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Like other irises, the flowers have 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book | first= Claire | last=Austin | title= Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia | publisher= Timber Press, Incorporated | isbn = 978-0881927306 | year = 2005 |ol = OL8176432M}}</ref>
Like other irises, the flowers have 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book | first= Claire | last=Austin | title= Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia | publisher= Timber Press, Incorporated | isbn = 978-0881927306 | year = 2005 |ol = OL8176432M}}</ref>
{{convert|7|-|8.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long
{{convert|7|-|8.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long

Males of [[Xylocopa valga]] (type of carpenter bee) were observed, filmed and photographed while pseudo-copulating on the reduced, velvety petals of Iris paradoxa both in the plant's native range (1 June 2007, Leriksky area, near Gosmaljan, [[Azerbaijan]])<ref name=Vereecken>{{cite journal |last1=Vereecken |first1=Nicolas J. |last2=Wilson |first2=Carol A. |last3=Hötling |first3=Susann |last4=Schulz |first4=Stefan |last5=Banketov |first5=Sergey A. |last6=Mardulyn |first6=Patrick |title=Pre-adaptations and the evolution of pollination by sexual deception: Cope's rule of specialization revisited |journal=Proc Biol Sci. |date=7 December 2012 |volume=279 |issue=1748 |pages=4786–4794 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.1804}}</ref>


===Biochemistry===
===Biochemistry===
Line 66: Line 68:
==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
[[File:Iris paradoxa f. choschab-IMG 2195.jpg|thumb|''Iris paradoxa'' f. ''choschab'' from [[Gothenburg Botanical Garden]], Sweden]]
[[File:Iris paradoxa f. choschab-IMG 2195.jpg|thumb|''Iris paradoxa'' f. ''choschab'' from [[Gothenburg Botanical Garden]], Sweden]]
It is occasionally called the 'Unusual iris',<ref name="RHS"/> or 'Velvet Iris' in America.<ref name="American"/><ref>United States Department of Agriculture {{google books|Qy1JAAAAMAAJ|Plant Inventory, Issues 74-105 (1926)|page=18}}</ref>
⚫
Unusual iris<ref name="RHS"/>
Species: paradoxa (par-uh-DOKS-uh) (Info)<ref name="daves"/>
⚫
Iris paradoxa was rightly named " the unexpected," for it is entirely unlike any other species.<ref name=dykesonirises/>


It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (paradoxa) par-uh-DOKS-uh.<ref name=daves/>


⚫
Iris paradoxa was rightly named " the unexpected," for it is entirely unlike any other species.<ref name=dykesonirises/>
It was first published and described by [[Christian von Steven|Steven]] in


Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5: 355 1817.<ref name="Plantlist"/>


The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''paradoxa'' refers to the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for 'without leaf',<ref name=signa/><ref>D. Gledhill {{Google books|NJ6PyhVuecwC|The Names of Plants|page=52}}</ref>
Publication
Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Moscow
Collation
v. (1814) 355.
Family as entered in IPNI
Iridaceae
Original Data
Remarks
Reg. Caucus<ref name=ipni>{{cite web |title=Iris paradoxa Steven, Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou v. (1814) 355. |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/438953-1 |accessdate=22 February 2020}}</ref>


It was first published and described by [[Christian von Steven|Steven]] in 'Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou' (Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou) Vol.5 on page 355 in 1817.<ref name="Plantlist"/><ref name=grin>{{cite web| title=Taxon: Iris paradoxa Steven |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=20379 |publisher=ars-grin.gov |accessdate=25 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=ipni>{{cite web |title=Iris paradoxa Steven, Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou v. (1814) 355. |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/438953-1 |accessdate=22 February 2020}}</ref><!-- also <ref name="American"/> -->
Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5:355. 1814
Verified:
04/04/2003 by ARS Systematic Botanists.
<ref name=grin>{{cite web| title=Taxon: Iris paradoxa Steven |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=20379 |publisher=ars-grin.gov |accessdate=25 August 2020}}</ref>
Iris paradoxa Steven ( Christian von Steven, 1817, <ref name="American"/>
Velvet Iris
Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 5: 355. 1817;<ref name="American"/>


It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] and the [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 4 April 2003.<ref name=grin/>
It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] and the [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 4 April 2003.<ref name=grin/>
Line 122: Line 106:
Turkey, Iran and adjacent Russia<ref name="Alpine"/>
Turkey, Iran and adjacent Russia<ref name="Alpine"/>
Armenia, Iran, Turkey.<ref name=pacific/>
Armenia, Iran, Turkey.<ref name=pacific/>
⚫
Caucus<ref name=ipni/>


Azerbaijan (including in the [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] region<ref>{{cite web |title=Next year is going to be Oncocyclus Iris year! By Ian Green |url=http://www.greentours.co.uk/News/Oncocyclus/ |website=www.greentours.co.uk |accessdate=27 August 2020}}</ref> )
Azerbaijan (including in the [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] region<ref>{{cite web |title=Next year is going to be Oncocyclus Iris year! By Ian Green |url=http://www.greentours.co.uk/News/Oncocyclus/ |website=www.greentours.co.uk |accessdate=27 August 2020}}</ref> )

