]] protest against [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] during the [[Siege of Kobanî]], 6 October 2014]]
[[File:Iranian Kurds demonstration in support of Kobanî people 04.jpg|thumb|Iranian Kurds in [[Marivan]] protest against [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] in support of [[Siege of Kobanî|Kobanî]] city, 6 October 2014]]
[[Iranian Kurdistan]] or Eastern Kurdistan ([[Central Kurdish|Kurdish]]: ''{{lang|ku|Rojhilatê Kurdistanê}}''), is an unofficial name for the parts of western [[Iran]] inhabited by [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] which borders [[Iraq]] and [[Turkey]].<ref name="Kurdish Awakening 2014">''Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland'', (2014), by Ofra Bengio, University of Texas Press</ref> It includes the [[Kurdistan Province]], [[Kermanshah Province]], [[West Azerbaijan Province]], [[Ilam Province]], and [[Lorestan Province]].<ref>Federal Research Division, 2004, ''Iran: A Country Study'', Kessinger Publishing, {{ISBN|1-4191-2670-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4191-2670-3}}, p. 121, "The Kurdish area of Iran includes most of West Azerbaijan."</ref><ref>Youssef Courbage, Emmanuel Todd, 2011, ''A Convergence of Civilizations: The Transformation of Muslim Societies Around the World'', p. 74. Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|0-231-15002-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-231-15002-6}}. "Kurds are also a majority of the population in the provinces of Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan, and Ilam."</ref><ref>William Eagleton, 1988, ''An Introduction to Kurdish Rugs and Other Weavings'', University of California, Scorpion, 144 pages. {{ISBN|0-905906-50-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-905906-50-8}}. "Iranian Kurdistan is relatively narrow where it touches the Soviet border in the north and is hemmed in on the east by the Azerbaijani Turks. Extending south along the border west of Lake Urmia is the tribal territory."</ref><ref>http://www.pen-kurd.org/kurdi/ikrambalekani/eyaletakurdistane-liirane.html</ref>
[[Iranian Kurdistan]] or Eastern Kurdistan ([[Central Kurdish|Kurdish]]: ''{{lang|ku|Rojhilatê Kurdistanê}}''), is an unofficial name for the parts of western [[Iran]] inhabited by [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] which borders [[Iraq]] and [[Turkey]].<ref name="Kurdish Awakening 2014">''Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland'', (2014), by Ofra Bengio, University of Texas Press</ref> It includes the [[Kurdistan Province]], [[Kermanshah Province]], [[West Azerbaijan Province]], [[Ilam Province]], and [[Lorestan Province]].<ref>Federal Research Division, 2004, ''Iran: A Country Study'', Kessinger Publishing, {{ISBN|1-4191-2670-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4191-2670-3}}, p. 121, "The Kurdish area of Iran includes most of West Azerbaijan."</ref><ref>Youssef Courbage, Emmanuel Todd, 2011, ''A Convergence of Civilizations: The Transformation of Muslim Societies Around the World'', p. 74. Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|0-231-15002-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-231-15002-6}}. "Kurds are also a majority of the population in the provinces of Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan, and Ilam."</ref><ref>William Eagleton, 1988, ''An Introduction to Kurdish Rugs and Other Weavings'', University of California, Scorpion, 144 pages. {{ISBN|0-905906-50-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-905906-50-8}}. "Iranian Kurdistan is relatively narrow where it touches the Soviet border in the north and is hemmed in on the east by the Azerbaijani Turks. Extending south along the border west of Lake Urmia is the tribal territory."</ref><ref>http://www.pen-kurd.org/kurdi/ikrambalekani/eyaletakurdistane-liirane.html</ref>


