Jump to content

Eidetic memory: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
And again, this is not about the topic.
→‎In artistic practice: "Eidetic memory" is the title of the article, not 'total visual recall', so these additions are entirely relevant. Can we enter into a discussion on the Talk page please. I don't want an edit war
Line 23: Line 23:


According to [[Herman Goldstine]], the mathematician [[John von Neumann]] was able to recall from memory every book he had ever read.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldstine |first=Herman |authorlink=Herman Goldstine |title=The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann|publisher=Princeton University Press|year= 1980|p=167|isbn=0-691-02367-0}}</ref>
According to [[Herman Goldstine]], the mathematician [[John von Neumann]] was able to recall from memory every book he had ever read.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldstine |first=Herman |authorlink=Herman Goldstine |title=The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann|publisher=Princeton University Press|year= 1980|p=167|isbn=0-691-02367-0}}</ref>

== Eidetic memory capability in general populations ==
Although observers can remember thousands of images, it is widely assumed that these memories lack detail, but investigations in 2008 by Brady, Konkle, Alvarez, and Oliva, challenge this assumption to show that long-term memory is capable of storing details from the image.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brady|first=T. F.|last2=Konkle|first2=T.|last3=Alvarez|first3=G. A.|last4=Oliva|first4=A.|date=2008-09-23|title=Visual long-term memory has a massive storage capacity for object details|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0803390105|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=105|issue=38|pages=14325–14329|doi=10.1073/pnas.0803390105|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC2533687|pmid=18787113}}</ref> Hollingworth examined short and long-term visual memory, showing that objects were remembered accurately at rates well above chance, with no evidence of further forgetting even when sight of 10 objects intervened and only modest forgetting with 402 intervening objects, a robust performance that indicates a visual long-term memory component to scene representation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hollingworth|first=Andrew|date=2004|title=Constructing Visual Representations of Natural Scenes: The Roles of Short- and Long-Term Visual Memory.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0096-1523.30.3.519|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance|language=en|volume=30|issue=3|pages=519–537|doi=10.1037/0096-1523.30.3.519|issn=1939-1277}}</ref> In 2019 Bainbridge, Hall & Baker published results of research showing that drawings made of real-world scenes during free recall reveal detailed object and spatial information in memory. The researchers' interest was to understand the content and mechanisms of memory, and rather than the usual recognition tests,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Standing|first=Lionel|last2=Conezio|first2=Jerry|last3=Haber|first3=Ralph Norman|date=August 1970|title=Perception and memory for pictures: Single-trial learning of 2500 visual stimuli|url=http://link.springer.com/10.3758/BF03337426|journal=Psychonomic Science|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=73–74|doi=10.3758/BF03337426|issn=0033-3131|via=}}</ref> from which they found it difficult to establish what specific content is driving performance, they used a drawing task. Participants, 27 different adults, 15 female, average age 24, studied 30 scenes and, after being distracted with an intervening task, were asked to draw as many images in as much detail as possible from memory. The drawings were scored for accuracy by thousands of online observers. The results showed that numerous objects and spatial information were held precisely in memory with few inaccuracies or inventions, findings that show it is possible to quantify the content of memory during free recall and that memories contain detailed representations of visual experiences.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bainbridge|first=Wilma A.|last2=Hall|first2=Elizabeth H.|last3=Baker|first3=Chris I.|date=December 2019|title=Drawings of real-world scenes during free recall reveal detailed object and spatial information in memory|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07830-6|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07830-6|issn=2041-1723|pmc=PMC6315028|pmid=30602785|via=}}</ref>

