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===Habitat===
===Habitat===
It grows on well drained,<ref name=irisbotanique/> stony [[Terra rossa (soil)|terra rossa]], or rocky limestone slopes,<ref name=british/> with open shrubland and sometimes in crevices on limestone cliffs.<ref name=redlist/> It can also grow in pine forests,<ref name=Academics/> or Mediterranean woodlands and shrubland.<ref name=florail/> It can be found at an altitude of {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=Lynch/>
It grows on well drained,<ref name=irisbotanique/> stony [[Terra rossa (soil)|terra rossa]], or rocky limestone slopes,<ref name=british/> with open shrubland and sometimes in rock crevices on limestone cliffs.<ref name=redlist/><ref name=Synge/> It can also grow in pine forests,<ref name=Academics/> or Mediterranean woodlands and shrubland.<ref name=florail/> It can be found at an altitude of {{convert|200|-|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=Lynch/><ref name=Synge/>


==Conservation==
==Conservation==
Line 122: Line 122:
The plant is endemic to Israel, Palestine and southern Lebanon. The species was described from the Naftali Ridge south of the Litani River in Lebanon. There are records of its existence on the Lebanese side of the upper Galilee up to the Litani bend, where it was first collected by Lortet (Kfar Kila – Dir Mimes), but these require confirmation. Grows in the eastern Upper Galilee, at the western edges of the Hula Valley and in the northern West Bank, Palestine.
The plant is endemic to Israel, Palestine and southern Lebanon. The species was described from the Naftali Ridge south of the Litani River in Lebanon. There are records of its existence on the Lebanese side of the upper Galilee up to the Litani bend, where it was first collected by Lortet (Kfar Kila – Dir Mimes), but these require confirmation. Grows in the eastern Upper Galilee, at the western edges of the Hula Valley and in the northern West Bank, Palestine.
The overall population size is estimated to be less than 10,000 mature individuals and the population trend is declining. In particular, the variety samaria from the northern West Bank is impacted by collection from the wild and individuals have declined by c.10% over the last ten years, and sub-populations are likely to have been lost.
The overall population size is estimated to be less than 10,000 mature individuals and the population trend is declining. In particular, the variety samaria from the northern West Bank is impacted by collection from the wild and individuals have declined by c.10% over the last ten years, and sub-populations are likely to have been lost.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Current Population Trend: Decreasing<ref name=redlist/>

Found on stony limestone mountain slopes with open shrubland, sometimes in crevices on limestone cliffs.<ref name=redlist/>

Use and Trade: There is commercial cultivation in the Upper Galilee for local sale. Collection of plants locally. In the 19th Century rhizomes were exported to Europe for the ornamental plant trade.
Major Threat(s): The major threat to the species is picking and uprooting due to its extreme attractiveness and its reputation among nature lovers. The species suffered from massive uprooting for exportation of its rhizomes to Europe at the end of the 19th Century, almost to the point of extinction; populations reduced dramatically but no sites were lost and populations have recovered well.
Major Threat(s): The major threat to the species is picking and uprooting due to its extreme attractiveness and its reputation among nature lovers. The species suffered from massive uprooting for exportation of its rhizomes to Europe at the end of the 19th Century, almost to the point of extinction; populations reduced dramatically but no sites were lost and populations have recovered well.


Line 140: Line 140:




Habitat and Ecology - Dwarf shrub communities and rock outcroppings, at 700-1000m. The rhizomes require a hot and dry dormancy period
The rhizomes require a hot and dry dormancy period
and the plants are sensitive to competition and shading. Grazing has up to now aided surivl by reducing competition.
and the plants are sensitive to competition and shading. Grazing has up to now aided survival by reducing competition.
Populations are invaded by ''[[Quercus calliprinos]]'' Webb (the Palestine oak) and ''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' Miller (the Aleppo pine).
Populations are invaded by ''[[Quercus calliprinos]]'' Webb (the Palestine oak) and ''[[Pinus halepensis]]'' Miller (the Aleppo pine).
Conservation Measures Taken - It is protected by the Nature conservation laws in Israel.
Conservation Measures Taken - It is protected by the Nature conservation laws in Israel.
Line 149: Line 149:
Iran-Turanian endemic from a disjunct, small morphological group of Oncocyclus Irises. It was introduced to commerce shortly after
Iran-Turanian endemic from a disjunct, small morphological group of Oncocyclus Irises. It was introduced to commerce shortly after
its discovery and relatively large quantities of rhizomes are available from nursery grown stock.
its discovery and relatively large quantities of rhizomes are available from nursery grown stock.
Unfortunately, cultivated specimens rarely survive more than 2 seasons, causing a continuous demand for fresh material.
Unfortunately, cultivated specimens rarely survive more than 2 seasons, causing a continuous demand for fresh material. <ref name=Synge/>
Since there are no genetic barriers between members of section Oncocyclus of Iris, most of the material under cultivation is
Since there are no genetic barriers between members of section Oncocyclus of Iris, most of the material under cultivation is
probably contaminated genetically. Pollination and seed dispersal is by ants. The nearest relatives are I. samariae Dinsm. and Iris gatesii Foster.
probably contaminated genetically. Pollination and seed dispersal is by ants. The nearest relatives are I. samariae Dinsm. and Iris gatesii Foster.
Line 155: Line 155:
especially at the Van Tubergen Nurseries, Harlem, has developed successful techniques, and these are outlined by M.H. Hoog.<ref name=Synge/>
especially at the Van Tubergen Nurseries, Harlem, has developed successful techniques, and these are outlined by M.H. Hoog.<ref name=Synge/>


