Chonemorpha fragrans: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Chonemorpha fragrans, bloeiwyse, Manie van der Schijff BT, b.jpg|thumb|flowers of ''Chonemorpha fragrans'' Frangipani vine in South Africa]] |
[[File:Chonemorpha fragrans, bloeiwyse, Manie van der Schijff BT, b.jpg|thumb|flowers of ''Chonemorpha fragrans'' Frangipani vine in South Africa]] |
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It is possible to propagate ''Chonemorpha fragrans'' via seed. These can be collected from a mature plant via paper bags placed over the flower heads. Then the pods are dried and then broken open to reveal the seeds.<ref name=daves/> [[Germination]] of the seed usually takes 3-6 weeks.<ref name=sunshine>{{cite web |title=Chonemorpha fragrans - Vines & Climbers, C |url=http://www.sunshine-seeds.de/product_info.php?products_id=45726&language=en |website=www.sunshine-seeds.de |accessdate=30 July 2020 |language=German}}</ref> |
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Seed Collecting: |
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Bag seedheads to capture ripening seed |
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Pests: [[Spider mites]]<ref name=sunshine/> |
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Allow pods to dry on plant; break open to collect seeds<ref name=daves/> |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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Revision as of 22:15, 30 July 2020
| Chonemorpha fragrans | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | Chonemorpha |
| Species: | C. fragrans
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| Binomial name | |
| Chonemorpha fragrans | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Chonemorpha fragrans (Frangipani vine) is a plant species in the genus Chonemorpha. It is a vigorous, evergreen, climbing shrub producing stems 30 metres or more long that can climb to the tops of the tallest trees in the forest of south east asia, found in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Description
This large-leafed, coarse vine sports large clusters of blooms with a subtle fragrance, best in full sun and acid soil. Large shiny leaves, prominent veins, superb white similar to Frangipani, propellor shaped, delicious rich scent. Flowers are pure white with yellow center. Another variety with creamy flowers - C. penangensis. Use it on larger structures (trellises, columns), or allow it to ramble over tall trees. This is a stunning vine, flowering profusely from May - July; one of the powerful lianas of the Indian and Malayan forests, climbing to the tops of the tallest trees. This plant goes dormant in subtropical climate and usually loses leaves if temperature gets below 60F, but it is somewhat cold tolerant (30-40F) and can survive mild frost for a short period.[2]
Chonemorpha fragrans is a vigorous climber The textured foliage is attractive, leaves are large, rather course and oval shaped. However, it is the spectacular display of scented, white flowers from January to end of April that makes this plant a worthwhile addition to the garden. The common name ‘Climbing Frangipani’ describes the flowers very well. They are indeed very similar to white, yellow throated Frangipani flowers and almost just as fragrant.[3] Fresh new leaves unfold in spring a bright green with a bronze hue.[3]
woody climber up to 30m, branchlets tomentose to hirsute, leaves 20-25 x 15-22cm, broadly elliptic or ovate-orbicular, flowers between april and october, highly fragrant, follicle long sword-like flowers, white, calyx tubular, 1cm long, glabrous, corolla large 8cm wide, lobes obovate longer than tube, throat villous, stamens included, anthers lanceolate, sagittate, filament short follicles 30-2cm seeds oblong, 2cm long, coma 4.5cm long and white[4]
Common Name: Climbing Frangipani
Plant Height: 7
Plant Spread: 7
Flower Colour: white
Garden Type: twining climber
Plant Seasonality: Evergreen[5]
evergreen, tropical climate, up to 5m tall,[6]
Chonemorpha fragrans is Lianas to 30 m, hirsute except for flowers. Petiole to 2 cm; leaf blade suborbicular to broadly ovate, 15-45 X 13-45 cm, papery, base cordate, apex acute or rounded, cuspidate; lateral veins 10-12 pairs. Calyx tubular, ca. 1 cm, apex toothed, glabrescent outside. Corolla white, limb to 8 cm wide; tube 3.5-4.5 cm, dilated at base, glabrous outside, throat villous; lobes obliquely obovate, ca. 3.5 cm. Filaments short pubescent. Follicles cylindric to fusiform, to 30 X 2 cm. Seeds oblong, coma ca. 5 cm. Fl. May-Jul. 2n = 20.[7]