== In artistic practice ==
Drawing 'blind' from memory has long been an exercise employed in the training of artists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=HOLDSWORTH|first=BRUCE|date=June 1984|title=English Art Education between the Wars|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.1984.tb00112.x|journal=Journal of Art & Design Education|volume=3|issue=2|pages=161–179|doi=10.1111/j.1476-8070.1984.tb00112.x|issn=0260-9991|via=}}</ref> In German artistic education memory drawing (Gedächtniszeichnen) was introduced to strengthen the active powers of observation. In England, this ‘sketching from the memory, mind picturing’ was included in the teaching of design from the mid-nineteenth century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macdonald, Stuart, Ph. D.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66174871|title=A century of art and design education : from Arts and Crafts to conceptual art|date=2005|publisher=Lutterworth Press|isbn=0-7188-3048-2|location=Cambridge|oclc=66174871}}</ref> Itten reports the value of accurate rendering of complex textures in sharpening observation, but that such work acquires "convincing and dynamic force only when they are drawn freely from memory..." and in his book ''Design and Form'', provides an example memory drawing ''A piece of wood, drawn from memory'' by L. Leudesdorff-Engstfeld, from the [[Bauhaus]], Weimar, of 1922.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Itten, Johannes, 1888-1967.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2365023|title=Design and form : the basic course at the Bauhaus.|date=1975|publisher=Thames and Hudson|others=Itten, Anneliese., Bauhaus.|isbn=0-500-27067-8|edition=Rev. ed.|location=London|oclc=2365023}}</ref> Mid-twentieth century, art educationist Catterson-Smith practiced memory training from timed slides and in France, the master teacher of memory drawing was [[Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran|Lecoq de Boisbaudran]]. Even the process of accurate representational drawing requires shifts of gaze between the original and the drawing, and visual memory assists in comparing the original object and the drawing while creating and correcting the drawing; in testing this, Perdreau and Cavanagh found that 'drawing experts' (i.e. artists) have better short-term visual memory while drawing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perdreau|first=Florian|last2=Cavanagh|first2=Patrick|date=2015-04-10|title=Drawing experts have better visual memory while drawing|url=http://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1167/15.5.5|journal=Journal of Vision|language=en|volume=15|issue=5|pages=5|doi=10.1167/15.5.5|issn=1534-7362}}</ref>


==Skepticism==
==Skepticism==

Revision as of 07:22, 4 October 2020

This article is about the precise recall of memories. For the TV show, see Wogan's Perfect Recall. For the video game developer, see Eidetic, Inc. For the 2011 documentary, see Photographic Memory (film). For Sri Lankan action thriller short film, see EIDETIC (2016 film).

Eidetic memory (/aɪˈdɛtɪk/ eye-DET-ik; more commonly called photographic memory) is the ability to recall an image from memory with high precision for a brief period after seeing it only once,[1] and without using a mnemonic device.[2] Although the terms eidetic memory and photographic memory are popularly used interchangeably,[1] they are also distinguished, with eidetic memory referring to the ability to the ability to see an object for a few minutes after it is no longer present[2][3] and photographic memory referring to the ability to recall pages of text or numbers, or similar, in great detail.[4][5] When the concepts are distinguished, eidetic memory is reported to occur in a small number of children and generally not found in adults,[2][6] while true photographic memory has never been demonstrated to exist.[5][7]

The word eidetic comes from the Greek word εἶδος (pronounced [êːdos], eidos) "visible form".[8]

Eidetic or photographic memory

The terms eidetic memory and photographic memory are commonly used interchangeably,[1] but they are also distinguished.[4][5] Scholar Annette Kujawski Taylor stated, "In eidetic memory, a person has an almost faithful mental image snapshot or photograph of an event in their memory. However, eidetic memory is not limited to visual aspects of memory and includes auditory memories as well as various sensory aspects across a range of stimuli associated with a visual image."[9] Author Andrew Hudmon commented: "Examples of people with a photographic-like memory are rare. Eidetic imagery is the ability to remember an image in so much detail, clarity, and accuracy that it is as though the image were still being perceived. It is not perfect, as it is subject to distortions and additions (like episodic memory), and vocalization interferes with the memory."[6]

"Eidetikers", as those who possess this ability are called, report a vivid afterimage that lingers in the visual field with their eyes appearing to scan across the image as it is described.[10][11] Contrary to ordinary mental imagery, eidetic images are externally projected, experienced as "out there" rather than in the mind. Vividness and stability of the image begins to fade within minutes after the removal of the visual stimulus.[3] Lilienfeld et al. stated, "People with eidetic memory can supposedly hold a visual image in their mind with such clarity that they can describe it perfectly or almost perfectly ..., just as we can describe the details of a painting immediately in front of us with near perfect accuracy."[12]