[[Shia]] [[Feyli Kurds|Feyli]] Kurds inhabit Kermanshah Province, except for those parts where people are [[Jaff]], and Ilam Province; as well as some parts of [[Kurdistan Province|Kurdistan]] and [[Hamadan Province|Hamadan]] provinces. The [[Kurds of Khorasan]], in the [[North Khorasan Province]] of northeastern Iran, are [[Shia|Shi'ite]] Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rangvarehayeyekrang.ir/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/ |title=http://rangvarehayeyekrang.ir |access-date=2017-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217230209/http://rangvarehayeyekrang.ir/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/ |archive-date=2017-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=عشایر کرد خراسان؛ گردشگری عشایری |url=https://www.kojaro.com/2016/10/29/122951/kurdish-tribes-khorasan/ |accessdate=22 April 2020 |date=29 October 2016 |language=fa}}</ref> The [[Laks (Iran)|Laki]] tribe populate parts of [[Ilam Province]] and [[Lorestan Province]], while [[Chegini Kurds]] reside in central [[Lorestan Province|Lorestan]].
[[Shia]] [[Feyli Kurds|Feyli]] Kurds inhabit Kermanshah Province, except for those parts where people are [[Jaff]], and Ilam Province; as well as some parts of [[Kurdistan Province|Kurdistan]] and [[Hamadan Province|Hamadan]] provinces. The [[Kurds of Khorasan]], in the [[North Khorasan Province]] of northeastern Iran, are [[Shia|Shi'ite]] Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rangvarehayeyekrang.ir/ایل%E2%80%8Cهاوطوایف-کرد-ایران/ |title=http://rangvarehayeyekrang.ir |access-date=2017-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217230209/http://rangvarehayeyekrang.ir/ایل%E2%80%8Cهاوطوایف-کرد-ایران/ |archive-date=2017-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=عشایر کرد خراسان؛ گردشگری عشایری |url=https://www.kojaro.com/2016/10/29/122951/kurdish-tribes-khorasan/ |accessdate=22 April 2020 |date=29 October 2016 |language=fa}}</ref> The [[Laks (Iran)|Laki]] tribe populate parts of [[Ilam Province]] and [[Lorestan Province]], while [[Chegini Kurds]] reside in central [[Lorestan Province|Lorestan]].


During the [[Iranian Revolution]], Kurdish nationalist political parties were unsuccessful in attracting support, who at that time had no interest in autonomy.<ref name="David Romano page 235">{{cite book |title=The Kurdish Nationalist Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/kurdishnationali00roma |url-access=limited |first=David |last=Romano |page=[https://archive.org/details/kurdishnationali00roma/page/n247 235] |year=2006 |isbn=0-521-85041-X |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref name="McDowall page 270-278">{{cite book |title=A Modern History of the Kurds |last=McDowall |page=270 |year=1996 |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=1-85043-653-3 }}</ref> However, since the 1990s, [[Kurdish nationalism]] in the region has grown, partly due to outrage at the government's violent suppression of Kurdish activism.<ref name="McDowall page 278">{{cite book |title=A Modern History of the Kurds |last=McDowall |page=278 |year=1996 |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=1-85043-653-3 }}</ref>
During the [[Iranian Revolution|Shia revolution]] in Iran the major Kurdish political parties were unsuccessful in absorbing Kurds, who at that period had no interest in autonomy.<ref name="David Romano page 235">{{cite book |title=The Kurdish Nationalist Movement |first=David |last=Romano |page=235 |year=2006 |isbn=0-521-85041-X |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref name="McDowall page 270-278">{{cite book |title=A Modern History of the Kurds |last=McDowall |first= |page=270 |year=1996 |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=1-85043-653-3 }}</ref> However, since the 1990s Kurdish nationalism has seeped into the Kurdish area partly due to outrage against government's violent suppression of Kurdish independence calls further north.<ref name="McDowall page 278">{{cite book |title=A Modern History of the Kurds |last=McDowall |first= |page=278 |year=1996 |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=1-85043-653-3 }}</ref>


==Religion==
==Religion==

Revision as of 08:39, 16 December 2020

See also: Iranian Kurdistan

Iranian Kurds
Total population
8.1 million (10%)
(2014 CIA estimate)[1]
Languages
Kurdish, Gorani and Persian
Religion
Shia Islam (Twelver)[2][3]
Sunni Islam (Shafi‘i)[4]
(Sufi order Qadiriyya also present)[5]
Yarsanism
Related ethnic groups
see Iranian peoples

Kurds in Iran (Kurdish: Kurdên Îranê ,کورد لە ئێران,[6] Persian: کردها در ایران)[7] are the third largest ethnic group in Iran[8] after Persians and Iranian Azerbaijanis, comprising about 10% of the country's population according to the CIA in 2014.[1]

Geographic distribution

Iranian Kurds in Marivan protest against ISIL in support of Kobanî city, 6 October 2014

Iranian Kurdistan or Eastern Kurdistan (Kurdish: Rojhilatê Kurdistanê), is an unofficial name for the parts of western Iran inhabited by Kurds which borders Iraq and Turkey.[9] It includes the Kurdistan Province, Kermanshah Province, West Azerbaijan Province, Ilam Province, and Lorestan Province.[10][11][12][13]

Shia Feyli Kurds inhabit Kermanshah Province, except for those parts where people are Jaff, and Ilam Province; as well as some parts of Kurdistan and Hamadan provinces. The Kurds of Khorasan, in the North Khorasan Province of northeastern Iran, are Shi'ite Muslims.[14][15] The Laki tribe populate parts of Ilam Province and Lorestan Province, while Chegini Kurds reside in central Lorestan.

