European Union–NATO relations: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox bilateral relations|European Union–NATO|European Union|NATO|map=European Union NATO Locator.svg}} |
{{Infobox bilateral relations|European Union–NATO|European Union|NATO|map=European Union NATO Locator.svg}} |
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Out of the [[European Union member state|28 EU member states]], 22 are also [[Member states of NATO|members of NATO]]. Another three NATO members are EU applicants—Albania, Montenegro and Turkey. Two others—Iceland and Norway—have opted to remain outside of the EU, however participate in the [[European Single Market|EU's single market]]. The memberships of the EU and NATO are distinct, and some EU member states are traditionally neutral on defence issues. Several EU member states were formerly members of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. Denmark has an opt-out from the CSDP.<ref name="eda.europa1"/> |
Out of the [[European Union member state|28 EU member states]], 22 are also [[Member states of NATO|members of NATO]]. Another three NATO members are EU applicants—Albania, Montenegro and Turkey. Two others—Iceland and Norway—have opted to remain outside of the EU, however participate in the [[European Single Market|EU's single market]]. The memberships of the EU and NATO are distinct, and some EU member states are traditionally neutral on defence issues. Several EU member states were formerly members of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. Denmark has an opt-out from the CSDP.<ref name="eda.europa1"/> |
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⚫ | The EU does not have a permanent military command structure similar to the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]'s (NATO) [[Allied Command Operations]] (ACO), although it has been agreed that ACO resources may be used for the conduct of the EU's CSDP missions under the [[Berlin Plus agreement]]. The [[Military Planning and Conduct Capability]] (MPCC), established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, does however represent the EU's first step in developing a permanent military OHQ. In parallel, the newly established [[European Defence Fund]] (EDF) marks the first time the [[Budget of the European Union|EU budget]] is used to finance multinational defence projects. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Comparison=== |
===Comparison=== |
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The CSDP entails [[alliance|collective self-defence]] amongst member states. This responsibility is based on Article 42.7 of TEU, which states that this responsibility does not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain member states, referring to policies of nautrality. See [[Neutral country#European Union|Neutral country§European Union]] for discussion on this subject. According to the [[s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title V: General Provisions on the Union's External Action Service and Specific Provisions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy#SECTION 2: PROVISIONS ON THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY|Article 42.7]] "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States." Article 42.2 furthermore specifies that [[NATO]] shall be the main forum for the implementation of collective self-defence for EU member states that are also NATO members. |
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⚫ | The EU does not have a permanent military command structure similar to the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]'s (NATO) [[Allied Command Operations]] (ACO), although it has been agreed that ACO resources may be used for the conduct of the EU's CSDP missions under the [[Berlin Plus agreement]]. The [[Military Planning and Conduct Capability]] (MPCC), established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, does however represent the EU's first step in developing a permanent military OHQ. In parallel, the newly established [[European Defence Fund]] (EDF) marks the first time the [[Budget of the European Union|EU budget]] is used to finance multinational defence projects. |
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==Partially overlapping memberships== |
==Partially overlapping memberships== |
Revision as of 22:38, 11 October 2019
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European Union |
NATO |
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Out of the 28 EU member states, 22 are also members of NATO. Another three NATO members are EU applicants—Albania, Montenegro and Turkey. Two others—Iceland and Norway—have opted to remain outside of the EU, however participate in the EU's single market. The memberships of the EU and NATO are distinct, and some EU member states are traditionally neutral on defence issues. Several EU member states were formerly members of the Warsaw Pact. Denmark has an opt-out from the CSDP.[1]
History
1948-1951: Common origins, where NATO cannibalises intra-European initiatives
The Western Union, established to implement the 1948 Treaty of Brussels signed by France, the Netherlands, the Benelux countries and the United Kingdom, represents a precursor to both NATO and the EU's defence arm, the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).
1954: Failure to establish a European pillar in NATO
Had its founding treaty not failed to acquire ratification in the French Parliament in 1954, the European Defence Community would have entailed a pan-European military, divided into national components, and had a common budget, common arms, centralized military procurement, and institutions. The EDC would have had an integral link to NATO, forming an autonomous European pillar in the Atlantic alliance.
