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''I. paradoxa'' has
''I. paradoxa'' has



para descrp, tufted rhizome without elongated stolons, slender usually less than 1 cm in diameter,
leaves narrow, 2-5 cm wide, often falcate (sickle-like) or recurved
stem 10-25 cm long,
blooms between April and June
flowers standards variable in colour form, white to dark purplish-black, 5-9 cm long and 3.3-6 cm wide, broadly obovate,
falls much reduced, 2.5-4 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide, covered with blackish-purple or violet hairs, with a pale v-shaped mark in centre,
capsule not recorded<ref name=british>British Iris Society (1997) {{Google books|pL6uPLo7l2gC|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|page=83}}</ref>


Stoloniferous rhizomes, Iris Paradoxa are sometimes small 1cm, but the plant has very developed secondary roots. These stretch in two wicks sometimes three, lie deep in the ground.
Stoloniferous rhizomes, Iris Paradoxa are sometimes small 1cm, but the plant has very developed secondary roots. These stretch in two wicks sometimes three, lie deep in the ground.
Line 70: Line 78:


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
[[File:Iris paradoxa f. choschab-IMG 2195.jpg|thumb|''Iris paradoxa'' f. ''choschab'' from [[Gothenburg Botanical Garden]], Sweden]]
[[File:Iris paradoxa-IMG 2204.jpg|thumb|''Iris paradoxa'' from [[Gothenburg Botanical Garden]], Sweden]]

It is occasionally called the 'Unusual iris',<ref name="RHS"/> or 'Velvet Iris' in America.<ref name="American"/><ref>United States Department of Agriculture {{google books|Qy1JAAAAMAAJ|Plant Inventory, Issues 74-105 (1926)|page=18}}</ref>
It is occasionally called the 'Unusual iris',<ref name="RHS"/> or 'Velvet Iris' in America.<ref name="American"/><ref>United States Department of Agriculture {{google books|Qy1JAAAAMAAJ|Plant Inventory, Issues 74-105 (1926)|page=18}}</ref>


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===''I. paradoxa'' f. ''choschab''===
===''I. paradoxa'' f. ''choschab''===
[[File:Iris paradoxa-IMG 2204.jpg|thumb|''Iris paradoxa'' from [[Gothenburg Botanical Garden]], Sweden]]
[[File:Iris paradoxa f. choschab-IMG 2195.jpg|thumb|''Iris paradoxa'' f. ''choschab'' from [[Gothenburg Botanical Garden]], Sweden]]


There is a known [[Form (botany)|form]] called ''I. paradoxa'' f. ''choschab''(Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo.
There is a known [[Form (botany)|form]] called ''I. paradoxa'' f. ''choschab''(Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo.
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The form is thought to be most used in cultivation.<ref name=dykesonirises/> It has black-purple falls and white, dark veined standards.<ref name="Alpine"/>
The form is thought to be most used in cultivation.<ref name=dykesonirises/> It has black-purple falls and white, dark veined standards.<ref name="Alpine"/>

white standards or pale lilac, lightly veined with blue, beard black, covering the upper half of the falls, style arms cream, speckled reddish brown,<ref name=british/>

Found near [[Lake Van]], close to the town of Başkale.
It is common around the village of Hosap, known for its [[Hoşap Castle]], [[Gürpınar (District), Van|Gürpınar District]], [[Van Province]], Eastern Anatolia, Turkey.
Choschab was an old version of the [[Aramaic]] name of the castle, meaning 'good water' or 'beautiful water'
Village now known by the Turkish name of Güzelsu. <ref name=british/>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
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The flower (if removed from the plant) has a shelf life of two to three days.<ref name="irisbotanique"/>
The flower (if removed from the plant) has a shelf life of two to three days.<ref name="irisbotanique"/>

⚫
===Propagation===
⚫
Irises can generally be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]],<ref name="daves"/><ref>{{cite web |title=How to divide iris rhizomes |url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/projects/propagating/how-to-divide-iris-rhizomes/169.html |publisher=gardenersworld.com |accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> or by seed growing.<ref name="daves"/>

⚫
==Uses==
⚫
''I. paradoxa'' has been listed with ''[[Iris orientalis]]'' and ''[[Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica]]'' as [[halophyte]] (salt-tolerant) plants.<ref>M. Ajmal Khan, Benno Boer and Munir Ozturk (Editors) {{Google books|99csBAAAQBAJ|Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume Iv: Cash Crop Halophyte and Biodiversity Conservation, Volume 4 (2014)|page=124}}</ref>