All parts of the plant exude a milk-like substance when damaged. stem - bark is thin, grey and numerously lenticelled. leaf - simple, arranged in opposite manner, up to 20 cm across, broadly ovate to orbicular, base cordate or rounded and the lamina densely brownish hairy and velvet-like with prominent veins. flower - large cymore clusters of exuberant bisexual blooms with large up to 10 cm across. Large pure white, twisted black corolla with yellow throat, very fragrant flowering and fruiting - can flower any time, but mainly between May and July and then fruits between July and September.[8]
Frangipani Vine is a stunning climbing plant, flowering profusely from May - July. The flowers deceptively resemble the Frangipani. Flowers are pure white with a yellow center, and have a delicious rich fragrance. Even without the flowers, the vine is eye-catching with large shiny leaves with prominent veins. Flowering May-July.[9]
The yellow-centred, white pinwheel flowers They're even fragrant.of the climbing frangipani vine really do look exactly like the frangipani tree! [10]
fruits consist of pairs of follicles which are woody, lanceolate and 17cm x 1cm[11]
stout spreading laticiferous shrub with soft greyish to rusty brown bark which yields fibre of good quality, leaves simple, opposite, large orbicular, fulvous tomentose underneath, veined, flowers large, whitish cream-yellow, fragrant, in terminal or pseudo axillary cymose panicles, fruits long, straight, woody parallel, follicular mericarps, seeds many, flat, shortly beaked with long white silky coma[12]
Chonemorpha fragrans, is undeniably a most beautiful flowering tropical vine, with its large white and fragrant, frangipani- like flowers, which also have a yellow throat and strong sweet scent, like its name sake- the Frangipani. The flower petals twist back resembling a propeller in appearance. Flowering is from spring to autumn. Chonemorpha fragrans, is native to India and South East Asia but is not a true Frangipani, this vigorous vine has large green and glossy ovate leaves with prominent veins that can grow to 30cm long, and the vine itself grows to 7 metres tall and wide in cultivation, although they can reach the tops of tall trees in their native tropical environment. They are semi deciduous in our subtropical region, but they can tolerate full sun to part shade and prefer rich, free draining soil and the sunnier the aspect, the more profuse flowering can be expected. The Climbing Frangipani are perfect for screening on sturdy fences, pergolas or trellises that can handle their weight and form, they can be pruned back to control growth after flowering or if in dormancy. Propagation is by cuttings or seed. Just a delightful plant for that tropical-feel garden design element in the landscape and they will grow here on Bribie Island, if their soil moisture requirements are met in summer. Their scent is divine when in mass flower! [13]
Biochemistry
Chonemorpha fragrans is an endangered medicinal woody climber, regarded among alternative plant sources of camptothecin. Camptothecin is a monoterpene indole anti-cancer alkaloid with annual trade value of over three billion U.S. dollars in the recent, and is used in the production of its analog drugs approved for the chemotherapy of cancer of varied types.[14] It's enzymes were studied in 2016 for its anti-cancer potential.[15]
It contains alkaloids, such as camptothecin (CPT), chonemorphine, and funtumafrine.[15]
It has two sets of chromosomes with a count of 2n=20.[4]
Taxonomy
The Latin name is pronounced as Chonemorpha (koh-nee-MORF-a) fragrans (FRAY-granz).[16]
It is commonly known as 'Frangipani Vine',[3] or 'Climbing Frangipani'[10] and rarely in India as 'Funnel-Flower Vine'.[9]
Due to its wide range it has various local names such as; 'Gardhedaro' in hindi,[8][9][6] 'Manjinaru',[4] or 'Chandra hoovina balli' in Kannada, 'Perunkurumpa',[4] or 'Paal valli' in Malayalam,[8] or 'akar gerip merah',[11] 'Murva' or 'morala' in Sanskrit,[4] 'velutha kaaka kodi' in Tamil and 'Chaga' in Telugu.[8][4]
Also within parts of China (such as Guangxi, Yunnan and Tibet) and the Indian Subcontinent and Indochina, its name in Khmer is /vɔə crẹj cruəj/ វល្លិជ្រៃជ្រួយ or /vɔə ʔɑŋkɑt krəhɑːm/ វល្លិអង្កត់ក្រហម.[17]),
It is written as 大叶鹿角藤 in Chinese script and known as da ye lu jiao teng in Pidgin in China.[7]
It was first originally described and published by botanist Alexander Moon as Echites fragrans Moon, in his 'Catalogue of the indigenous and exotic Plants growing in Ceylon' (Cat. Pl. Ceylon.) Vol.20 in 1824.[18] The species was then renamed and it was then re-published by English botanist Arthur Hugh Garfit Alston (1902-1958) in Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens (Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.) Vol.11 on page 203 in 1929.[1][7][19]