1996-present: Tensions and mutual interests as EU gains autonomous defence structures
Following the establishment of the ESDI and the St. Malo declaration, US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright were among others who voiced concern that an independent European security pillar could undermine NATO, as she put forth the three famous D's:
Our [...] task is working together to develop [the ESDI] within [NATO], which the United States has strongly endorsed. We enthusiastically support any such measures that enhance European capabilities. The United States welcomes a more capable European partner, with modern, flexible military forces capable of putting out fires in Europe's own back yard and working with us through [NATO] to defend our common interests. The key to a successful initiative is to focus on practical military capabilities. Any initiative must avoid preempting [NATO] decision-making by de-linking ESDI from NATO, avoid duplicating existing efforts, and avoid discriminating against non-EU members. [...]
Eastern enlargement
Present cooperation agreements
Respective command structures
European Union
The EU command and control (C2) structure is directed by political bodies composed of member states' representatives, and generally requires unanimous decisions. As of April 2019:[3]
- Liaison: Advice and recommendations Support and monitoring Preparatory work
Political strategic level:[5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISS | EUCO Pres. (EUCO) | Chain of command | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Coordination/support | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SatCen | CIVCOM | HR/VP (FAC) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
INTCEN | HR/VP (PMG) | HR/VP (PSC)[6] | CEUMC (EUMC) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CMPD | DGEUMS[3] (EUMS) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Military/civilian strategic level: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dir MPCC[3] (MPCC) | JSCC | Civ OpCdr CPCC[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operational level: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MFCdr[4] (MFHQ) | HoM[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tactical level: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CC[2] Land | CC[2] Air | CC[2] Mar | Other CCs[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- 1 In the event of a CSDP Civilian Mission also being in the field, the relations with the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC) and its Civilian Operation Commander (Civ OpCdr), as well as the subordinate Head of Mission (HoM), are coordinated as shown.
- 2 Other Component Commanders (CCs) and service branches which may be established.
- 3 The MPCC is part of the EUMS and Dir MPCC is double-hatted as DGEUMS. Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), either a national OHQ offered by member states or the NATO Command Structure (NCS) would serve this purpose. In the latter instance, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR), rather than Dir MPCC, would serve as Operation Commander (OpCdr).
- 4 Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), the MFCdr would be known as a Force Commander (FCdr), and direct a Force Headquarters (FHQ) rather than a MFHQ. Whereas the MFHQ would act both on the operational and tactical level, the FHQ would act purely on the operational level.
- 5 The political strategic level is not part of the C2 structure per se, but represents the political bodies, with associated support facilities, that determine the missions' general direction. The Council determines the role of the High Representative (HR/VP), who serves as Vice-President of the European Commission, attends European Council meetings, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) and may chair the Political and Security Committee (PSC) in times of crisis. The HR/VP proposes and implements CSDP decisions.
- 6 Same composition as Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) II, which also prepares for the CSDP-related work of the FAC.
NATO
Comparison
The CSDP entails collective self-defence amongst member states. This responsibility is based on Article 42.7 of TEU, which states that this responsibility does not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain member states, referring to policies of nautrality. See Neutral country§European Union for discussion on this subject. According to the Article 42.7 "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States." Article 42.2 furthermore specifies that NATO shall be the main forum for the implementation of collective self-defence for EU member states that are also NATO members.
The EU does not have a permanent military command structure similar to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Allied Command Operations (ACO), although it has been agreed that ACO resources may be used for the conduct of the EU's CSDP missions under the Berlin Plus agreement. The Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC), established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, does however represent the EU's first step in developing a permanent military OHQ. In parallel, the newly established European Defence Fund (EDF) marks the first time the EU budget is used to finance multinational defence projects.
