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== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Louisa Elizabeth How was born in England in 1821 and married James How, a labourer from [[Malvern, Worcestershire]]. They and their two sons, William (b. 1844) and Edward (b. 1848?) arrived at [[Port Phillip]] aboard the [[Royal George (1820 ship)|Royal George]] on 28 November 1849 under the assisted passage scheme. In [[Melbourne]] James How was employed by Joseph Raleigh, a merchant and wharf owner and by 1857 was listed as one of the principal directors of How, Walker & Co., a merchant and shipping business started by a relative, Robert How.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.party-1484095|title=How, Louisa Elizabeth (1821-1893) - People and organisations|website=Trove|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref> The family resided at Woodlands, next door to the present-day [[Admiralty House, Sydney|Admiralty House]] on Kirribilli Point, [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]].<ref>{{Citation | author1=Hall, Barbara | author2=Mather, Jenni, 1946- | title=Australian women photographers 1840-1960 | publication-date=1986 | publisher=Greenhouse Publications | isbn=978-0-86436-039-7 }}</ref>
Louisa Elizabeth How was born in England in 1821 and married James How, a labourer from [[Malvern, Worcestershire]]. They and their two sons, William (b. 1844) and Edward (b. 1848?) arrived at [[Port Phillip]] aboard the [[Royal George (1820 ship)|Royal George]] on 28 November 1849 under the assisted passage scheme.<ref>Persons on Bounty Ships Arriving at Port Phillip: Assisted Passage 1849-51. Series: State Archives & Records NSW, NSW Government 4/4817, reel 2145</ref> In [[Melbourne]] James How was employed by Joseph Raleigh, a merchant and wharf owner and by 1857 was listed as one of the principal directors of How, Walker & Co., a merchant and shipping business started by a relative, Robert How.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.party-1484095|title=How, Louisa Elizabeth (1821-1893) - People and organisations|website=Trove|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref> The family resided at Woodlands, next door to the present-day [[Admiralty House, Sydney|Admiralty House]] on Kirribilli Point, [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]].<ref>{{Citation | author1=Hall, Barbara | author2=Mather, Jenni, 1946- | title=Australian women photographers 1840-1960 | publication-date=1986 | publisher=Greenhouse Publications | isbn=978-0-86436-039-7 }}</ref>