By contrast, photographic memory may be defined as the ability to recall pages of text, numbers, or similar, in great detail, without the visualization that comes with eidetic memory.[4] It may be described as the ability to briefly look at a page of information and then recite it perfectly from memory. This type of ability has never been proven to exist and is considered popular myth.[5][7]

Prevalence

Eidetic memory is typically found only in young children, as it is virtually nonexistent in adults.[5][6] Hudmon stated, "Children possess far more capacity for eidetic imagery than adults, suggesting that a developmental change (such as acquiring language skills) may disrupt the potential for eidetic imagery."[6] Eidetic memory has been found in 2 to 10 percent of children aged 6 to 12. It has been hypothesized that language acquisition and verbal skills allow older children to think more abstractly and thus rely less on visual memory systems. Extensive research has failed to demonstrate consistent correlations between the presence of eidetic imagery and any cognitive, intellectual, neurological or emotional measure.[13]

A few adults have had phenomenal memories (not necessarily of images), but their abilities are also unconnected with their intelligence levels and tend to be highly specialized. In extreme cases, like those of Solomon Shereshevsky and Kim Peek, memory skills can reportedly hinder social skills.[14]

Shereshevsky was a trained mnemonist, not an eidetic memoriser, and there are no studies that confirm whether Kim Peek had true eidetic memory.

According to Herman Goldstine, the mathematician John von Neumann was able to recall from memory every book he had ever read.[15]

Eidetic memory capability in general populations

Although observers can remember thousands of images, it is widely assumed that these memories lack detail, but investigations in 2008 by Brady, Konkle, Alvarez, and Oliva, challenge this assumption to show that long-term memory is capable of storing details from the image.[16] Hollingworth examined short and long-term visual memory, showing that objects were remembered accurately at rates well above chance, with no evidence of further forgetting even when sight of 10 objects intervened and only modest forgetting with 402 intervening objects, a robust performance that indicates a visual long-term memory component to scene representation.[17] In 2019 Bainbridge, Hall & Baker published results of research showing that drawings made of real-world scenes during free recall reveal detailed object and spatial information in memory. The researchers' interest was to understand the content and mechanisms of memory, and rather than the usual recognition tests,[18] from which they found it difficult to establish what specific content is driving performance, they used a drawing task. Participants, 27 different adults, 15 female, average age 24, studied 30 scenes and, after being distracted with an intervening task, were asked to draw as many images in as much detail as possible from memory. The drawings were scored for accuracy by thousands of online observers. The results showed that numerous objects and spatial information were held precisely in memory with few inaccuracies or inventions, findings that show it is possible to quantify the content of memory during free recall and that memories contain detailed representations of visual experiences.[19]

In artistic practice

Drawing 'blind' from memory has long been an exercise employed in the training of artists.[20] In German artistic education memory drawing (Gedächtniszeichnen) was introduced to strengthen the active powers of observation. In England, this ‘sketching from the memory, mind picturing’ was included in the teaching of design from the mid-nineteenth century.[21] Itten reports the value of accurate rendering of complex textures in sharpening observation, but that such work acquires "convincing and dynamic force only when they are drawn freely from memory..." and in his book Design and Form, provides an example memory drawing A piece of wood, drawn from memory by L. Leudesdorff-Engstfeld, from the Bauhaus, Weimar, of 1922.[22] Mid-twentieth century, art educationist Catterson-Smith practiced memory training from timed slides and in France, the master teacher of memory drawing was Lecoq de Boisbaudran. Even the process of accurate representational drawing requires shifts of gaze between the original and the drawing, and visual memory assists in comparing the original object and the drawing while creating and correcting the drawing; in testing this, Perdreau and Cavanagh found that 'drawing experts' (i.e. artists) have better short-term visual memory while drawing.[23]