Partially overlapping memberships
European Union (in respect of its defence arm, the Common Security and Defence Policy) |
NATO | ||
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Mutual defence clause | Article 42.7 of the consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union:
"If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States. [...]" |
Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty:
"The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them [on their territory] shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. [...]" | |
Political strategic organisation | |||
Highest office | High Representative (HR/VP) | Secretary General | |
Principal decision-making body | Foreign Affairs Council | North Atlantic Council | |
Liaison body | European External Action Service | International Staff | |
Seat | Kortenberg building (Brussels, Belgium) | NATO headquarters (Brussels, Belgium) | |
Military strategic organisation | |||
Supreme commander | Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability | Supreme Allied Commander Europe | |
Headquarters | Military Planning and Conduct Capability (Brussels, Belgium) | Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (Mons, Belgium) | |
Chair of chiefs of defence assembly | Chairman of the European Union Military Committee | Chair of the NATO Military Committee | |
Chiefs of defence assembly | European Union Military Committee | NATO Military Committee | |
Advisory body | European Union Military Staff | International Military Staff | |
Membership | Permanent Structured Cooperation | Membership | |
Member states of both the EU and NATO | |||
Belgium | Founder | Founder | Founder |
Bulgaria | 2007 | Founder | 2004 |
Croatia | 2013 | Founder | 2009 |
Czech Republic | 2004 | Founder | 1999 |
Denmark | 1973 | 2023 | Founder |
Estonia | 2004 | Founder | 2004 |
Finland | 1995 | Founder | 2023 |
France | Founder | Founder | Founder |
Germany | Founder | Founder | 1955 |
Greece | 1981 | Founder | 1952 |
Hungary | 2004 | Founder | 1999 |
Italy | Founder | Founder | Founder |
Latvia | 2004 | Founder | 2004 |
Lithuania | 2004 | Founder | 2004 |
Luxembourg | Founder | Founder | Founder |
Netherlands | Founder | Founder | Founder |
Poland | 2004 | Founder | 1999 |
Portugal | 1986 | Founder | Founder |
Romania | 2007 | Founder | 2004 |
Slovakia | 2004 | Founder | 2004 |
Slovenia | 2004 | Founder | 2004 |
Spain | 1986 | Founder | 1982 |
Sweden | 1995 | Founder | 2024 |
Non-NATO EU member states | |||
Austria | 1995 | Founder | Partnership for Peace |
Cyprus | 2004 | Founder | No |
Ireland | 1973 | Founder | Partnership for Peace |
Malta | 2004 | No | Partnership for Peace |
Non-EU NATO member states | |||
Albania | Candidate | — | 2009 |
Iceland | No | — | Founder |
Montenegro | Candidate | — | 2017 |
North Macedonia | Candidate | — | 2020 |
Norway | Defence Agency agreement | — | Founder |
Turkey | Candidate | — | 1952 |
United Kingdom | No | — | Founder |
European countries outside both the EU and NATO | |||
Andorra | No | — | No |
Armenia | No | — | Individual Partnership Action Plan |
Azerbaijan | No | — | Individual Partnership Action Plan |
Belarus | No | — | Partnership for Peace |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Candidate | — | Membership Action Plan |
Georgia | Candidate | — | Intensified Dialogue |
Kazakhstan | No | — | Individual Partnership Action Plan |
Kosovo | Applicant / Potential candidate | — | No |
Liechtenstein | No | — | No |
Moldova | Candidate | — | Individual Partnership Action Plan |
Monaco | No | — | No |
Russia | No | — | Partnership for Peace |
San Marino | No | — | No |
Serbia | Candidate | — | Individual Partnership Action Plan |
Switzerland | Defence Agency agreement | — | Partnership for Peace |
Ukraine | Candidate | — | Intensified Dialogue |
Vatican City | No | — | No |
NATO member states located in North America, which are therefore ineligible for EU membership | |||
Canada | — | — | Founder |
United States | — | — | Founder |
Members of NATO's Partnership for Peace located outside Europe, which are therefore neither eligible for EU nor NATO membership | |||
Kyrgyzstan | — | — | Partnership for Peace |
Tajikistan | — | — | Partnership for Peace |
Turkmenistan | — | — | Partnership for Peace |
Uzbekistan | — | — | Partnership for Peace |
See also
- United States–European Union relations
- Canada–European Union relations
- Turkey–European Union relations
External links
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
eda.europa1
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ https://1997-2001.state.gov/statements/1998/981208.html
- ^ EU Command and Control, p. 13, Military Staff