== Early photographer ==
== Early photographer ==
How’s photographic knowledge was derived from any of several possible sources,<ref>{{Citation | author1=Batchen, Geoffrey | title=Each wild idea : writing, photography, history | publication-date=2001 | publisher=MIT Press | isbn=978-0-262-52324-0 }}</ref> including her copy of the English ''[[The Art Journal|Art Journal]]'' from vol.12, of 1850, in which were  several articles on the processes of photography; the first photograph How made was of an engraving from the same volume, a portrait of the Dowager Countess of Darnley after the painting by [[Thomas Lawrence|Sir Thomas Lawrence]].<ref>Isobel Crombie, 'Louisa Elizabeth How, Pioneer Photographer', Australian Business Collector (1984), pp.82-6.</ref> How may have been taught the medium at professional studios in England, but more likely learned from William Hetzer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/calendar/recollection-hetzer/|title=ReCollection: William Hetzer :: Art Gallery NSW|website=www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.party-502757|title=Hetzer, William (1850-) - People and organisations|website=Trove|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref> to make [[Salt print|salted paper prints]] from half-plate [[Photographic plate|glass negatives]] for which the Sydney merchant was known, and for which he was the supplier of materials and the printer of his clients' negatives, including those of E.W. Ward and Robert Hunt.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Hans P. Kraus, Jr. (Firm) | author2=Hill, David Octavius, 1802-1870, (photographer.) | author3=Adamson, Robert, 1821-1848, (photographer.) | author4=Adamson, John, 1809-1870, (photographer.) | author5=Schaaf, Larry J. (Larry John), 1947-, (author.) | title=Sun pictures. Catalogue eleven, St. Andrews and early Scottish photography including Hill & Adamson | publication-date=2002 | publisher=Hans P. Kraus, Jr | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6894838 | accessdate=30 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sydney.edu.au/museums/collections/photography/william-hetzer.shtml|title=Macleay Historic Photography collection: Hetzer|last=Publications Office|first=|website=Sydney University Museums|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | author1=Davies, Alan | author2=Stanbury, Peter, 1934- | author3=Tanre, Con | author4=Davies, Alan | author5=Stanbury, Peter | author6=Tanre, Con | title=The mechanical eye in Australia : photography 1841-1900 | publication-date=1985 | page=28-30 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-554604-0 }}</ref> There are claims that it was Hetzer's wife Thekla who, from 1850, assisted him at his studio at 15 Hunter Street, who was the first woman photographer in Australia,<ref name=":2">{{Citation | author1=Annear, Judy | author2=Palmer, Daniel, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author3=Aird, Michael, 1963-, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author4=Lydon, Jane, 1965-, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author5=Davidson, Kathleen, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author6=Jolly, Martyn, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author7=Batchen, Geoffrey, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author8=Art Gallery of New South Wales, (issuing body.) | title=The photograph and Australia | publication-date=2015 | publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales | isbn=978-1-74174-116-2 }}</ref> but no works known to be hers have survived.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Lebovic, Josef | author2=Cahill, Joanne | author3=Cooke, Susette | author4=Josef Lebovic Gallery | title=Masterpieces of Australian photography, exhibition 24 June-22 July 1989 | publication-date=1989 | publisher=Josef Lebovic Gallery | isbn=978-0-7316-6406-1 }}</ref>
How’s photographic knowledge was derived from any of several possible sources,<ref>{{Citation | author1=Batchen, Geoffrey | title=Each wild idea : writing, photography, history | publication-date=2001 | publisher=MIT Press | isbn=978-0-262-52324-0 }}</ref> including her copy of the English ''[[The Art Journal|Art Journal]]'' from vol.12, of 1850, in which were several articles on the processes of photography; the first photograph How made was of an engraving from the same volume, a portrait of the Dowager Countess of Darnley after the painting by [[Thomas Lawrence|Sir Thomas Lawrence]].<ref>Isobel Crombie, 'Louisa Elizabeth How, Pioneer Photographer', Australian Business Collector (1984), pp.82-6.</ref> How may have been taught the medium at professional studios in England, but more likely learned from William Hetzer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/calendar/recollection-hetzer/|title=ReCollection: William Hetzer :: Art Gallery NSW|website=www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.party-502757|title=Hetzer, William (1850-) - People and organisations|website=Trove|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref> to make [[Salt print|salted paper prints]] from half-plate [[Photographic plate|glass negatives]] for which the Sydney merchant was known, and for which he was the supplier of materials and the printer of his clients' negatives, including those of E.W. Ward and Robert Hunt.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Hans P. Kraus, Jr. (Firm) | author2=Hill, David Octavius, 1802-1870, (photographer.) | author3=Adamson, Robert, 1821-1848, (photographer.) | author4=Adamson, John, 1809-1870, (photographer.) | author5=Schaaf, Larry J. (Larry John), 1947-, (author.) | title=Sun pictures. Catalogue eleven, St. Andrews and early Scottish photography including Hill & Adamson | publication-date=2002 | publisher=Hans P. Kraus, Jr | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6894838 | accessdate=30 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sydney.edu.au/museums/collections/photography/william-hetzer.shtml|title=Macleay Historic Photography collection: Hetzer|last=Publications Office|first=|website=Sydney University Museums|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | author1=Davies, Alan | author2=Stanbury, Peter, 1934- | author3=Tanre, Con | author4=Davies, Alan | author5=Stanbury, Peter | author6=Tanre, Con | title=The mechanical eye in Australia : photography 1841-1900 | publication-date=1985 | page=28-30 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-554604-0 }}</ref>
There are claims that it was Hetzer's wife Thekla who, from 1850, assisted him at his studio at 15 Hunter Street, who was the first woman photographer in Australia,<ref name=":2">{{Citation | author1=Annear, Judy | author2=Palmer, Daniel, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author3=Aird, Michael, 1963-, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author4=Lydon, Jane, 1965-, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author5=Davidson, Kathleen, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author6=Jolly, Martyn, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author7=Batchen, Geoffrey, (writer of supplementary textual content.) | author8=Art Gallery of New South Wales, (issuing body.) | title=The photograph and Australia | publication-date=2015 | publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales | isbn=978-1-74174-116-2 }}</ref> but no works known to be hers have survived.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Lebovic, Josef | author2=Cahill, Joanne | author3=Cooke, Susette | author4=Josef Lebovic Gallery | title=Masterpieces of Australian photography, exhibition 24 June-22 July 1989 | publication-date=1989 | publisher=Josef Lebovic Gallery | isbn=978-0-7316-6406-1 }}</ref>