A key element is the storage of the rhizomes during the late summer and autumn at 23'C, to imitate the hot,dry Mediterranean summer
of the natural habitat. During this time the rhizomes lose 30-60% of the weight. didyouknowfact ??? <ref name=Synge/>


Iris lortetii - only 4 small populations are known at present (in 1992), all in Israel
Iris lortetii - only 4 small populations are known at present (in 1992), all in Israel
Line 164: Line 162:
<ref name=Spellerberg> Ian Spellerberg {{google books|RPvwCAAAQBAJ|Evaluation and Assessment for Conservation: Ecological guidelines for determining priorities for nature conservation (1992)|page=93}}</ref>
<ref name=Spellerberg> Ian Spellerberg {{google books|RPvwCAAAQBAJ|Evaluation and Assessment for Conservation: Ecological guidelines for determining priorities for nature conservation (1992)|page=93}}</ref>


Once collected extensively for the cut flower industry, it was sold in bunches on the side of the road, plants were also moved to decorate the cemetries of the area. Nowadays, it is threatened still by the flower and horticulture industry alongside over grazzing and, undergrazing as it is
Once collected extensively for the cut flower industry, it was sold in bunches on the side of the road, plants were also moved to decorate the cemeteries of the area. Nowadays, it is threatened still by the flower and horticulture industry alongside overgrazing and, undergrazing as it is
little able to compete with the larger, more vigorous, plant species when they aren't removed by herbivoruous mammals.<ref name="Blackhall"/>
little able to compete with the larger, more vigorous, plant species when they aren't removed by herbivorous mammals.<ref name="Blackhall"/>


Growing a Lortet’s Iris
Growing a Lortet’s Iris
Line 193: Line 191:


It prefers positions in part shade to full sun, in slightly acidic soils (with a [[pH level]] between 5 to 7.5) that are a mix of sand and clay.
It prefers positions in part shade to full sun, in slightly acidic soils (with a [[pH level]] between 5 to 7.5) that are a mix of sand and clay.
Like many other irises, it should be kept moist and completely dry during dormancy (winter time) and high-nitrogen fertilizer should not be given to it.<ref name="backyard"/>
Like many other irises, it should be kept moist and completely dry during dormancy (winter time) and high-nitrogen fertilizer should not be given to it.<ref name="backyard"/>

In places where it is not hardy, the plant can be stored over winter, but the rhizomes should be the stored during the late summer and autumn at 23'C, to imitate the hot,dry Mediterranean summer. This replicates their natural habitat. During this time the rhizomes lose 30-60% of the weight.<ref name=Synge/>
Did-you-know-fact ???


[[Aphid]] ''[[Dysaphis tulipae]]'' can be found on the plant.<ref>R. L. Blackman and Victor F. Eastop {{Google books|UZqkLr9m4GUC|Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs|page=554}}</ref>
[[Aphid]] ''[[Dysaphis tulipae]]'' can be found on the plant.<ref>R. L. Blackman and Victor F. Eastop {{Google books|UZqkLr9m4GUC|Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs|page=554}}</ref>
Line 210: Line 211:
==Toxicity==
==Toxicity==
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.<ref>David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske{{Google books|a7-f66fRfzQC|Toxicity of Houseplants|page=236}}</ref>
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.<ref>David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske{{Google books|a7-f66fRfzQC|Toxicity of Houseplants|page=236}}</ref>