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 20 January 2012.[20]
It is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2005.[21]
Distribution and habitat
It is native to temperate Asia and Tropical and subtropical Asia.[5][20][3]
Range
It is found in a wide range of countries spanning from the Himalayas to Java.[21]
In temperate Asia, it is found within China (within the provinces of Yunnan Sheng and Guangxi).[7][4][20]
Within tropical Asia, it is found in the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, (including Nicobar Islands,[8]) Nepal, Sri Lanka, [[Myanmar], Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, East Timor, Indonesia, (including the islands of Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands and Sumatera) Malaysia and the Philippines.[7][20]
It is cultivated also in Fujian and Guangdong in China.[7][4][8][20]
Habitat
It prefers to grow in moist deciduous to semi-evergreen forests.[8][4] or evergreen forests,[4] where it often clings to the trees.[7][9] In dense mountain forests it can reach altitudes of 400–1,800 m (1,300–5,900 ft) above sea level.[9]
Cultivation
USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F)- USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)[16]
Semi-deciduous in subtropical areas, Chonemorpha can handle somewhat colder temperatures but will then be fully dormant during the winter months. A sunny aspect is required for abundant flowering. Being a tropical plant, ample moisture during the summer months and rich, well-drained soil is necessary for healthy growth. A vigorous climber, Chonemorpha requires a strong and sturdy structure to support it’s weight. This makes it more suited to be grown on larger structures such as columns and pergolas. It also makes a great screen on sturdy fencing with trellis to extend it’s height. The flowers make this an ideal climber for summer entertaining areas where it adds a luxurious tropical holiday feeling to the setting. It’s a good idea to prune the vine during the winter months to get it back into shape and to restrict growth to a manageable size.[3]
Use: pergola, trellis Soil Moisture: dry between watering to constantly moist Sunlight: hot overhead sun Design: Suits cottage & tropical designs[5]
The plant is sometimes cultivated for the fibre that is obtained from its stem.[7] A very ornamental plant with deliciously fragrant flowers and large, shiny leaves, it is often grown in gardens.[7]
habit - perennial, very heavy climber, hence can only be used in stronger supports such as large trellises, columns or it can be allowed to remble over tall strong trees on the high compound walls. It is a disease free, quick growing deciduous climber, prefers partial shade to full sun. Loamy soil is preferred as it does not like poor soils.[8]
The climbing frangipani is perfect for trellises and fences, or climbing though a traditional frangipani tree. They are semi-deciduous, do not cling to walls or paint, are not affected by frangipani rust, and can be set in pots or directly into the ground. They can handle direct sunlight or shaded locations, but do need a frost-free warm position.[10]
Propagation
It is possible to propagate Chonemorpha fragrans via seed. These can be collected from a mature plant via paper bags placed over the flower heads. Then the pods are dried and then broken open to reveal the seeds.[16] Germination of the seed usually takes 3-6 weeks.[22]
Pests: Spider mites[22]
Uses
It has been used in folk medicine to help treat stomach problems, ascaris and bronchitis.[6]
It is used in Ayurveda (Indian root medicine), to treat skin diseases, leprosy, scabies, syphilis, inflammation, constipation, worm infestations (ascaris), hyperacidity, diabetes, jaundice, coughs, bronchitis, intermittent fevers, stomach disorders and as a laxative. The crushed roots of the plant are used to make a decoction drink to help remove a retained placenta. The stem of the plant is used to treat fractures and rheumatalgia.[23]
Medicinal uses: Warning: Unverified information The leaves, roots, bark-stem are used in Ayurvedic system of medicines. Leaves are used in the form of churna/extract or in combination with the other plant materials in their formulation. It is administered orally. In folk medicine, Murva is used in diseases like anaemia, fever, diabetes, stomach disorders, typhoid, urinary infections and cough. It is also used in the treatment of diarrhea, polyuria, boils, leprosy, eye diseases, vomiting and poisoning.[9]