Revision as of 22:08, 31 August 2020

Iris paradoxa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Species:
I. paradoxa
Binomial name
Iris paradoxa
Synonyms
  • Iris annae Grossh.
  • Iris paradoxa f. paradoxa
  • Iris paradoxa var. violacea Baker
  • Oncocyclus paradoxus (Steven) Siemssen
[1]

Iris paradoxa is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is

Description

I. nectarifera has


Stoloniferous rhizomes, Iris Paradoxa are sometimes small 1cm, but the plant has very developed secondary roots. These stretch in two wicks sometimes three, lie deep in the ground. The leaves are lanceolate, greenish-gray, crescent-shaped, they are no more than 4 cm long. The stem is also small door 1, see 2 inflorescences. One of his paradoxes, and they are numerous, and that the leaves are the roots do not occupy more than 10cm square, while the flower is much more developed. The flower blossoms between April and May. Brown to black, it is disproportionate compared to its very small leaves, extremely reduced. It's a beautiful Oncocyclus with surprising shapes. The erected petals form the bulk of the flower, lined with purple. The sepals are reduced to tabs that bear a pretty beard. Iris Paradoxa at the least developed falls of the genus iris.[2]

Iris paradoxa Botanical Description About 15-25 cm in height. Leaves falcate, 2-4mm wide. Flowers to 10cm in diameter, with short, narrow, horizontal to somewhat arching, extensively bearded falls and very large erect, rounded standards. The colour varies greatly; the falls may be blackish-violet to golden yellow and the standards white with darker veins to uniform deepest purple, pale blue or pale yellow, early summer.[3]

I. paradoxa is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, 10-25cm high, with narrow leaves 2-4mm wide, and flowers in spring or early summer. The erect standards may be white, veined with deep blue-violet, to uniform deepest purple, pale blue or pale yellow; the somewhat horizontal falls may be blackish-violet, through pale purple densely overlaid with black-purple veins, to golden yellow, and the beards are velvety black-purple; it is dormant in late summer[4]

4-10" (1025 cm). Standards purple or violet; falls darker; blackish beard. 2n=20. [5]

General Description:Grows 4"-10" tall. Standards are purple or violet. Falls are darker, with a blackish beard. [6] Distinguishing Features:This is the only iris with falls that are extremely smaller than the standards.[6]

The paradox of this species is to have very small external tepals ("sepals"). The beard is well developed, almost black. The internal tepals ("petals") are lined with purple on a white (choschab form) or purple to mauve (paradoxa form) background.

Of delicate culture, like the other species of the Oncocyclus group.[7]

Height: under 6 in. (15 cm) - 6-12 in. (15-30 cm) Bloom Color: Lavender,Medium Purple,Dark Purple/Black Bloom Time: Early (E) + Early midseason (EM) Foliage Color: Blue-Green[8]

Height 4-10" (10-25 cm). Described in Flora USSR: "Falls almost black violet, standards bright violet or dark violet blackish purple hairs."[9]

Paradoxa deserves its name for, whereas in most irises the standards are smaller than the falls, in this case the falls are merely narrow straps covered as it were with black velvet, while the standards are large and circular, veined with deep blue on a bluish-white ground.[10]

Like other irises, the flowers have 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[11] 7–8.5 cm (3–3 in) long

Males of Xylocopa valga (type of carpenter bee) were observed, filmed and photographed while pseudo-copulating on the reduced, velvety petals of Iris paradoxa both in the plant's native range (1 June 2007, Leriksky area, near Gosmaljan, Azerbaijan)[12]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, meaning having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[11] 2n=20 [6]Chromosomes: 2n = 20[2]

Taxonomy

Iris paradoxa f. choschab from Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Sweden

It is occasionally called the 'Unusual iris',[4] or 'Velvet Iris' in America.[9][13]

It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (paradoxa) par-uh-DOKS-uh.[8]

Iris paradoxa was rightly named " the unexpected," for it is entirely unlike any other species.[10]

The Latin specific epithet paradoxa refers to the Greek word for 'without leaf',[6][14]

It was first published and described by Steven in 'Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou' (Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou) Vol.5 on page 355 in 1817.[1][15][16]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003.[15]

I. paradoxa f. choschab

There is a known form called I. paradoxa f. choschab(Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo It was published in Fl. Iran. Vol.112 on page 31 in 1975.[17][18]

Originally in 1901, it was thought to be a variety of I. paradoxa, called I. paradoxa var. choschab, Gard. Chron. III, 29: 104 before being downgraded to a form.[19]


Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Western Asia.[15]

Range

It is found originally from Armenia.[2] Its home is in the mountains in Talisch and Northern Persia, which surround the south end of the Caspian Sea. [10]

Transcaucasia, Armenia, Northern Persia[9] WESTERN ASIA: Iran, Turkey CAUCASUS: Armenia, Azerbaijan[15] Armenia, NW Iran and SE Turkey[20] Native of Armenia, Turkey and Iran.[7] Native Range:Armenia, Iran, Turkey (D. Kramb, 30-SEP-04)[6] E Turkey, N Iran, Caucasus[4] Turkey, Iran and adjacent Russia[3] Armenia, Iran, Turkey.[5] Caucus[16]