Skepticism

Skepticism about the existence of eidetic memory was fueled around 1970 by Charles Stromeyer, who studied his future wife, Elizabeth, who claimed that she could recall poetry written in a foreign language that she did not understand years after she had first seen the poem. She also could seemingly recall random dot patterns with such fidelity as to combine two patterns from memory into a stereoscopic image.[24][25] She remains the only person documented to have passed such a test. However, the methods used in the testing procedures could be considered questionable (especially given the extraordinary nature of the claims being made),[26] as is the fact that the researcher married his subject. Additionally, that the tests have never been repeated (Elizabeth has consistently refused to repeat them)[27] raises further concerns for journalist Joshua Foer who pursued the case in a 2006 article in Slate magazine concentrating on cases of unconscious plagiarism, expanding the discussion in Moonwalking with Einstein to assert that, of the people rigorously scientifically tested, no one claiming to have long-term eidetic memory had this ability proven.[27][28]

American cognitive scientist Marvin Minsky, in his book The Society of Mind (1988), considered reports of photographic memory to be an "unfounded myth,"[29] and that there is no scientific consensus regarding the nature, the proper definition, or even the very existence of eidetic imagery, even in children.[3]

Lilienfeld et al. stated: "Some psychologists believe that eidetic memory reflects an unusually long persistence of the iconic image in some lucky people". They added: "More recent evidence raises questions about whether any memories are truly photographic (Rothen, Meier & Ward, 2012). Eidetikers' memories are clearly remarkable, but they are rarely perfect. Their memories often contain minor errors, including information that was not present in the original visual stimulus. So even eidetic memory often appears to be reconstructive".[12][30]

Scientific skeptic author Brian Dunning reviewed the literature on the subject of both eidetic and photographic memory in 2016 and concluded that there is "a lack of compelling evidence that eidetic memory exists at all among healthy adults, and no evidence that photographic memory exists. But there's a common theme running through many of these research papers, and that's that the difference between ordinary memory and exceptional memory appears to be one of degree."[31]

Trained mnemonists

To constitute photographic or eidetic memory, the visual recall must persist without the use of mnemonics, expert talent, or other cognitive strategies. Various cases have been reported that rely on such skills and are erroneously attributed to photographic memory.[32]

An example of extraordinary memory abilities being ascribed to eidetic memory comes from the popular interpretations of Adriaan de Groot's classic experiments into the ability of chess grandmasters to memorize complex positions of chess pieces on a chess board. Initially, it was found that these experts could recall surprising amounts of information, far more than nonexperts, suggesting eidetic skills. However, when the experts were presented with arrangements of chess pieces that could never occur in a game, their recall was no better than the nonexperts, suggesting that they had developed an ability to organize certain types of information, rather than possessing innate eidetic ability.

Individuals identified as having a condition known as hyperthymesia are able to remember very intricate details of their own personal lives, but the ability seems not to extend to other, non-autobiographical information.[33]

They may have vivid recollections such as who they were with, what they were wearing, and how they were feeling on a specific date many years in the past. Patients under study, such as Jill Price, show brain scans that resemble those with obsessive–compulsive disorder. In fact, Price's unusual autobiographical memory has been attributed as a byproduct of compulsively making journal and diary entries. Hyperthymestic patients may additionally have depression stemming from the inability to forget unpleasant memories and experiences from the past.[34] It is a misconception that hyperthymesia suggests any eidetic ability.

Each year at the World Memory Championships, the world's best memorizers compete for prizes. None of the world's best competitive memorizers has a photographic memory, and no one with claimed eidetic or photographic memory has ever won the championship.[32]

