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== Usage in the Majapahit era ==
== Usage in the Majapahit era ==
[[File:Cet-bang Majapahit.jpg|thumb|left|Majapahit ''cetbang'' cannon from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The [[Surya Majapahit]] emblem can be seen. The bulge at the back of the breech is actually a hole where the tiller or wooden butt is inserted. |440x440px]]
[[File:Cet-bang Majapahit.jpg|thumb|left|Majapahit ''cetbang'' cannon from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The [[Surya Majapahit]] emblem can be seen. The bulge at the back of the breech is actually a hole where the tiller or wooden butt is inserted. |440x440px]]
Cannons were introduced to Majapahit when [[Kublai Khan|Kublai Khan's]] Chinese army under the leadership of Ike Mese [[Mongol invasion of Java|sought to invade Java]] in 1293. [[History of Yuan]] mentioned that the Mongol used cannons (Chinese: [[Hu dun pao|''Pao'']]) against Daha forces.<ref>Song Lian. [[History of Yuan]].</ref> The Majapahit Kingdom dominated the Nusantaran archipelago primarily because it possessed the technology to cast and forge bronze on an early mass production basis. The Majapahit also pioneered the manufacturing and usage of gunpowder weapons on a large scale. The Majapahit Empire was one of the last major empires of the region and is considered to be one of the most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Majapahit under ''Mahapatih'' (prime minister) [[Gajah Mada]] (in office 1329-1364) utilized gunpowder technology obtained from [[Yuan dynasty]] for use in naval fleet.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pramono|first=Djoko|title=Budaya Bahari|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|year=2005|isbn=9789792213768|location=|pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|57}} One of the earliest reference to cannon and [[artillerymen]] in Java is from the year 1346.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beauvoir|first=Ludovic|title=Voyage autour du monde: Australie, Java, Siam, Canton, Pekin, Yeddo, San Francisco|publisher=E. Plon|year=1875|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
Cannons were introduced to Majapahit when [[Kublai Khan|Kublai Khan's]] Chinese army under the leadership of Ike Mese [[Mongol invasion of Java|sought to invade Java]] in 1293. [[History of Yuan]] mentioned that the Mongol used cannons (Chinese: [[Hu dun pao|''Pao'']]) against Daha forces.<ref>Song Lian. [[History of Yuan]].</ref> The Majapahit Kingdom dominated the Nusantaran archipelago primarily because it possessed the technology to cast and forge bronze on an early mass production basis. The Majapahit also pioneered the manufacturing and usage of gunpowder weapons on a large scale. The Majapahit Empire was one of the last major empires of the region and is considered to be one of the most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. [[Thomas Stamford Raffles|Raffles]] wrote in ''[[The History of Java]]'' that cannon has been used in Java since 1247 [[Saka era|çaka]], or 1325 A.D..<ref>{{Cite book|last=Raffles|first=Thomas Stamford|title=The History of Java|publisher=John Murray Albemarle Street|year=1930|isbn=|location=London|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yusof|first=Hasanuddin|date=September 2019|title=Kedah Cannons Kept in Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan, Nakhon Si Thammarat|url=|journal=Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia|volume=32|pages=59-75|via=}}</ref> Majapahit under ''Mahapatih'' (prime minister) [[Gajah Mada]] (in office 1329-1364) utilized gunpowder technology obtained from [[Yuan dynasty]] for use in naval fleet.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pramono|first=Djoko|title=Budaya Bahari|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|year=2005|isbn=9789792213768|location=|pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|57}} One of the earliest reference to cannon and [[artillerymen]] in Java is from the year 1346.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beauvoir|first=Ludovic|title=Voyage autour du monde: Australie, Java, Siam, Canton, Pekin, Yeddo, San Francisco|publisher=E. Plon|year=1875|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>