⚫
==Toxicity==
⚫
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (including rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.<ref name="daves"/><ref>David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske {{Google books|a7-f66fRfzQC|Toxicity of Houseplants |page=236}}</ref>


==Cultivars and Plant crosses==
==Cultivars and Plant crosses==
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Various ''Iris paradoxa'' crossed Hybrids have also been produced;
Various ''Iris paradoxa'' crossed Hybrids have also been produced;
* ''Iris paradoxa'' X ''[[Iris pallida]]'' : 'Alkmene', 'Hamadan', 'Lady Lilford'<ref name="Telperion">{{cite web |title=Telperion Oasis: The Fertile Families of Bearded and Aril Irises |url=http://www.telp.com/irises/ABMstory.htm |website=www.telp.com |accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref> and 'Parpall'<ref name=dykesonirises/>
* ''Iris paradoxa'' X ''[[Iris pallida]]'' : 'Alkmene', 'Hamadan', 'Lady Lilford'<ref name="Telperion">{{cite web |title=The Story of Arilbred Medians |url=http://www.telp.com/irises/ABMstory.htm |website=www.telp.com |accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref> and 'Parpall'<ref name=dykesonirises/>
* ''Iris paradoxa'' X ''[[Iris variegata]]'' : 'Parvar'<ref name=dykesonirises/> and 'Shadrach'<ref name="American"/>
* ''Iris paradoxa'' X ''[[Iris variegata]]'' : 'Parvar'<ref name=dykesonirises/> and 'Shadrach'<ref name="American"/>


Line 131: Line 138:
* ''Iris paradoxa'' X ''[[Iris korolkowii]]'' : 'Parkor', 'Camilla', 'Clytemnestra', 'Sirona' and 'Minerva',<ref name=aril>{{cite web |title=Aril Society International |url=http://arilsociety.org/secret.pl |website=arilsociety.org |accessdate=6 September 2020}}</ref>
* ''Iris paradoxa'' X ''[[Iris korolkowii]]'' : 'Parkor', 'Camilla', 'Clytemnestra', 'Sirona' and 'Minerva',<ref name=aril>{{cite web |title=Aril Society International |url=http://arilsociety.org/secret.pl |website=arilsociety.org |accessdate=6 September 2020}}</ref>
* ¼ ''Iris paradoxa'' crosses 'Cactiforium', 'Charming Chick', 'Clotho', 'Dear Me', 'Don Ricardo', 'Emily Pyke' and 'Regal Plus'<ref name="American"/><ref name=aril/>
* ¼ ''Iris paradoxa'' crosses 'Cactiforium', 'Charming Chick', 'Clotho', 'Dear Me', 'Don Ricardo', 'Emily Pyke' and 'Regal Plus'<ref name="American"/><ref name=aril/>

⚫
===Propagation===
⚫
Irises can generally be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]],<ref name="daves"/><ref>{{cite web |title=How to divide iris rhizomes |url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/projects/propagating/how-to-divide-iris-rhizomes/169.html |publisher=gardenersworld.com |accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> or by seed growing.<ref name="daves"/>

⚫
==Uses==
⚫
''I. paradoxa'' has been listed with ''[[Iris orientalis]]'' and ''[[Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica]]'' as [[halophyte]] (salt-tolerant) plants.<ref>M. Ajmal Khan, Benno Boer and Munir Ozturk (Editors) {{Google books|99csBAAAQBAJ|Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume Iv: Cash Crop Halophyte and Biodiversity Conservation, Volume 4 (2014)|page=124}}</ref>

⚫
==Toxicity==
⚫
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (including rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.<ref name="daves"/><ref>David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske {{Google books|a7-f66fRfzQC|Toxicity of Houseplants |page=236}}</ref>




== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 13:34, 10 September 2020

Iris paradoxa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Species:
I. paradoxa
Binomial name
Iris paradoxa
Synonyms
  • Iris annae Grossh.
  • Iris paradoxa f. paradoxa
  • Iris paradoxa var. violacea Baker
  • Oncocyclus paradoxus (Steven) Siemssen
[1]

Iris paradoxa is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is

There is a known form called I. paradoxa f. choschab(Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo


Description

I. paradoxa has


para descrp, tufted rhizome without elongated stolons, slender usually less than 1 cm in diameter, leaves narrow, 2-5 cm wide, often falcate (sickle-like) or recurved stem 10-25 cm long, blooms between April and June flowers standards variable in colour form, white to dark purplish-black, 5-9 cm long and 3.3-6 cm wide, broadly obovate, falls much reduced, 2.5-4 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide, covered with blackish-purple or violet hairs, with a pale v-shaped mark in centre, capsule not recorded[2]