Notable claims

Main article: List of people claimed to possess an eidetic memory

There are a number of individuals whose extraordinary memory has been labeled "eidetic", but it is not established conclusively whether they use mnemonics and other, non-eidetic memory-enhancement.[citation needed] 'Nadia', who began drawing realistically at the age of three is autistic has been closely studied. During her childhood she produced highly precocious, repetitive drawings from memory, remarkable for being in perspective (which children tend not to achieve until at least adolescence) at the age of three, which showed different perspectives on an image she was looking at. For example, when at the age of three she was obsessed with horses after seeing a horse in a story book she generated numbers of images of what a horse should look like in any posture. She could draw other animals, objects and parts of human bodies accurately, but represented human faces as jumbled forms.[35][36][37] Others have not been thoroughly tested, though savant Stephen Wiltshire[38][39][40] can look at a subject once and then produce, often before an audience, an accurate and detailed drawing of it, and has drawn entire cities from memory, based on single, brief helicopter rides; his six-metre drawing of 305 square miles of New York City is based on a single twenty-minute helicopter ride.[41][42] Another less thoroughly investigated instance is the art of Winnie Bamara, an Australian indigenous artist of the 1950s.[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c The terms eidetic memory and photographic memory are often used interchangeably:
    • Dennis Coon (2005). Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior. Cengage Learning. p. 310. ISBN 0534605931. Retrieved May 10, 2016. The term photographic memory is more often used to describe eidetic imagery.
    • Annette Kujawski Taylor (2013). Encyclopedia of Human Memory [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 951. ISBN 978-1440800269. Retrieved May 10, 2016. Eidetic memory is sometimes called photographic memory because individuals who possess eidetic memory can reproduce information from memory in exactly the format in which it was provided during encoding.
    • Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding. Pearson Higher Education. 2014. p. 353. ISBN 978-1486016402. Retrieved May 10, 2016. Iconic memory may help to explain the remarkable phenomenon of eidetic imagery, popularly called 'photographic memory'. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
    • S. Marc Breedlove (2015). Principles of Psychology. Oxford University Press. p. 353. ISBN 978-0199329366. Retrieved May 10, 2016. If a person had iconic memory that did not fade with time, he or she would have what is sometimes called photographic memory (also called eidetic memory), the ability to recall entire images with extreme detail.
    • Schwitzgebel, E (2002), "How well do we know our own conscious experience? the case of visual imagery" (PDF), Journal of Consciousness Studies, 9 (5–6): 35–53, doi:10.5840/philtopics20002824, ...eidetic imagery, sometimes popularly (but in the view of many theoreticians inaccurately) referred to as 'photographic memory'.
  2. ^ a b c Eidetic image | psychology, Encyclopædia Britannica online
  3. ^ a b c "Mental Imagery > Other Quasi-Perceptual Phenomena (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  4. ^ a b c Anthony Simola (2015). The Roving Mind: A Modern Approach to Cognitive Enhancement. ST Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0692409053. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e "No one has a photographic memory". Slate Magazine. April 2006.
  6. ^ a b c d Andrew Hudmon (2009). Learning and Memory. Infobase Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-1438119571. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  7. ^ a b "Does Photographic Memory Exist?". Scientific American.
  8. ^ "Eidetic". American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed. 2000. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
  9. ^ Annette Kujawski Taylor (2013). Encyclopedia of Human Memory [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 1099. ISBN 978-1440800269. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  10. ^ Searleman, Alan; Herrmann, Douglas J. (1994). Memory from a Broader Perspective. McGraw-Hill. p. 313. ISBN 9780070283879.
  11. ^ "The Truth About Photographic Memory". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  12. ^ a b Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding. Pearson Higher Education. 2014. p. 353. ISBN 978-1486016402. Retrieved May 10, 2016. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Behavioral and Brain Sciences – Abstract – Twenty years of haunting eidetic imagery: where's the ghost?".
  14. ^ Barber, Nigel (December 22, 2010). "Remembering everything? Memory searchers suffer from amnesia!". Psychology Today. Sussex. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
  15. ^ Goldstine, Herman (1980). The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton University Press. p. 167. ISBN 0-691-02367-0.