== Photographic album ==
== Photographic album ==
In the same month of 1858 that the earliest purely photographic exhibition held in Australia was mounted at the Sydney Philosophical Society, How made portraits of her guests on Boxing Day at Woodlands. She set up a makeshift studio on the verandah,<ref>{{Citation | author1=Ennis, Helen | title=Photography and Australia | page=18 | publication-date=2007 | publisher=Reaktion Books | isbn=978-1-86189-323-9 }}</ref> using furniture and props including a [[stereoscope]] and stereo cards, so as to make it appear that the pictures were made indoors.<ref name=":1">Crombie, Isobel, 'Louisa Elizabeth How.' In {{Citation | author1=Hannavy, John | title=Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography | publication-date=2008 | page=716 | publisher=Taylor & Francis Group | isbn=978-0-203-94178-2 }}</ref> The resultant prints are amongst forty-eight salted paper prints from the period October 1857 to January 1859 in her only surviving album,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cs.nga.gov.au/detail.cfm?irn=86810|title=Untitled album [Louisa How album]|last=How|first=Louisa|website=Item held by National Gallery of Australia|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref> carefully titled and signed, which is now held in the National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Australian National Gallery | title=New Acquisitions 1982-83 (30 June 1984) | journal=Annual report | publication-date=1984-06-30 | publisher=The Gallery | issue=54 of 1984 | issn=0314-9919 }}</ref>
In the same month of 1858 that the earliest purely photographic exhibition held in Australia was mounted at the Sydney Philosophical Society, How made portraits of her guests on Boxing Day at Woodlands. She set up a makeshift studio on the verandah,<ref>{{Citation | author1=Ennis, Helen | title=Photography and Australia | page=18 | publication-date=2007 | publisher=Reaktion Books | isbn=978-1-86189-323-9 }}</ref> using furniture and props including a [[stereoscope]] and stereo cards, so as to make it appear that the pictures were made indoors.<ref name=":1">Crombie, Isobel, 'Louisa Elizabeth How.' In {{Citation | author1=Hannavy, John | title=Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography | publication-date=2008 | page=716 | publisher=Taylor & Francis Group | isbn=978-0-203-94178-2 }}</ref> The resultant prints are amongst forty-eight salted paper prints from the period October 1857 to January 1859 in her only surviving album,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cs.nga.gov.au/detail.cfm?irn=86810|title=Untitled album [Louisa How album]|last=How|first=Louisa|website=Item held by National Gallery of Australia|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref> carefully titled and signed, which is now held in the National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Australian National Gallery | title=New Acquisitions 1982-83 (30 June 1984) | journal=Annual report | publication-date=1984-06-30 | publisher=The Gallery | issue=54 of 1984 | issn=0314-9919 }}</ref>