Stoloniferous rhizomes, Iris Paradoxa are sometimes small 1cm, but the plant has very developed secondary roots. These stretch in two wicks sometimes three, lie deep in the ground. The leaves are lanceolate, greenish-gray, crescent-shaped, they are no more than 4 cm long. The stem is also small door 1, see 2 inflorescences. One of his paradoxes, and they are numerous, and that the leaves are the roots do not occupy more than 10cm square, while the flower is much more developed. The flower blossoms between April and May. Brown to black, it is disproportionate compared to its very small leaves, extremely reduced. It's a beautiful Oncocyclus with surprising shapes. The erected petals form the bulk of the flower, lined with purple. The sepals are reduced to tabs that bear a pretty beard. Iris Paradoxa at the least developed falls of the genus iris.[3]

Iris paradoxa Botanical Description About 15-25 cm in height. Leaves falcate, 2-4mm wide. Flowers to 10cm in diameter, with short, narrow, horizontal to somewhat arching, extensively bearded falls and very large erect, rounded standards. The colour varies greatly; the falls may be blackish-violet to golden yellow and the standards white with darker veins to uniform deepest purple, pale blue or pale yellow, early summer.[4]

I. paradoxa is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, 10-25cm high, with narrow leaves 2-4mm wide, and flowers in spring or early summer. The erect standards may be white, veined with deep blue-violet, to uniform deepest purple, pale blue or pale yellow; the somewhat horizontal falls may be blackish-violet, through pale purple densely overlaid with black-purple veins, to golden yellow, and the beards are velvety black-purple; it is dormant in late summer[5]

4-10" (1025 cm). Standards purple or violet; falls darker; blackish beard. 2n=20. [6]

General Description:Grows 4"-10" tall. Standards are purple or violet. Falls are darker, with a blackish beard. [7] Distinguishing Features:This is the only iris with falls that are extremely smaller than the standards.[7]

The paradox of this species is to have very small external tepals ("sepals"). The beard is well developed, almost black. The internal tepals ("petals") are lined with purple on a white (choschab form) or purple to mauve (paradoxa form) background.

Of delicate culture, like the other species of the Oncocyclus group.[8]

Height: under 6 in. (15 cm) - 6-12 in. (15-30 cm) Bloom Color: Lavender,Medium Purple,Dark Purple/Black Bloom Time: Early (E) + Early midseason (EM) Foliage Color: Blue-Green[9]

Height 4-10" (10-25 cm). Described in Flora USSR: "Falls almost black violet, standards bright violet or dark violet blackish purple hairs."[10]

Paradoxa deserves its name for, whereas in most irises the standards are smaller than the falls, in this case the falls are merely narrow straps covered as it were with black velvet, while the standards are large and circular, veined with deep blue on a bluish-white ground.[11]

Like other irises, the flowers have 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[12] 7–8.5 cm (3–3 in) long

Males of Xylocopa valga (type of carpenter bee) were observed, filmed and photographed while pseudo-copulating on the reduced, velvety petals of Iris paradoxa both in the plant's native range (1 June 2007, Leriksky area, near Gosmaljan, Azerbaijan)[13]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, meaning having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[12] 2n=20 [7]Chromosomes: 2n = 20[3]

Taxonomy

Iris paradoxa from Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Sweden

It is occasionally called the 'Unusual iris',[5] or 'Velvet Iris' in America.[10][14]

It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (paradoxa) par-uh-DOKS-uh.[9]

The Latin specific epithet paradoxa refers to the Greek word for 'unusual',[15][16] This is due to being thought being entirely unlike any other species.[11]

It was discovered in the Caucus region,[17] and then was first published and described by Steven in 'Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou' (Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou) Vol.5 on page 355 in 1817.[1][18][17]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003.[18]

I. paradoxa f. choschab

Iris paradoxa f. choschab from Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Sweden

There is a known form called I. paradoxa f. choschab(Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo. It was published in Fl. Iran. Vol.112 on page 31 in 1975.[19][20]

Originally in 1901, it was thought by Johannes Marius Cornelis Hoog to be a variety of I. paradoxa, called I. paradoxa var. choschab, Gard. Chron. III, 29: 104 before being downgraded to a form.[21]

The form is thought to be most used in cultivation.[11] It has black-purple falls and white, dark veined standards.[4]

white standards or pale lilac, lightly veined with blue, beard black, covering the upper half of the falls, style arms cream, speckled reddish brown,[2]