The use of cannons was widespread in the Majapahit navy, amongst [[Piracy|pirates]], and in neighboring kingdoms in Nusantara.<ref name="Thomas Stamford Raffles 1965">Thomas Stamford Raffles, ''The History of Java'', Oxford University Press, 1965, {{ISBN|0-19-580347-7}}, 1088 pages.</ref> The size of cetbang used by the Majapahit navy varied from one to three meters in length. The three-meter-long cetbang was usually used by the larger ships in the Majapahit navy (see [[Djong (ship)|Djong]]). However, most of these guns had small bores (30 to 60 mm). They are light, mobile cannons, most of them can be carried and shot by one man.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|isbn=9781576077702|location=|pages=}}</ref> These gun mounted on swivel yoke (called ''cagak''), the spike is fitted into holes or sockets in the bulwarks of a ship or the ramparts of a fort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acant.org.au/Articles/MalayCannons.html|title=Cannons of the Malay Archipelago|website=www.acant.org.au|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> A tiller of wood is inserted to the back of the cannon with rattan, to enable it to be trained and aimed.<ref name=":1" /> A famous Majapahit admiral, {{ill|Mpu Nala|id}}, was renowned for his use of cannons. Records of Mpu Nala are known from the Sekar inscription, the Mana I Manuk (Bendosari) inscription, the Batur inscription, and the Tribhuwana inscription which referred to him as ''Rakryan'' ''Tumenggung'' (war commander).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://penyuluhbudayabojonegoro.blogspot.co.id/2014/10/prasasti-sekar.html|title=PRASASTI SEKAR|website=penyuluhbudayabojonegoro.blogspot.co.id|access-date=2017-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181024/http://penyuluhbudayabojonegoro.blogspot.co.id/2014/10/prasasti-sekar.html|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The use of cannons was widespread in the Majapahit navy, amongst [[Piracy|pirates]], and in neighboring kingdoms in Nusantara.<ref name="Thomas Stamford Raffles 1965">Thomas Stamford Raffles, ''The History of Java'', Oxford University Press, 1965, {{ISBN|0-19-580347-7}}, 1088 pages.</ref> The size of cetbang used by the Majapahit navy varied from one to three meters in length. The three-meter-long cetbang was usually used by the larger ships in the Majapahit navy (see [[Djong (ship)|Djong]]). However, most of these guns had small bores (30 to 60 mm). They are light, mobile cannons, most of them can be carried and shot by one man.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|isbn=9781576077702|location=|pages=}}</ref> These gun mounted on swivel yoke (called ''cagak''), the spike is fitted into holes or sockets in the bulwarks of a ship or the ramparts of a fort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acant.org.au/Articles/MalayCannons.html|title=Cannons of the Malay Archipelago|website=www.acant.org.au|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> A tiller of wood is inserted to the back of the cannon with rattan, to enable it to be trained and aimed.<ref name=":1" /> A famous Majapahit admiral, {{ill|Mpu Nala|id}}, was renowned for his use of cannons. Records of Mpu Nala are known from the Sekar inscription, the Mana I Manuk (Bendosari) inscription, the Batur inscription, and the Tribhuwana inscription which referred to him as ''Rakryan'' ''Tumenggung'' (war commander).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://penyuluhbudayabojonegoro.blogspot.co.id/2014/10/prasasti-sekar.html|title=PRASASTI SEKAR|website=penyuluhbudayabojonegoro.blogspot.co.id|access-date=2017-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181024/http://penyuluhbudayabojonegoro.blogspot.co.id/2014/10/prasasti-sekar.html|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:14, 21 March 2020

A double barrelled cetbang on a carriage, with swivel yoke, ca. 1522. The mouth of the cannon is in the shape of Javanese Nāga.

The Cetbang was a type of cannon produced and used by the Majapahit Empire (1293–1527) and other kingdoms in the Indonesian archipelago. It is also called meriam coak which means "hollow cannon", referring to the breech.[1]

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The cetbang differed from typical European and Middle Eastern cannons, such as the muzzleloader, in that it was made from bronze, and was a breech-loading cannon. In the Sekar inscription it states that the main production foundries of cetbang were in Rajakwesi, Bojonegoro, whereas the black powder was produced in Swatantra Biluluk (Lamongan).[2][3]

Several examples survive and are exhibited as tourist attractions or in museums.

Usage in the Majapahit era

Majapahit cetbang cannon from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Surya Majapahit emblem can be seen. The bulge at the back of the breech is actually a hole where the tiller or wooden butt is inserted.

