Ghurab: Difference between revisions
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== Role == |
== Role == |
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Ghurab is used as trading ship as well as warship. One of the earliest account of ghurab is from 15th century, being mentioned in [[Hikayat Hang Tuah]]. It is used by [[Majapahit]] to send a letter and gifts to improve relationship with [[Malacca]]. The ghurab was said to be "in the style of the Arabs' (ship)".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Epic of Hang Tuah|last=Salleh|first=Muhammad Haji|publisher=ITBM|year=2010|isbn=9789830687100|location=|pages=}}</ref> Until early 16th century main merchant and warship of the Javanese was the [[Jong (ship)|jong]], but since the mid-16th century the maritime forces of the archipelago began to use new types of agile naval vessels that could be equipped with larger cannons: In various attacks on Portuguese Malacca after the defeat of Pati Unus, they no longer used jong, but used lancaran, ghurab and ghali.<ref>Manguin, Pierre-Yves. (1993). 'The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', in Anthony Reid (ed.), ''Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era'' (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), 197-213.</ref> In 1515, [[Bintan Island|Bintan]] attacked [[Kampar, Perak|Kampar]] and [[Portuguese Malacca]] with 24 lancaran and 6 large ones called gurab. In 1624, war fleet of the [[Mataram Sultanate]] numbered 2000 vessels consisted of gurab and small [[perahu]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief|last=Reid|first=Anthony J. S.|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2018|isbn=9781501732171|location=|pages=}}</ref> |
Ghurab is used as trading ship as well as warship. One of the earliest account of ghurab is from 15th century, being mentioned in [[Hikayat Hang Tuah]]. It is used by [[Majapahit]] to send a letter and gifts to improve relationship with [[Malacca]]. The ghurab was said to be "in the style of the Arabs' (ship)".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Epic of Hang Tuah|last=Salleh|first=Muhammad Haji|publisher=ITBM|year=2010|isbn=9789830687100|location=|pages=}}</ref> Until early 16th century main merchant and warship of the Javanese was the [[Jong (ship)|jong]], but since the mid-16th century the maritime forces of the archipelago began to use new types of agile naval vessels that could be equipped with larger cannons: In various attacks on Portuguese Malacca after the defeat of Pati Unus, they no longer used jong, but used lancaran, ghurab and ghali.<ref>Manguin, Pierre-Yves. (1993). 'The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', in Anthony Reid (ed.), ''Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era'' (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), 197-213.</ref> In 1515, [[Bintan Island|Bintan]] attacked [[Kampar, Perak|Kampar]] and [[Portuguese Malacca]] with 24 lancaran and 6 large ones called gurab. In 1624, war fleet of the [[Mataram Sultanate]] numbered 2000 vessels consisted of gurab and small [[perahu]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief|last=Reid|first=Anthony J. S.|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2018|isbn=9781501732171|location=|pages=}}</ref> |
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== Ships with similar name == |
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There are several type of ships historically also called as ghurab or similar names. The description and construction of each vessels, however, isn't necessarily the same. |
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=== Mediterranean === |
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According to Al-Maqrizi, ghurāb of the mediterranean sea were huge war galleys. According Ibn Mammati, these ships had 140 oars. Al-Maqrizi refers to both Muslim and Christian galleys as ghurāb.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean|last=Barnes|first=Ruth|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317793434|location=|pages=}}</ref> |
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=== Indian Ocean === |
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Indian ocean ghurāb, which often appears in the records of 17th century was native Arab-Persian and Indian cargo, pirate, and war vessels. |
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[[Grab (ship)|Grab]] of Malabar coast is a vessel that was generally of shallow draft, and broad in proportion to its length. Size could range between 150 and as much as 500 tons ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Boats of Bengal: Eighteenth Century Portraits of Balthazar Solvyns|last=Solvyns|first=Balthazar|publisher=Manohar|year=2001|isbn=9788173043581|location=New Delhi|pages=}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 11:17, 28 January 2020