Her subjects include the merchants George S. Caird, Robert P. Paterson and Hendricks Anderson, the explorer [[William Landsborough]] with his Aboriginal companion 'Tiger’,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/208.1989/|title=Mr William Landsborough, Tiger and J.L., (1858-1859)|last=How|first=Louisa Elizabeth|last2=|date=|website=Art Gallery of New South Wales|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-30|last3=|last4=|last5=|last6=|last7=|last8=|last9=|first9=}}</ref> the settlers Charles Morison from Glenmorison, New England and John Glen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daao.org.au/bio/louisa-elizabeth-how/biography/|title=Louisa Elizabeth How biography|last=Crombie|first=Isobel|date=1995-01-01|website=Design and Art Australian Online (DAAO)|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Photography historian Judy Annear notes that her portraits are "most compelling, posed and yet relaxed, outdoor, convivial and engaged," while Martyn Jolly argues that they are rare in that they "take us so closely into the bodily interrelationships of colonial Australians."<ref name=":2" /> As well as portraits, How made views of [[Sydney Cove]], [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]], Campbell’s Wharf and  of her own house and garden.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Kerr, Joan, 1938-2004 | author2=National Women's Art Exhibition (Australia) | author3=Kerr, Joan, 1938-2004 | title=Heritage : the national women's art book, 500 works by 500 Australian women artists from colonial times to 1955 | publication-date=1995 | publisher=Art and Australia ; Roseville East, N.S.W. : distributed by Craftsman House | isbn=978-976-641-045-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article127517013 |title=Catching the bus at last |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |volume=70, |issue=21,876 |location=Australian Capital Territory, Australia |date=10 March 1995 |accessdate=30 November 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}
Her subjects include the merchants George S. Caird, Robert P. Paterson and Hendricks Anderson, the explorer [[William Landsborough]] with his Aboriginal companion 'Tiger’,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/208.1989/|title=Mr William Landsborough, Tiger and J.L., (1858-1859)|last=How|first=Louisa Elizabeth|last2=|date=|website=Art Gallery of New South Wales|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-30|last3=|last4=|last5=|last6=|last7=|last8=|last9=|first9=}}</ref> the settlers Charles Morison from Glenmorison, New England and John Glen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daao.org.au/bio/louisa-elizabeth-how/biography/|title=Louisa Elizabeth How biography|last=Crombie|first=Isobel|date=1995-01-01|website=Design and Art Australian Online (DAAO)|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Photography historian Judy Annear notes that her portraits are "most compelling, posed and yet relaxed, outdoor, convivial and engaged," while Professor Martyn Jolly argues that they are rare in that they "take us so closely into the bodily interrelationships of colonial Australians."<ref name=":2" />
As well as portraits, How made views of [[Sydney Cove]], [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]], Campbell’s Wharf and  of her own house and garden.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Kerr, Joan, 1938-2004 | author2=National Women's Art Exhibition (Australia) | author3=Kerr, Joan, 1938-2004 | title=Heritage : the national women's art book, 500 works by 500 Australian women artists from colonial times to 1955 | publication-date=1995 | publisher=Art and Australia ; Roseville East, N.S.W. : distributed by Craftsman House | isbn=978-976-641-045-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article127517013 |title=Catching the bus at last |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |volume=70, |issue=21,876 |location=Australian Capital Territory, Australia |date=10 March 1995 |accessdate=30 November 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}
</ref>
</ref>


== Later Life ==
== Later Life ==
The Hows remained in Woodlands until about 1866, then moved to Calingra in [[Woollahra, New South Wales|Woollahra]] when, due to losses, the How merchant company had ceased business.<ref name=":1" /> It appears How did not continue to make photographs after her husband James died in about 1869. A year later she relocated to Heaton, also in Woollahra, then moved several times before her death in 1893 at the age seventy-two.<ref name=":0" />
The Hows remained in Woodlands until about 1866, then moved to Calingra in [[Woollahra, New South Wales|Woollahra]] when, due to losses, the How merchant company had ceased business.<ref name=":1" /> It appears How did not continue to make photographs after this downturn in fortune. Her husband James died in about 1869, and a year later she relocated to Heaton, also in Woollahra, then moved several times before her death in 1893 at the age seventy-two.<ref name=":0" />

== Exhibitions ==

* ''Masterpieces of Australian Photography'', Josef Lebovic Gallery, Kensington, 24 Jun 1989–22 Jul 1989<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/?exhibition_id=1346|title=Works shown in the exhibition “Masterpieces of Australian Photography” :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW|website=www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>
* ''Selected recent acquisitions'', 1989, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, 05 Sep 1989–17 Dec 1989<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/?exhibition_id=116|title=Works shown in the exhibition “Selected recent acquisitions, 1989” :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW|website=www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>
* ''Review: works by women from the permanent collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales'', Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, 08 Mar 1995–04 Jun 1995<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/?images=y&exhibition_id=993&page=2|title=Works shown in the exhibition “Review: works by women from the permanent collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales” :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW|website=www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>
* ''The photograph and Australia'', Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, 21 Mar 2015–08 Jun 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/?exhibition_id=6708|title=Works shown in the exhibition “The photograph and Australia” :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW|website=www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>

== Collections ==

* [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], Sydney, NSW, Australia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/215.1988/|title=Colonialism, racism, genocide, (1987)|last=Hill|first=Andrew|last2=Français|date=|website=Art Gallery of New South Wales|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-30|last3=|last4=|last5=|last6=|last7=}}</ref>
* National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, ACT<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cs.nga.gov.au/default.cfm|title=nga collection simple{{!}}advanced search screen|website=cs.nga.gov.au|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 22:40, 30 November 2019

Louisa Elizabeth How (1821-1893) was the first known woman photographer in Australia.