==Uses==
Soon after it was discovered in 1882, a lot of rhizomes were taken for commercial cultivation in Israel.<ref name=Synge/> They were exported to Europe for the ornamental plant trade.<ref name=redlist/><ref name=Spellerberg/> Unfortunately, the cultivated specimens rarely survived more than 2 seasons, causing a continuous demand for fresh plants and rhizomes.<ref name=Synge/><ref name="Blackhall"/> It was also collected extensively for the cut flower industry and was sold in bunches on the side of the road, plants were also moved to decorate the cemeteries in the area.<ref name="Blackhall"/> It is still available locally, in in the Upper Galilee, Israel for sale as garden plants.<ref name=redlist/>


==Culture==
==Culture==

Revision as of 22:59, 27 October 2019

Iris lortetii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Species:
I. lortetii
Binomial name
Iris lortetii
Synonyms

Iris lortetii var. lortetii [2]

Iris lortetii (also known as 'Lortet's Iris' or in Israel as the 'Samarian Iris'). It is sometimes incorrectly written as Iris lorteti (with one i at the end). It is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is

12"-20" tall with flowers that are white, veined and dotted pink or maroon. Signals are deep maroon.


Description

It is thought to resemble various other irises such as Iris sari, Iris gatesii and Iris susiana,[3] and is thought to be perhaps the most beautiful Iris in the world.[4][5]

It has a short,[4] stout rhizome,[6] that is brown and fibrous.[7] and They grow just under the surface of the soil and form little complex networks.[7]

It has grey-green leaves,[8] that are straight [8] and sword shaped.[3][9] They can grow up to between 18 and 23 cm (7 and 9 in) long,[9][7] and 1-2 cm wide.[6][9][8] They are larger or larger than those of Iris susiana,[4] and sheath the flower stem.[9] They are deciduous, and disappear completely during the dormancy period in winter.[7]

It has a flowering stem that is between 30 and 50 cm (12 and 19.5 in) tall.[10][11][8]

It has spathes that are 5 and 6 in (12.5 and 15 cm) long with lanceolate and pale green valves.[4]

It carries a solitary flower,[9] that blooms in late spring,[8] or mid Summer,[12] between April,[13] and May.[6][7]

The flowers come in a

The large flowers are 7 to 9 cm (3 to 3.5 in) in diameter.[4][8][14]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[15]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[15]

flowers large, the standards paler than the falls, standards 9-11 cm long, 7-8 cm wide, orbicular, with pale lilac veins on a nearly white ground, falls 5-8cm long, 4-4.5cm wide, oblong-obovate, recurved, with lilac to pink dots and veins on a pale cream or yellowish ground, signal patch rather small, purple-brown or reddish, beard of sparse brown hairs,[6] flower is white, veined and dotted pink to brown. The petals are much less marked with brown, which contrasts with the sepals. This one has a signal called Onco brown, and has a beard also brown. The flowers unfolds a volume of 8cm to 9cm in diameter note a variety:[7] Color Code-S9L; Flowers 8-9 cm in diameter, somewhat pinkish-rose; standards orbicular, whitish or pale lavender veined reddish, falls reflexed, very pale lavender or whitish ground, with both sparsely and densely dotted areas of pinkish-maroon and a reddish signal patch, beard sparse brown; style purplish-brown with reddish brown lobes[14] fine flowers attaining a diameter of 7in with standards 5in high. The perianth tube is 1 1/2 in long, limb often 4in long, falls obovate-cuneate, 3 in broad, standards orbicular, erect and inflexed. The style branches are red brown, an inch broad, with large reflexed quadrate crenate crests. There is considerable variation in colour, but the note of the plant is a peculiarly charming combination of crimson spots and blue or violet veins on a white or creamy-yellow ground.[4] flower 10-16cm in diameter and 10-20cm in length, perianth segments (tepals) 6 in two dissimilar whorls of 3, the outer 3 (the falls) recurved, bearded in the centre, white, densely spotted with pink or grey-purple, inner 3 (standards) erect, white, finely arching over each of the falls to make a tube (pollination tube).[9] White, veined and dotted pink or maroon; deep maroon signal. [10] and very large showy flowers, very variable in colour. The standards are pale pink or delicate rose veined with purple, the falls being pale blue or lavender covered with crimson spots, and a deep crimson or blackish purple blotch at the base. Other forms have creamy yellow falls heavily spotted with purple, and almost white or pale violet standards distinctly but very thinly veined with violet.[3] with flowers that are white, veined and dotted pink or maroon. Signals are deep maroon.[11] Flowers 8-9 cm in diameter. Perianth tube to 5 cm, falls to 7.5 cm, whitish or pale pink, with pink or maroon speckling and veining, the margin sometimes minutely toothed, beard reddish or yellowish, rather sparse, signal patch deep maroon. standards similar in colour to the fall, but veined rather than speckled.[8] Iris lortetii with its huge pink flowers shot with a tracery of veins [16] Its large flower is quite remarkable, with its nearly orbicular falls, orbicular, erect standards (3-4 inches in diameter) and arched, crimson-red styles. [5] iris produces single white flowers, 3 1/2 inches across. The falls are quite attractive with pink or maroon spots, pink veined standards and brown beards.[12]