During the Shia revolution in Iran the major Kurdish political parties were unsuccessful in absorbing Kurds, who at that period had no interest in autonomy.[16][17] However, since the 1990s Kurdish nationalism has seeped into the Kurdish area partly due to outrage against government's violent suppression of Kurdish independence calls further north.[18]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Kurdistan

The two major religions among Kurds in Iran are Islam and Yarsanism, while fewer Kurds adhere to the Baháʼí Faith and Judaism.[19][20] There is disagreement on which is the largest denomination among Kurds; some experts such as Richard N. Frye and Martin van Bruinessen argue that Sunni Islam (the Shafi‘i branch[4]) is the majority religion,[21][22] while researcher Anu Leinonen believes it is the Twelver branch of Shia Islam.[23]

Pockets of Sunni Kurds belong to the Qadiriyya tariqa (around Marivan and Sanandaj). These orders have experienced repression from the state, including the destruction of their places of worship.[5][24] Yarsanis are also targeted by the central government.[25]

Kurdish separatism in Iran

Main articles: Kurdish separatism in Iran, Republic of Mahabad, and Western Iran clashes (2016–present)

There has been sporadic separatist conflict[26] since 1918, most recently during the 2016 Western Iran clashes.[27]

Tribes

Main article: Kurdish tribes
Tribe Kurdish and Persian
names		 Geography Notes
Ali Sherwan Kurdish: عه‌لی شیروان
Persian: ئایل علیشروان		 Ilam Province[28] Southern Kurdish–speaking[28]
Amar Kurdish: عمار‎
Persian: عمارلو		 Gilan Province, Greater Khorasan and Qazvin Province[29][30] Kurmanji–speaking[30]
Arkawâzi Kurdish: ئه‌رکه‌وازی
Persian: ارکوازی		 Ilam Province[28] Southern Kurdish–speaking[28]
Badreh Kurdish: بەدرە
Persian: بدره‌ای		 Ilam Province[31]
Balavand Persian: بالاوند Ilam Province[28]
Beiranvand Kurdish: Bîranwend ,بیرانوەند
Persian: بیرانوند		 Between Aleshtar and Khorramabad; Bayranshahr.[32] Laki–speaking.[32]
Chahardoli Persian: چاردولی Hamadan Province and West Azerbaijan Province[33] Laki–speaking[33]
Chalabianlu Persian: چلبیانلو‎ East Azerbaijan Province[34]
Chegini Kurdish: Çengînî ,چەگینی
Persian: چگنی		 Between Khorramabad and the Kashgan river.[35] Chegini dialect (Mixture of Laki and Luri)[36]
Dehbalai Persian: بالایی Ilam Province[28]
Delikan Persian: دلیکانلو Ardabil Province[37] Turkophone[37]
Dilfan Kurdish: Dilfan ,دیلفان
Persian: دلفان‎		 Around Delfan County. Present in Ilam and Mazandaran provinces as well.[38] Laki–speaking[38]
Donboli Kurdish: Dimilî ,دونبەلی
Persian: دنبلی		 Khoy and Salmas area.[39] Turkophone[40]
Falak al-Din Persian: فلک ئالدین Hamadan Province[41] Laki–speaking[41]
Eyvan Kurdish: ئه‌یوان
Persian: ايوان‎		 Ilam Province[28]
Feyli Kurdish: Feylî ,فه‌یلی
Persian: فیلی		 Ilam Province (Ilam, Chardoval, Mehran, Malekshahi, Abdanan, Dehloran).[42] Southern Kurdish–speaking.[42]
Ghiasvand Persian: قیاسوند Hamadan Province[41] Laki–speaking[41]
Guran Kurdish: Goran ,گۆران
Persian: گوران		 Hawraman region Gorani–speaking.[43]
Hasanvand Kurdish: حەسەنوەند
Persian: حسنوند		 Around Aligudarz, Khorramabad and Borujerd.[44] Laki–speaking.[45]
Herki Kurdish: Herkî ,ھەرکی
Persian: هرکی		 Western countryside of Urmia in the Targavar and Margavar valleys.[46][47] Kurmanji–speaking.[48]
Jaff Kurdish: Caf ,جاف
Persian: جاف		 From Sanandaj to Kermanshah with Javanrud as area of origin.[49] Sorani–speaking.[50]
Jalali Kurdish: Celalî ,جەلالیان