Cannons were introduced to Majapahit when Kublai Khan's Chinese army under the leadership of Ike Mese sought to invade Java in 1293. History of Yuan mentioned that the Mongol used cannons (Chinese: Pao) against Daha forces.[4] The Majapahit Kingdom dominated the Nusantaran archipelago primarily because it possessed the technology to cast and forge bronze on an early mass production basis. The Majapahit also pioneered the manufacturing and usage of gunpowder weapons on a large scale. The Majapahit Empire was one of the last major empires of the region and is considered to be one of the most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Raffles wrote in The History of Java that cannon has been used in Java since 1247 çaka, or 1325 A.D..[5][6] Majapahit under Mahapatih (prime minister) Gajah Mada (in office 1329-1364) utilized gunpowder technology obtained from Yuan dynasty for use in naval fleet.[7]: 57  One of the earliest reference to cannon and artillerymen in Java is from the year 1346.[8]

The use of cannons was widespread in the Majapahit navy, amongst pirates, and in neighboring kingdoms in Nusantara.[9] The size of cetbang used by the Majapahit navy varied from one to three meters in length. The three-meter-long cetbang was usually used by the larger ships in the Majapahit navy (see Djong). However, most of these guns had small bores (30 to 60 mm). They are light, mobile cannons, most of them can be carried and shot by one man.[10] These gun mounted on swivel yoke (called cagak), the spike is fitted into holes or sockets in the bulwarks of a ship or the ramparts of a fort.[11] A tiller of wood is inserted to the back of the cannon with rattan, to enable it to be trained and aimed.[10] A famous Majapahit admiral, Mpu Nala [id], was renowned for his use of cannons. Records of Mpu Nala are known from the Sekar inscription, the Mana I Manuk (Bendosari) inscription, the Batur inscription, and the Tribhuwana inscription which referred to him as Rakryan Tumenggung (war commander).[12]

Cetbang can be mounted as fixed or swivel gun, small sized cetbang can be easily installed on small vessels called Penjajap (Portuguese: Pangajaua or Pangajava) and Lancaran. This gun is used as an anti-personnel weapon, not anti-ship. In this age, even to the 17th century, the Nusantaran soldiers fought on a platform called Balai (see picture of ship below) and perform boarding actions. Loaded with scattershot and fired at close range, the cetbang is very effective at this type of fighting.[13]

Usage after the Majapahit era

A galley from Banten, 4 cetbang or rentaka can be seen.

Following the decline of the Majapahit, and the consequent decline in demand for gunpowder weapons, many weapon makers and bronze-smiths moved to Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, or the Philippines. This spread the production and usage of the cetbang, especially for protecting trade ships in the Makassar Strait from pirates. It led to near universal use of the swivel-gun and cannons in the Nusantaran archipelago.[9] When the Portuguese first came to Malacca, they found a large colony of Javanese merchants under their own headmen; the Javanese were manufacturing their own cannon, which then, and for long after, were as necessary to merchant ships as sails.[14] Majapahit-era cetbang cannons were further improved and used in the Demak Sultanate period during the Demak invasion of Malacca. During this period, the iron, for manufacturing Javanese cannons was imported from Khorasan in northern Persia. The material was known by Javanese as [wesi kurasani] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: jav (help) (Khorasan iron). When the Portuguese came to the archipelago, they referred to it as Berço, which was also used to refer to any breech-loading swivel gun, while the Spaniards call it Verso.[13] In the period after the Majapahit decline, cannons derived from cetbang in Nusantara (especially from Sumatra and the Malay area) were grouped into several types:

Lela
The lela was smaller in size compared to 16th century European cannons and usually had intricate patterning. They were used mainly by Malay sultanates in the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. Lela cannons were used on trade ships and warships to ward off pirates. The lela was also fired ceremoniously, for instance upon the enthroning of kings, when receiving guests, at engagement ceremonies, and to pay respects for a death.
Rentaka
A rentaka is a swivel gun with smoothbore barrel, and is muzzle loaded. Rentaka, or lantaka, is a term in Malay for cannons smaller in caliber than lela, with a long barrel and made from iron. This term was created to differentiate these smaller cannons from lela. The earliest rentaka were breech-loaded. This indicated that the cetbang is the direct predecessor of lantaka. There is a trend toward muzzle-loading weapons during colonial times.[15] They were mainly used in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, though Filipinos, Bangsamoro (Muslim) were still using rentaka during the Philippine–American War of 1899–1902. Rentaka or lantaka was brought by Malay from Peninsular and Borneo Malay to Southern Philippine. Bangsamoro adopted Malay culture.
Ekor lotong
The name ekor lotong, ekor lutung, or ekor lutong means "monkey tail". The cannon has long, metal tiller to aim the gun. It is a type of swivel gun.

Surviving examples

A Madurese galley, showing 4 cannons.