  16. ^ Brady, T. F.; Konkle, T.; Alvarez, G. A.; Oliva, A. (2008-09-23). "Visual long-term memory has a massive storage capacity for object details". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (38): 14325–14329. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803390105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2533687. PMID 18787113.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  17. ^ Hollingworth, Andrew (2004). "Constructing Visual Representations of Natural Scenes: The Roles of Short- and Long-Term Visual Memory". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 30 (3): 519–537. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.3.519. ISSN 1939-1277.
  18. ^ Standing, Lionel; Conezio, Jerry; Haber, Ralph Norman (August 1970). "Perception and memory for pictures: Single-trial learning of 2500 visual stimuli". Psychonomic Science. 19 (2): 73–74. doi:10.3758/BF03337426. ISSN 0033-3131.
  19. ^ Bainbridge, Wilma A.; Hall, Elizabeth H.; Baker, Chris I. (December 2019). "Drawings of real-world scenes during free recall reveal detailed object and spatial information in memory". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 5. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07830-6. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6315028. PMID 30602785.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  20. ^ HOLDSWORTH, BRUCE (June 1984). "English Art Education between the Wars". Journal of Art & Design Education. 3 (2): 161–179. doi:10.1111/j.1476-8070.1984.tb00112.x. ISSN 0260-9991.
  21. ^ Macdonald, Stuart, Ph. D. (2005). A century of art and design education : from Arts and Crafts to conceptual art. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press. ISBN 0-7188-3048-2. OCLC 66174871.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Itten, Johannes, 1888-1967. (1975). Design and form : the basic course at the Bauhaus. Itten, Anneliese., Bauhaus. (Rev. ed. ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27067-8. OCLC 2365023. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Perdreau, Florian; Cavanagh, Patrick (2015-04-10). "Drawing experts have better visual memory while drawing". Journal of Vision. 15 (5): 5. doi:10.1167/15.5.5. ISSN 1534-7362.
  24. ^ Stromeyer, C. F.; Psotka, J. (1970). "The detailed texture of eidetic images". Nature. 225 (5230): 346–49. doi:10.1038/225346a0. PMID 5411116. S2CID 4161578.
  25. ^ Thomas, N.J.T. (2010). Other Quasi-Perceptual Phenomena. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  26. ^ Blakemore, C., Braddick, O., & Gregory, R.L. (1970). Detailed Texture of Eidetic Images: A Discussion. Nature, 226, 1267–1268.
  27. ^ a b Foer, Joshua (April 27, 2006). "Kaavya Syndrome: The accused Harvard plagiarist doesn't have a photographic memory. No one does". Slate. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  28. ^ Stromeyer III, Charles (1970). "Adult Eidetiker" (PDF). Psychology Today: 76–80.
  29. ^ Minsky, Marvin (1998). Society of Mind. Simon & Schuster. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-671-65713-0. ...we often hear about people with 'photographic memories' that enable them to quickly memorise all the fine details of a complicated picture or a page of text in a few seconds. So far as I can tell, all of these tales are unfounded myths, and only professional magicians or charlatans can produce such demonstrations.
  30. ^ Note: Reconstructive memory is a theory of memory recall.
  31. ^ Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #452: Photographic Memory". Skeptoid. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  32. ^ a b Joshua Foer - Moonwalking with Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything, 2011
  33. ^ "People with Extraordinary Autobiographical Memory". Psychology Today.
  34. ^ "When Memories Never Fade, The Past Can Poison The Present". NPR.org. 27 December 2013.
  35. ^ Selfe, Lorna; Selfe, Lorna (1977), Nadia : a case of extraordinary drawing ability in an autistic child, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-635750-9
  36. ^ New Scientist, 1 Dec 1977, Vol. 76, No. 1080 p.577 ISSN 0262-4079
  37. ^ Selfe, Lorna; ProQuest (Firm) (2012), Nadia Revisited : A Longitudinal Study of an Autistic Savant, Taylor and Francis, ISBN 978-0-203-82576-1
  38. ^ Daniel A. Weiskopf (2017) An ideal disorder? Autism as a psychiatric kind, Philosophical Explorations, 20:2, 175-190, DOI: 10.1080/13869795.2017.1312500
  39. ^ Rebecca Chamberlain, I. C. McManus, Howard Riley, Qona Rankin & Nicola Brunswick (2013) Local processing enhancements associated with superior observational drawing are due to enhanced perceptual functioning, not weak central coherence, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66:7, 1448-1466, DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.750678
  40. ^ Gillian J. Furniss (2008) Celebrating the Artmaking of Children with Autism, Art Education, 61:5, 8-12, DOI: 10.1080/00043125.2008.11518990
  41. ^ "Unlocking the brain's potential". BBC News. 10 March 2001. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
  42. ^ "Like a Skyline Is Etched in His Head". The New York Times. 27 October 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  43. ^ K. V. Parish, 'The remarkable art of Winnie Bamara', The Sunday Mail, February 14, 1959, p.7
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eidetic_memory&oldid=981753011"