Ghurab or gurab is a type of merchant and warship from Nusantara archipelago. The ship was a result of mediterranean influences in the region, particularly introduced by the Arabs, Persians, and Ottoman.[1]
Etymology
The name of this ship include gorap, gorab, gurab, ghurab, gurap, and benawa gurab. The name comes from arab word "ghurāb" or "ghorāb", meaning raven or crow. The word also mean "vessel" or "galley" in Arabic or Persian.[2][3] The word benawa or banawa comes from kawi Javanese language, which means boat or ship.[4] In old Javanese language and Malay language the meaning is more or less the same.[5]
Description
Ghurab is a medium to large-sized Malay trading vessel. They can be converted into a warship by adding swivel guns (rantaka). The larger ghurab had 2 guns pointing fore (bow-chaser) and 15 on the each side, with the total of 32 guns. The smaller ones carried 2 fore and 10 on each side (22 guns).[6] The ghurab has projecting stern.[7] H. Warington Smyth, in 1902 described a large 2-masted trading gurap in Malay peninsula built of giam wood. The dimension is as follows: 300 ft (91.4 m) long, 30 ft (9.1 m) wide, 20 ft (6.1 m) depth, 11 ft (3.4 m) freeboard. The capacity was 60 koyan (241.9 metric tons), with 100 ft (30.5 m) mainmast, crewed by 30 men. The vessel is using fore-and-aft sail, with yard and gaff topsail.[8]
Role
Ghurab is used as trading ship as well as warship. One of the earliest account of ghurab is from 15th century, being mentioned in Hikayat Hang Tuah. It is used by Majapahit to send a letter and gifts to improve relationship with Malacca. The ghurab was said to be "in the style of the Arabs' (ship)".[9] Until early 16th century main merchant and warship of the Javanese was the jong, but since the mid-16th century the maritime forces of the archipelago began to use new types of agile naval vessels that could be equipped with larger cannons: In various attacks on Portuguese Malacca after the defeat of Pati Unus, they no longer used jong, but used lancaran, ghurab and ghali.[10] In 1515, Bintan attacked Kampar and Portuguese Malacca with 24 lancaran and 6 large ones called gurab. In 1624, war fleet of the Mataram Sultanate numbered 2000 vessels consisted of gurab and small perahu.[11]
Ships with similar name
There are several type of ships historically also called as ghurab or similar names. The description and construction of each vessels, however, isn't necessarily the same.
Mediterranean
According to Al-Maqrizi, ghurāb of the mediterranean sea were huge war galleys. According Ibn Mammati, these ships had 140 oars. Al-Maqrizi refers to both Muslim and Christian galleys as ghurāb.[12]
Indian Ocean
Indian ocean ghurāb, which often appears in the records of 17th century was native Arab-Persian and Indian cargo, pirate, and war vessels.
Grab of Malabar coast is a vessel that was generally of shallow draft, and broad in proportion to its length. Size could range between 150 and as much as 500 tons (bm).[13]
See also
- Lancaran, backbone of Malay fleet before mediterranean influence came
- Jong, large sailing ship from Nusantara
- Lancang
- Penjajap
- Ghali
- Kelulus, Javanese rowing ship
References
- ^ "I.1 The Maritime World :: Sejarah Nusantara". sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
- ^ Jones, Russell (2007). Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. ISBN 9786024331740.
- ^ Agius, Dionisius A. (2007). Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 9004277854.
- ^ Maharsi (2009). Kamus Jawa Kawi Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Pura Pustaka.
- ^ Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder, 1982, Old Javanese – English Dictionary, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 2 v. (xxxi, 2368 p.) In collaboration with S.O. Robson.
- ^ Tarling, Nicholas (1999). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521663700.
- ^ Marsden, William (1812). A dictionary of the Malayan language; to which is prefixed a grammar, with an introduction and praxis. Oxford University.
- ^ Smyth, H. Warington (May 16, 1902). "Boats and Boat Building in the Malay Peninsula". Journal of the Society of Arts. 50: 570–588 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Salleh, Muhammad Haji (2010). The Epic of Hang Tuah. ITBM. ISBN 9789830687100.
- ^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves. (1993). 'The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)', in Anthony Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), 197-213.
- ^ Reid, Anthony J. S. (2018). Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501732171.
- ^ Barnes, Ruth (2015). Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean. Routledge. ISBN 9781317793434.
- ^ Solvyns, Balthazar (2001). Boats of Bengal: Eighteenth Century Portraits of Balthazar Solvyns. New Delhi: Manohar. ISBN 9788173043581.