decoction drunk to treat amebic dysentery.[11] A steroidal alkaloid called 'chonemorphine' can be made from the plant and has been used to treat intestinal infections in Wistar rats. (Chatterjee DK et al (1987) Parasitol Res 74, 1, 30-33).[11]
roots are sweet, bitter astringent - laxative, thermogenic, depurative, carminative, anthelmintic, digestive, anti-scorbutic, sudorific, anodyne, expectorant and febrifuge.[12] treats skin diseases, leprosy, scabies, syphilis, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, constipation, helminthiasis, hyperdipsia, urethrorrhea, hyperacidity, cardiac debility, diabetes, jaundice, coughs, bronchitis and intermittent fevers.[12]
diverse biological activities including muscle relaxant, antiparasitic properties.[15] used in traditional systems of medicines for the treatment of different ailments such as gynecological disorders, skin diseases and inflammations and fever and stomach disorders.[15]
References
- ^ a b "Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ "Chonemorpha fragrans, Chonemorpha macrophylla, Frangipani vine -". TopTropicals.com - rare plants for home and garden. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "PLANT OF THE MONTH – Chonemorpha fragrans, Frangipani Vine – GREAT ON A TRELLIS!". gardenexpressions.com. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j T. Pullaiah, P.B. Raghavendra, S. Karuppusamy, V. Raveendran and M. Anuradha Camptothecin and Camptothecin Producing Plants: Botany, Chemistry, Anticancer Activity, and Biotechnology (2020), p. 145, at Google Books
- ^ a b c "Climbing Frangipani - Plant Guide - Lifestyle". www.lifestyle.com.au. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "Chonemorpha Fragrans Herb Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients". Herbpathy. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "FOC Vol. 16 Page 170". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h K. Vanangamudi, V. Anbukkarasi and M. Prabhu Medicinal Seeds and Plants, p. 273, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f "Frangipani Vine". flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b c Ross, Linda (3 March 2015). "Climbing Frangipani". gardenclinic.com.au. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d Wiart Christophe Medicinal Plants Of The Asia-pacific: Drugs For The Future (2006), p. 454, at Google Books
- ^ a b c P.K. Warrier, V.P.K. Nambiar & C. Ramankutty Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species, Volume 2 (1994), p. 66, at Google Books
- ^ O’Brien, Mick (10 March 2020). "Landscape Plant of the Month The Climbing Frangipani: Chonemorpha fragrans". islandsurrounds. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ Isah, Tasiu; Umar, Shahid (September 2018). "Influencing in vitro clonal propagation of Chonemorpha fragrans (moon) Alston by culture media strength, plant growth regulators, carbon source and photo periodic incubation". Journal of Forestry Research. doi:10.1007/s11676-018-0794-3.
- ^ a b c d Kedari, Pradnya Prakash; Malpathak, Nutan Padmanabh (May 2016). "Screening of Chonemorpha fragrans Bioactive Extracts for Cytotoxicity Potential and Inhibition Studies of Key Enzymes Involved in Replication". Pharmacognosy Magazine. 12 (3): 297–302. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.185708.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c "Frangipani Vine". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ LETI, Mathieu, HUL Sovanmoly, Jean-Gabriel FOUCHÉ, CHENG Sun Kaing, Bruno DAVID, Flore photographique du Cambodge, Paris: Privat, 2013, p. 78.
- ^ "Echites fragrans | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
- ^ "Chonemorpha fragrans | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Taxon: Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston". ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Chonemorpha fragrans | /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
- ^ a b "Chonemorpha fragrans - Vines & Climbers, C". www.sunshine-seeds.de (in German). Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ Umberto Quattrocchi CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (2012), p. 936, at Google Books
Other Sources
- Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. Note: = Chonemorpha macrophylla
- Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
- Kiew, R. et al., eds. 2010-. Flora of peninsular Malaysia Note: Forest Research Institute Malaysia.
- Personal Care Products Council. INCI
- Rao, R. S. 1953. A revision of the Indo-Malayan species of Chonemorpha G. Don. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 32:36.
- Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970-. Flora of Thailand.
- Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).