Persian: جلالی		 Around Maku.[51] Kurmanji–speaking.[52]
Jalilavand Kurdish: Celalwend ,جەلیلوەند
Persian: جلیلوند		 Around Dinavar and in Lorestan Province.[53] Laki–speaking.[53]
Kakavand Kurdish: Kakewend ,کاکەوەن
Persian: کاکاوند		 Kermanshah, Harsin area,[54] and Kakavand District, Delfan.[55] Laki–speaking.[54]
Kalhori Kurdish: Kelhûr ,کەڵھوڕ
Persian: کلهر		 Around Eslamabad-e Gharb, Qasr-e Shirin and Gilan-e Gharb.[56]
Ilam Province (Chardoval and Eyvan)[42]		 Southern Kurdish–speaking.[42]
Khezel Kurdish: خه‌زه‌ل
Persian: خزل		 Ilam Province[28] Southern Kurdish–speaking[28]
Kolivand Persian: كليوند Ilam Province[28]
Kordshuli Kurdish: Kurdşûlî
Persian: کردشولی		 Fars Province[57] Laki–speaking[58]
Kuruni Kurdish: Kûranî
Persian: کورونی		 Fars Province[59]
Malekshahi Kurdish: Melekşahî
Persian: ملکشاهی		 Ilam Province[28] Southern Kurdish–speaking[42]
Mamash Kurdish: Mamaş ,مامش
Persian: مامش		 Southern parts of West Azerbaijan.[60] Sorani–speaking.[60]
Mangur Kurdish: Mangûr ,مەنگوڕ
Persian: منگور		 Around Piranshahr, Mahabad, Sardasht and Bukan in West Azerbaijan.[61] Sorani–speaking.[62]
Milan Kurdish: Mîlan ,میلان
Persian: میلان		 North of Zurabad in northern West Azerbaijan[63] Kurmanji–speaking.[63]
Mukri Kurdish: Mukrî ,موکری
Persian: مکری		 Around Baneh, Mahabad, Piranshahr and Saqqez.[64] Sorani–speaking.[65]
Musavand Persian: موسی وند Hamadan Province[41] Laki–speaking[41]
Qolugjan Ardabil Province[37]
Reşwan Kurdish: Reşwan ,ڕەشوان
Persian: رشوند		 Gilan Province, Greater Khorasan and Qazvin Province[29][30] Kurmanji–speaking[30]
Rizehvand Persian: ریزه وند Ilam Province[66]
Sanjâbi Kurdish: Sencabî ,سنجاوی
Persian: سنجابی		 Western parts of Kermanshah Province.[67] Southern Kurdish-speaking.[68]
Shaqaqi Kurdish: Şeqaqî ,شەقاقی
Persian: شقاقی		 East Azerbaijan Province[69]
Shatran Persian: شاترانلو Ardabil Province[37]
Shekak Kurdish: Şikak ,شکاک
Persian: شکاک		 Western countryside of Urmia.[70] Kurmanji–speaking.[71]
Shuhan Persian: شوهان Ilam Province[28] Southern Kurdish–speaking[28]
Torkashvand Persian: ترکاشوند Hamadan Province[41] Laki–speaking[41]
Uriad Persian: اوریاد Fars Province[57]
Zangana Kurdish: Zengine ,زەنگەنە
Persian: زنگنه		 South of Kermanshah.[56] Southern Kurdish–speaking.[56]
Zola Kurdish: زۆلا
Persian: زوله		 Hamadan Province[41] Laki–speaking[41]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Leinonen, Anu (2017). Unity or Diversity? Turkish Nationalism, Kurds, and the Turkish Mainstream Press (PDF). Helsinki: University of Helsinki. p. 66. ISBN 978-951-51-2890-4. Most Iranian Kurds are Shi'a (of Twelver Shi'ism).
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  61. ^ "(منگور (ایل" (in Persian). Portal.nlai.ir/. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
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  64. ^ Oskar Mann (1906). "Die Mundart der Mukri-Kurden" (PDF) (in German). 1. Berlin: Verlag Georg Reimer: xviii–xix. Retrieved 23 April 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  65. ^ Michael L. Chyet (1991). 'And a Thornbush Sprang Up Between Them': Studies on 'Mem U Zin', a Kurdish Romance. p. 29.
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  67. ^ رحمتی, محسن; نظری, پیرحسین (23 August 2015). "ایل سنجابی و سیاست‌های انگلیس در غرب ایران در جنگ جهانی اول" (PDF). پژوهشهای علوم تاریخی (in Persian). 7 (1): 21–39. doi:10.22059/jhss.2015.57831. ISSN 2251-9254. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
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