Biography

Louisa Elizabeth How was born in England in 1821 and married James How, a labourer from Malvern, Worcestershire. They and their two sons, William (b. 1844) and Edward (b. 1848?) arrived at Port Phillip aboard the Royal George on 28 November 1849 under the assisted passage scheme.[1] In Melbourne James How was employed by Joseph Raleigh, a merchant and wharf owner and by 1857 was listed as one of the principal directors of How, Walker & Co., a merchant and shipping business started by a relative, Robert How.[2] The family resided at Woodlands, next door to the present-day Admiralty House on Kirribilli Point, North Sydney.[3]

Early photographer

How’s photographic knowledge was derived from any of several possible sources,[4] including her copy of the English Art Journal from vol.12, of 1850, in which were several articles on the processes of photography; the first photograph How made was of an engraving from the same volume, a portrait of the Dowager Countess of Darnley after the painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence.[5] How may have been taught the medium at professional studios in England, but more likely learned from William Hetzer[6][7] to make salted paper prints from half-plate glass negatives for which the Sydney merchant was known, and for which he was the supplier of materials and the printer of his clients' negatives, including those of E.W. Ward and Robert Hunt.[8][9][10]

There are claims that it was Hetzer's wife Thekla who, from 1850, assisted him at his studio at 15 Hunter Street, who was the first woman photographer in Australia,[11] but no works known to be hers have survived.[12]

Photographic album

In the same month of 1858 that the earliest purely photographic exhibition held in Australia was mounted at the Sydney Philosophical Society, How made portraits of her guests on Boxing Day at Woodlands. She set up a makeshift studio on the verandah,[13] using furniture and props including a stereoscope and stereo cards, so as to make it appear that the pictures were made indoors.[14] The resultant prints are amongst forty-eight salted paper prints from the period October 1857 to January 1859 in her only surviving album,[15] carefully titled and signed, which is now held in the National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.[16]

Her subjects include the merchants George S. Caird, Robert P. Paterson and Hendricks Anderson, the explorer William Landsborough with his Aboriginal companion 'Tiger’,[17] the settlers Charles Morison from Glenmorison, New England and John Glen.[18] Photography historian Judy Annear notes that her portraits are "most compelling, posed and yet relaxed, outdoor, convivial and engaged," while Professor Martyn Jolly argues that they are rare in that they "take us so closely into the bodily interrelationships of colonial Australians."[11]

As well as portraits, How made views of Sydney Cove, Government House, Campbell’s Wharf and  of her own house and garden.[19][20]

Later Life

The Hows remained in Woodlands until about 1866, then moved to Calingra in Woollahra when, due to losses, the How merchant company had ceased business.[14] It appears How did not continue to make photographs after this downturn in fortune. Her husband James died in about 1869, and a year later she relocated to Heaton, also in Woollahra, then moved several times before her death in 1893 at the age seventy-two.[2]

Exhibitions

  • Masterpieces of Australian Photography, Josef Lebovic Gallery, Kensington, 24 Jun 1989–22 Jul 1989[21]
  • Selected recent acquisitions, 1989, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, 05 Sep 1989–17 Dec 1989[22]
  • Review: works by women from the permanent collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, 08 Mar 1995–04 Jun 1995[23]
  • The photograph and Australia, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, 21 Mar 2015–08 Jun 2015[24]