After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule.

Biochemistry

In 2006, it was found that the outer integument of I. lorteti and Iris confusa seeds contained a chemical compound, that was toxic to the germinated embryo. Blumentahal also found that the outer integument of I. lorteti and Iris confusa seeds contained a compound toxic to the germinated embryo. Also the iris seeds have a dormancy period of several months, this is due to mechanical resistance of the integument.[17]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[15] It has a chromosome count of 2n=20.[7][11][10]

Taxonomy

It is written in Hebrew as אִירוּס הָדוּר,[13] and in Arabic as أللّغة آلعربيّة سوسن جميل.[18]

It is commonly known as 'Lortet's Iris',[13][19][20] and it also called 'Samarian Iris', although mainly in Israel.[21]

The Latin specific epithet 'lortetii' is derived from Louis Charles Émile Lortet (1836 – 1909) who was a French physician, botanist, zoologist and Egyptologist, he had collected the iris from the Lebanese area of the Upper Galilee, during his travels to Syria in 1880.[22]

William Barbey already described Iris lortetii but the name was validly published by Pierre Edmond Boissier in July 1882 in Fl. Orient. Vol.5 on page 131.[2][23][24]

It is sometimes incorrectly spelled as Iris lorteti, missing an i at the end of the word.[17][25]

I. lortetii is an tentatively accepted name by the RHS,Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). and it is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life.[26] It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004.[23]

Iris lortetii var. samariae (Dinsm.) Feinbrun is a known and accepted variant.[2]

Distribution and habitat

Iris lortetii is native to temperate Asia.[23]

Range

It is endemic to Israel,[19][11] Palestine[5] and southern Lebanon,[1][23]Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).[3] (south of the Litani River[9]) and in Syria.[24]

In Israel, it is found in the regions of Upper Galilee,[27][11] Mount Gilboa,[6] Samarian mountains and Samarian desert.[18][13][21]

Habitat

It grows on well drained,[7] stony terra rossa, or rocky limestone slopes,[6] with open shrubland and sometimes in rock crevices on limestone cliffs.[1][9] It can also grow in pine forests,[27] or Mediterranean woodlands and shrubland.[13] It can be found at an altitude of 200–1,000 m (660–3,280 ft) above sea level.[4][9]

Conservation

endangered[19] Status in the Wild:Endangered [11] Within Israel, Iris lortetii with its huge pink flowers shot with a tracery of veins was considered in 2002 as Endangered.[16] endangered Iris lorteti [25]

The plant is endemic to Israel, Palestine and southern Lebanon,[1] with records from the Litani region requiring confirmation. The AOO is estimated at 215 km2 based on available data and is certainly less than 500 km2. There is an ongoing declines in population size, number of subpopulations, AOO, and in area and quality of habitat, and as a result the plant qualifies as Endangered (EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)).

Ex situ conservation is in place in botanical gardens in Israel, and benign introduction has been attempted in the upper Galilee, Israel. West Bank protected areas should be expanded to include habitat for this species. The plant is endemic to Israel, Palestine and southern Lebanon. The species was described from the Naftali Ridge south of the Litani River in Lebanon. There are records of its existence on the Lebanese side of the upper Galilee up to the Litani bend, where it was first collected by Lortet (Kfar Kila – Dir Mimes), but these require confirmation. Grows in the eastern Upper Galilee, at the western edges of the Hula Valley and in the northern West Bank, Palestine. The overall population size is estimated to be less than 10,000 mature individuals and the population trend is declining. In particular, the variety samaria from the northern West Bank is impacted by collection from the wild and individuals have declined by c.10% over the last ten years, and sub-populations are likely to have been lost. Current Population Trend: Decreasing[1]


Major Threat(s): The major threat to the species is picking and uprooting due to its extreme attractiveness and its reputation among nature lovers. The species suffered from massive uprooting for exportation of its rhizomes to Europe at the end of the 19th Century, almost to the point of extinction; populations reduced dramatically but no sites were lost and populations have recovered well.