Found near Lake Van, close to the town of Başkale. It is common around the village of Hosap, known for its Hoşap Castle, Gürpınar District, Van Province, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Choschab was an old version of the Aramaic name of the castle, meaning 'good water' or 'beautiful water' Village now known by the Turkish name of Güzelsu. [2]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Western Asia.[18]

Range

It is found in the region of Transcaucasia,[10][5] and in the countries of Iran,[2][8][7] (formerly Persia[10][11]), Turkey, Armenia[2][3][8] and Azerbaijan,[18] including in the Nakhchivan region.[22]

Habitat

It grows on arid,[7] stony hillsides and they can be found at altitude between 1,200–2,000 metres (3,900–6,600 ft) above sea level.[2][4]

Cultivation

I. paradoxa can be easily grown in an Alpine house.,[4] or they can be in placed in rock gardens, which should have a summer drought.[3]

They also like positions in full sun, with mildly acidic - mildly alkaline soils (of ph levels between 6.1 - 7.8).[9]

The flower (if removed from the plant) has a shelf life of two to three days.[3]

Cultivars and Plant crosses

Iris paradoxa has been used in various breeding programmes and various cultivars have been produced including: 'Atrata', 'Choschab', 'Jolfa Form', 'Medwedewi', 'Mirabilis', 'Paradoxa' and 'Paradoxa Albo-Lutescens'.[10]

Various Iris paradoxa crossed Hybrids have also been produced;

Iris paradoxa crossed with Section Oncocyclus Irises:

Iris paradoxa crossed with Section Regelia Irises :

  • Iris paradoxa X Iris korolkowii : 'Parkor', 'Camilla', 'Clytemnestra', 'Sirona' and 'Minerva',[24]
  • ¼ Iris paradoxa crosses 'Cactiforium', 'Charming Chick', 'Clotho', 'Dear Me', 'Don Ricardo', 'Emily Pyke' and 'Regal Plus'[10][24]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[9][25] or by seed growing.[9]

Uses

I. paradoxa has been listed with Iris orientalis and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica as halophyte (salt-tolerant) plants.[26]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (including rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[9][27]


References

  1. ^ a b "Iris paradoxa Steven is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 83, at Google Books
  3. ^ a b c d e "chapitre I (partie 5) Les Oncocyclus II". dictionaire des iridacée (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d "Iris paradoxa". Alpine Garden Society. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "Iris paradoxa". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  6. ^ "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  7. ^ a b c d e Kramb, D. (30 September 2004). "Iris paradoxa". signa.org. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  8. ^ a b c "Iris paradoxa" (in French). iris-bulbeuses.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "PlantFiles: Species Iris; Iris paradoxa". Dave's Garden. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "SpecParadoxa < Spec < Iris Wiki". wiki.irises.org. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  12. ^ a b Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0881927306. OL 8176432M.
  13. ^ Vereecken, Nicolas J.; Wilson, Carol A.; Hötling, Susann; Schulz, Stefan; Banketov, Sergey A.; Mardulyn, Patrick (7 December 2012). "Pre-adaptations and the evolution of pollination by sexual deception: Cope's rule of specialization revisited". Proc Biol Sci. 279 (1748): 4786–4794. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1804.
  14. ^ United States Department of Agriculture Plant Inventory, Issues 74-105 (1926), p. 18, at Google Books
  15. ^ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants (2008), p. 216, at Google Books
  16. ^ Coombes, Allen (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 978-16046-91962.
  17. ^ a b "Iris paradoxa Steven, Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou v. (1814) 355". Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  18. ^ a b c d "Taxon: Iris paradoxa Steven". ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  19. ^ "Iris paradoxa f. choschab (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  20. ^ "Iris paradoxa f. choschab | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  21. ^ "Iris paradoxa var. choschab Hoog — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  22. ^ "Next year is going to be Oncocyclus Iris year! By Ian Green". www.greentours.co.uk. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  23. ^ "The Story of Arilbred Medians". www.telp.com. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  24. ^ a b "Aril Society International". arilsociety.org. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  25. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  26. ^ M. Ajmal Khan, Benno Boer and Munir Ozturk (Editors) Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume Iv: Cash Crop Halophyte and Biodiversity Conservation, Volume 4 (2014), p. 124, at Google Books
  27. ^ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books

Other sources

  • Gartenflora 12: 16. Tab. 386. 1863, illustrated in color.
  • Krel. 1892; 1913; Van W. 1906; Hocker 1938;
  • F.C.C., R.H.S. 1900, shown by Van T.; Hort Dir. 42: 60. 1901;


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