Azerbaijan (including in the Nakhchivan region[21] )

Habitat

It grows on Preferred Habitat:Arid [6] on stony hillsides at 1200-2000m.[3]

Cultivation

Alpine house, fairly easy to grow.[3] Lp. forma choschah is perhaps the commonest form in cultivation, having black-purple falls and white, dark veined standards.[3] They enjoy rock gardens, which undergo a summer drought.[2] The flower has a shelf life of two to three days. Well removed the flower stalk after flowering.[2] The first discovered specimens were of the form which has been more frequently in cultivation, and which has the groundwork of the standards of a blue colour instead of the silvery white of the form illustrated in the supplementary coloured plate.[10] Sun Exposure: Full Sun Dangers: Parts of plant are poisonous if ingested Handling plant may cause skin irritation or allergic reaction Soil pH requirements: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) - 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline) Propagation Methods: By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets) Seed Collecting: Allow pods to dry on plant; break open to collect seeds[8]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[22] or by seed growing.

Uses

I. paradoxa has been listed with Iris orientalis and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica as halophyte (salt-tolerant) plants.[23]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[24]

Cultivars and Plant crosses

Iris paradoxa cultivars include: 'Atrata', 'Choschab', 'Jolfa Form', 'Medwedewi', 'Mirabilis', 'Paradoxa', 'Paradoxa Albo-Lutescens', [9] Hybrids Iris paradoxa crosses: Iris paradoxa crossed with *Section Iris (arilbreds):* Iris paradoxa X Iris pallida : 'Alkmene', 'Hamadan', 'Lady Lilford', 'Parpall' Iris paradoxa X tall bearded: 'Parsam' Iris paradoxa X Iris variegata : 'Parvar' Iris paradoxa and Iris variegata : 'Shadrach' Iris paradoxa crossed with Section Oncocyclus : Iris paradoxa and Iris acutiloba : Zuvendicus' Iris camillae X Iris paradoxa: 'First Sergeant' Iris iberica X Iris paradoxa: 'Ib-Parad' Iris paradoxa X Iris iberica: 'Koenigii', 'Paradib' Iris paradoxa crossed with Section Regelia : Iris paradoxa X Iris korolkowii : Parkor' Iris korolkowii X Iris paradoxa: 'Camilla', 'Clytemnestra', ';Sirona', 'Minerva', ¼ Iris paradoxa crosses 'Cactiforium', 'Charming Chick', 'Clotho', 'Dear Me', 'Don Ricardo', 'Emily Pyke', 'Regal Plus'[9]

I. parpall (I. paradoxa x Iris pallida)[10] I. parvar (I. paradoxa x Iris variegata)[10]



References

  1. ^ a b "Iris paradoxa Steven is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e "chapitre I (partie 5) Les Oncocyclus II". dictionaire des iridacée (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Iris paradoxa". Alpine Garden Society. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  4. ^ a b c "Iris paradoxa". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Kramb, D. (30 September 2004). "Iris paradoxa". signa.org. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  7. ^ a b "Iris paradoxa" (in French). iris-bulbeuses.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  8. ^ a b c "PlantFiles: Species Iris; Iris paradoxa". Dave's Garden. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d e "SpecParadoxa < Spec < Iris Wiki". wiki.irises.org. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  11. ^ a b Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0881927306. OL 8176432M.
  12. ^ Vereecken, Nicolas J.; Wilson, Carol A.; Hötling, Susann; Schulz, Stefan; Banketov, Sergey A.; Mardulyn, Patrick (7 December 2012). "Pre-adaptations and the evolution of pollination by sexual deception: Cope's rule of specialization revisited". Proc Biol Sci. 279 (1748): 4786–4794. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1804.
  13. ^ United States Department of Agriculture Plant Inventory, Issues 74-105 (1926), p. 18, at Google Books
  14. ^ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 52, at Google Books
  15. ^ a b c d "Taxon: Iris paradoxa Steven". ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  16. ^ a b "Iris paradoxa Steven, Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou v. (1814) 355". Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  17. ^ "Iris paradoxa f. choschab (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  18. ^ "Iris paradoxa f. choschab | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  19. ^ "Iris paradoxa var. choschab Hoog — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference british was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ "Next year is going to be Oncocyclus Iris year! By Ian Green". www.greentours.co.uk. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  22. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  23. ^ M. Ajmal Khan, Benno Boer and Munir Ozturk (Editors) Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume Iv: Cash Crop Halophyte and Biodiversity Conservation, Volume 4 (2014), p. 124, at Google Books
  24. ^ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books

Other sources

  • Gartenflora 12: 16. Tab. 386. 1863, illustrated in color.
  • Krel. 1892; 1913; Van W. 1906; Hocker 1938;
  • F.C.C., R.H.S. 1900, shown by Van T.; Hort Dir. 42: 60. 1901;


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