Iris lortetii var. samaria, which is endemic to northern West Bank is threatened due to uncontrolled picking and uprooting of its rhizomes. As long as the political conflict continues, many populations are threatened by massive destruction and some already gone extinct.[1]

The populations are patchy and extremely disjunct. The cause of this severe fragmentation is unknown, While the Galilee populations have been growing and expanding since the 1960s, the West Bank populations, particularly those near the city of Nablus, are declining and becoming extinct (NPA 2016). [1]

Iris lortetii Barbey status Endangered. Only 4 small populations are known at present. The original populations never were very large, were drastically reduced by commercial exploitation and are currently under threat from rapid habitat destruction by afforestation and from the difficulties in restrained picking because of it exceptionally showy flowers.

Ten species of the section were recorded in Israel and adjacent areas (Jordan, The Palestinian Authority and Sinai/Egypt) henceforth referred to as the southern Levant (Feinbrun-Dothan, 1986; Rix, 1997). Three of these species have light-coloured standards, namely Iris lortetii W. Barbey of the Lortetii aggregate, and I. bismarckiana Regel and I. hermona Dinsmore of the Iberica aggregate.[28]


The rhizomes require a hot and dry dormancy period and the plants are sensitive to competition and shading. Grazing has up to now aided survival by reducing competition. Populations are invaded by Quercus calliprinos Webb (the Palestine oak) and Pinus halepensis Miller (the Aleppo pine). Conservation Measures Taken - It is protected by the Nature conservation laws in Israel. Conservation measures proposed - to ensure the survival of the remaining populations, reserved should be declared, and active pollination and reseeding under taken. Biology and Potential Value - I lortetii is one of he largest flowered and most attractive Irises. It is an isolated west Iran-Turanian endemic from a disjunct, small morphological group of Oncocyclus Irises. It was introduced to commerce shortly after its discovery and relatively large quantities of rhizomes are available from nursery grown stock. Unfortunately, cultivated specimens rarely survive more than 2 seasons, causing a continuous demand for fresh material. [9] Since there are no genetic barriers between members of section Oncocyclus of Iris, most of the material under cultivation is probably contaminated genetically. Pollination and seed dispersal is by ants. The nearest relatives are I. samariae Dinsm. and Iris gatesii Foster. Cultivation - The Oncocyclus Irises are reputedly very difficult to maintain in cultivation. However research in recent years, especially at the Van Tubergen Nurseries, Harlem, has developed successful techniques, and these are outlined by M.H. Hoog.[9]


Iris lortetii - only 4 small populations are known at present (in 1992), all in Israel The original populations, never very large were drastically reduced by commercial exploitation and are currently under threat from rapid habitat destruction by afforestation and from he difficulties in restraining picking because of its exceptionally showy flowers. [29]

Once collected extensively for the cut flower industry, it was sold in bunches on the side of the road, plants were also moved to decorate the cemeteries of the area. Nowadays, it is threatened still by the flower and horticulture industry alongside overgrazing and, undergrazing as it is little able to compete with the larger, more vigorous, plant species when they aren't removed by herbivorous mammals.[19]

Growing a Lortet’s Iris Hagai Shemesh described how new Iris lortetii populations are generated at (Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael )KKL-JNF (Jewish National Fund) sites in a study designed by Prof. Yohai Carmel.

Scientists gathered seeds from all the known indigenous populations and sprouted them in greenhouse conditions, with the aim of planting them in the wild later on. Over 3,000 seeds were gathered at different sites and were planted in the Tel Aviv University Botanical Garden.