There are surviving examples of the cetbang at:

  • The Bali Museum, Denpasar, Bali. This Balinese cannon is located in the yard of Bali Museum.
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA. This cannon is thought to have been produced in the 14th century, made from bronze with dimensions of 37.7 inches (96 cm) x 16 inches (41 cm).[16]
  • Luis de Camoes museum in Macau has a piece of highly ornamented cetbang. Year manufactured is unknown.
  • Talaga Manggung museum, Majalengka, West Java. Numerous cetbang is in good condition due to routine cleaning ritual.[17]
  • Some cetbang can be found in National Museum of Anthropology at Manila, including one medium-sized cannon on fixed mount.
  • Fatahillah Museum has a meriam coak labelled as "Cirebon cannon", in a fixed, highly ornamented mount. The whole mount is 234 cm in length, 76 cm in width, and 79 cm in height.[18]

Cetbang are also found at:

  • Dundee beach, Northern Territory, Australia. Researchers have concluded that this bronze swivel cannon is from the 16th century, before James Cook's voyage to Australia. The model is closer to the Ternate, Makassar, or Balinese cannons.[19]
  • Bissorang village, Selayar islands, Sulawesi Selatan province. This cannon is thought to have originated from the Majapahit era. Local people call this cetbang Ba'dili or Papporo Bissorang.[20]
  • A Mataram-era (1587–1755) cetbang can be found at Lubuk Mas village, South Sumatera, Indonesia.[21]
  • A 4-wheeled cetbang can be found at Istana Panembahan Matan in Mulia Kerta, West Kalimantan.[22]
  • A cetbang found on Selayar island
    A cetbang found on Selayar island
  • Cetbang in Bali Museum
    Cetbang in Bali Museum
  • San Diego gallery, Philippines National Museum of Anthropology. The leftmost cannon is a medium sized cetbang in fixed mount
    San Diego gallery, Philippines National Museum of Anthropology. The leftmost cannon is a medium sized cetbang in fixed mount
  • A bronze sacred gun in Java, with breech-block, ca. 1866. Malay women come and settle accounts with the tutelary deity of this gun, and pray for children.
    A bronze sacred gun in Java, with breech-block, ca. 1866. Malay women come and settle accounts with the tutelary deity of this gun, and pray for children.

See also

References

  1. ^ Singhawinata, Asep (27 March 2017). "Meriam Peninggalan Hindia Belanda". Museum Talagamanggung Online. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  2. ^ Dr. J.L.A. Brandes, T.B.G., LII (1910)
  3. ^ Hino (21 May 2016). "Senjata Ini Jadi Bukti Kekuatan Kerajaan Majapahit Memang Disegani Dunia". Suratkabar.id. Retrieved 16 February 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ Song Lian. History of Yuan.
  5. ^ Raffles, Thomas Stamford (1930). The History of Java. London: John Murray Albemarle Street.
  6. ^ Yusof, Hasanuddin (September 2019). "Kedah Cannons Kept in Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan, Nakhon Si Thammarat". Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia. 32: 59–75.
  7. ^ Pramono, Djoko (2005). Budaya Bahari. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN 9789792213768.
  8. ^ Beauvoir, Ludovic (1875). Voyage autour du monde: Australie, Java, Siam, Canton, Pekin, Yeddo, San Francisco. E. Plon.
  9. ^ a b Thomas Stamford Raffles, The History of Java, Oxford University Press, 1965, ISBN 0-19-580347-7, 1088 pages.
  10. ^ a b Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576077702.
  11. ^ "Cannons of the Malay Archipelago". www.acant.org.au. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  12. ^ "PRASASTI SEKAR". penyuluhbudayabojonegoro.blogspot.co.id. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
  13. ^ a b Reid, Anthony (2012). Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-4311-96-0.
  14. ^ Furnivall, J.S (2010). Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy. Cambridge University Press. p. 9
  15. ^ Hamid, Rahimah A. (2015). Kearifan Tempatan: Pandainya Melayu Dalam Karya Sastera. Penerbit USM. ISBN 9789838619332.
  16. ^ "Cannon | Indonesia (Java) | Majapahit period (1296–1520) | The Met". The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
  17. ^ "Museum Talaga Manggung-Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Jawa Barat". www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
  18. ^ "Museum Sejarah Jakarta". Rumah Belajar. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  19. ^ Clark,Paul. Dundee Beach Swivel Gun : Provenance Report. Department of Arts & Museum NTG, 2015.
  20. ^ "kabarkami.com Is For Sale". www.kabarkami.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
  21. ^ Rawas, Sukandar. "Meriam kuno Lubuk Mas". Youtube.
  22. ^ Rodee, Ab (11 August 2017). "Meriam Melayu". Picbear. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
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