Collections

References

  1. ^ Persons on Bounty Ships Arriving at Port Phillip: Assisted Passage 1849-51. Series: State Archives & Records NSW, NSW Government 4/4817, reel 2145
  2. ^ a b "How, Louisa Elizabeth (1821-1893) - People and organisations". Trove. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  3. ^ Hall, Barbara; Mather, Jenni, 1946- (1986), Australian women photographers 1840-1960, Greenhouse Publications, ISBN 978-0-86436-039-7{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Batchen, Geoffrey (2001), Each wild idea : writing, photography, history, MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-52324-0
  5. ^ Isobel Crombie, 'Louisa Elizabeth How, Pioneer Photographer', Australian Business Collector (1984), pp.82-6.
  6. ^ "ReCollection: William Hetzer :: Art Gallery NSW". www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  7. ^ "Hetzer, William (1850-) - People and organisations". Trove. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  8. ^ Hans P. Kraus, Jr. (Firm); Hill, David Octavius, 1802-1870, (photographer.); Adamson, Robert, 1821-1848, (photographer.); Adamson, John, 1809-1870, (photographer.); Schaaf, Larry J. (Larry John), 1947-, (author.) (2002), Sun pictures. Catalogue eleven, St. Andrews and early Scottish photography including Hill & Adamson, Hans P. Kraus, Jr, retrieved 30 November 2019 {{citation}}: |author5= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Publications Office. "Macleay Historic Photography collection: Hetzer". Sydney University Museums. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  10. ^ Davies, Alan; Stanbury, Peter, 1934-; Tanre, Con; Davies, Alan; Stanbury, Peter; Tanre, Con (1985), The mechanical eye in Australia : photography 1841-1900, Oxford University Press, p. 28-30, ISBN 978-0-19-554604-0{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Annear, Judy; Palmer, Daniel, (writer of supplementary textual content.); Aird, Michael, 1963-, (writer of supplementary textual content.); Lydon, Jane, 1965-, (writer of supplementary textual content.); Davidson, Kathleen, (writer of supplementary textual content.); Jolly, Martyn, (writer of supplementary textual content.); Batchen, Geoffrey, (writer of supplementary textual content.); Art Gallery of New South Wales, (issuing body.) (2015), The photograph and Australia, Art Gallery of New South Wales, ISBN 978-1-74174-116-2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Lebovic, Josef; Cahill, Joanne; Cooke, Susette; Josef Lebovic Gallery (1989), Masterpieces of Australian photography, exhibition 24 June-22 July 1989, Josef Lebovic Gallery, ISBN 978-0-7316-6406-1
  13. ^ Ennis, Helen (2007), Photography and Australia, Reaktion Books, p. 18, ISBN 978-1-86189-323-9
  14. ^ a b Crombie, Isobel, 'Louisa Elizabeth How.' In Hannavy, John (2008), Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography, Taylor & Francis Group, p. 716, ISBN 978-0-203-94178-2
  15. ^ How, Louisa. "Untitled album [Louisa How album]". Item held by National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  16. ^ Australian National Gallery (1984-06-30), "New Acquisitions 1982-83 (30 June 1984)", Annual report (54 of 1984), The Gallery, ISSN 0314-9919
  17. ^ How, Louisa Elizabeth. "Mr William Landsborough, Tiger and J.L., (1858-1859)". Art Gallery of New South Wales. Retrieved 2019-11-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ Crombie, Isobel (1995-01-01). "Louisa Elizabeth How biography". Design and Art Australian Online (DAAO).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ Kerr, Joan, 1938-2004; National Women's Art Exhibition (Australia); Kerr, Joan, 1938-2004 (1995), Heritage : the national women's art book, 500 works by 500 Australian women artists from colonial times to 1955, Art and Australia ; Roseville East, N.S.W. : distributed by Craftsman House, ISBN 978-976-641-045-2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Catching the bus at last". The Canberra Times. Vol. 70, , no. 21, 876. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 10 March 1995. p. 12. Retrieved 30 November 2019 – via National Library of Australia.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  21. ^ "Works shown in the exhibition "Masterpieces of Australian Photography" :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW". www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  22. ^ "Works shown in the exhibition "Selected recent acquisitions, 1989" :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW". www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  23. ^ "Works shown in the exhibition "Review: works by women from the permanent collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales" :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW". www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  24. ^ "Works shown in the exhibition "The photograph and Australia" :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW". www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  25. ^ Hill, Andrew; Français. "Colonialism, racism, genocide, (1987)". Art Gallery of New South Wales. Retrieved 2019-11-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ^ "nga collection simple|advanced search screen". cs.nga.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
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