As expected, only twelve seeds sprouted the first winter, but in the second winter the number increased to 350. More sprouting is expected in the next few years. A model has been constructed, meanwhile, for selecting the most suitable sites for planting the irises. A considerable number of these sites will be on KKL-JNF lands. The flowers will be planted at the selected sites within the next three years, along with various thinning treatments, in order to ensure sufficient quantities of light. The scientists will, of course, continue tracking the development of the flowers, with the goal of ensuring the continued existence of the species. [27]

Iris westii and I. lortetii are two species described in Mouterde (1966) and Dinsmore (1934), both of whom record their distribution in the southern hills. However, heavy mining during the recent war has meant that the localities mentioned are not accessible and we therefore cannot verify the status of these two species. [30]


Lortet's Iris The lightest colored large Iris in Israel. Due to its beauty, large quantities of this plant were collected in the course of the 19th century and exported to Europe, but did not survive there. Today it is our duty to preserve these last populations. [21]

Cultivation

I. lortetii is deemed one to be one of the most difficult irises to cultivate, in its class.[5] It is hardy to European Zone H4,[8] and USDA Zones 2 to 9.[12]

It prefers positions in part shade to full sun, in slightly acidic soils (with a pH level between 5 to 7.5) that are a mix of sand and clay. Like many other irises, it should be kept moist and completely dry during dormancy (winter time) and high-nitrogen fertilizer should not be given to it.[12]

In places where it is not hardy, the plant can be stored over winter, but the rhizomes should be the stored during the late summer and autumn at 23'C, to imitate the hot,dry Mediterranean summer. This replicates their natural habitat. During this time the rhizomes lose 30-60% of the weight.[9] 

Did-you-know-fact ???

Aphid Dysaphis tulipae can be found on the plant.[31]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[32] or by seed growing.[27]

It was found that the force required to break seed coat is 133.2 MPa (Blumenthal et al., 1986).[33] Blumenthal et al. (1986) found different germination rates among species, from 1% to 60% seed germination in the first year for Iris lortetii Barbey and Iris atropurpurea. Also, the pressure needed to pierce the seed coat of the two species, I. lortetii and I. atropurpurea, was 135 and 77 atmospheres, respectively.[34]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris lortetii var. samariae (Dinsm.) Feinbrun is a known variant.[35] It was published in Fl. Palaestina 4: 121 in 1986.[36] It has the synonym of Iris samariae Dinsm.,[37] and the common name of 'Samaria Iris', which in written in Hebrew, as איריס הדור זן שומרוני .[38] Its description differ to Iris lortetii, in several ways such as darker standards, with brownish to purple veins on a cream coloured ground and it blooms in April. Its distribution range is found in Samaria around the city of Nablus (or Schekem) at about 800m above sea level.[6]

There is one known variety Iris lortetii 'alba' which has pure white flowers.[3][39]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[40]

Uses

Soon after it was discovered in 1882, a lot of rhizomes were taken for commercial cultivation in Israel.[9] They were exported to Europe for the ornamental plant trade.[1][29] Unfortunately, the cultivated specimens rarely survived more than 2 seasons, causing a continuous demand for fresh plants and rhizomes.[9][19] It was also collected extensively for the cut flower industry and was sold in bunches on the side of the road, plants were also moved to decorate the cemeteries in the area.[19] It is still available locally, in in the Upper Galilee, Israel for sale as garden plants.[1]

Culture

An illustration of Iris lortetii has been used in 1978, as a postage stamp in Israel, part of 'Protect Wild Flowers' series.[41]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sapir, Y. "Iris lortetii". iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  2. ^ a b c "Iris lortetii Barbey ex Boiss. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e John Weathers The Bulb Book, p. 306, at Google Books
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris, p. 111, at Google Books
  5. ^ a b c d Bessey, Charles E. (17 October 1913). "The Genus Iris. By William Rikatson Dykes". Science (journal). 38 (981): 549. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 80, at Google Books
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h "Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus II" (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 249, at Google Books
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hugh Synge The IUCN Plant Red Data Book: Comprising Red Data Sheets on 250 Selected ... , p. 241, at Google Books
  10. ^ a b c "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Kramb, D. (25 September 2004). "Iris lortetii". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d "Iris Lortetii ( Oncocyclus Bearded Iris )". backyardgardener.com. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Iris lortetii". flora.org.il. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  14. ^ a b Pries, Bob (18 November 2016). "(SPEC) Iris lortetii Barbey". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 4 April 2018.
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Other sources

  • Danin, A. Distribution atlas of plants in the Flora Palaestina area. (Atlas Palest)
  • Mathew, B. The Iris. (Iris) 54.
  • Sapir, Y. & Shmida A. Species concepts and ecogeographical divergence of Oncocyclus irises. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol.50, 2002
  • Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan Flora palaestina. (F Palest)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iris lortetii.

Data related to Iris lortetii at Wikispecies

lortetii ;Category:Flora of Lebanon ;Category:Flora of Israel ;Category:Flora of Syria /Category:Plants described in 1882

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