Murattu Kaalai (1980 film): Difference between revisions
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== Production == |
== Production == |
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=== Development === |
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[[AVM Productions]] founder [[A. V. Meiyappan]] wanted director [[S. P. Muthuraman]] to make a film for AVM featuring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Kamal Haasan]], and Muthuraman agreed. However, a month later, Meiyappan died and Muthuraman became upset at not fulfilling Meiyappan's wish. Soon after, Meiyappan's son [[M. Saravanan (film producer)|M. Saravanan]] reminded Muthuraman about his father's wish and said he, along with his brothers, would produce the prospective film, restoring Muthuraman's confidence. Rajinikanth, who had a long-time desire to appear in an AVM film, readily agreed when approached by Muthuraman. However, when Haasan was approached by Muthuraman, he was reluctant as he and Rajinikanth did not intend to act together in anymore films, and instead told Muthuraman to make two individual films starring each actor. Saravanan decided that work on the Rajinikanth film begin first.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48" /> |
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[[Panchu Arunachalam]] developed the script for the film, which was titled ''Murattu Kaalai''.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48" /> Thus, it marked the fourth collaboration between Muthuraman and Rajinikanth, and Rajinikanth's first with AVM.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=116–118}} The film marked the comeback of AVM to films after a long sabbatical.<ref name="DC" /> It was co-produced by Saravanan's brothers M. Kumaran and M. Balasubramaniam, photographed by Babu and edited by R. Vittal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Murattu-Kaalai/0STAYF18V9D5Q40RFSO789P2Z9 |title=Murattu Kaalai |website=[[Prime Video]] |publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> |
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=== Casting and filming === |
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| ⚫ | [[Rajinikanth]] was cast as the male lead Kaalaiyan.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=117}} He wore a wig throughout the shoot to portray his character.<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48" /> This was the first film where [[Jaishankar]], who was generally known for playing heroic roles, played an antagonist.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=K2xIAQAAIAAJ&q=The+Name+Is+Rajinikanth&dq=The+Name+Is+Rajinikanth |title=The Name Is Rajinikanth |last=Sreekanth |first=Gayathri |publisher=Om Books International |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-87108-44-3 |pages=352 |ref=harv}}</ref> According to Muthuraman, the producers were initially hesitant to approach Jaishankar, given his image, but Jaishankar agreed without any reservations. Rajinikanth wanted Jaishankar to get equal prominence in all the film's promotional material, and it happened that way.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/only-rajini-can/articleshow/756523.cms |title=Only Rajini can |last=Govardan |first=D. |date=2006-12-10 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=2019-08-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190715114927/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/only-rajini-can/articleshow/756523.cms |archive-date=15 July 2019 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/james-bond-of-tamil-cinema/article4911904.ece |title=James Bond of Tamil cinema |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2013-07-13 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2019-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202135802/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/james-bond-of-tamil-cinema/article4911904.ece |archive-date=2 December 2014 |dead-url=no }}</ref> The climax fight sequence at the top of a train was choreographed by [[Judo. K. K. Rathnam]],<ref name="DC">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/290817/action-heroes-are-in-demand-worldwide-rajinikanth.html |title=Action heroes are in demand worldwide: Rajinikanth |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2017-08-29 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=2019-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202043157/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/290817/action-heroes-are-in-demand-worldwide-rajinikanth.html |archive-date=2 February 2019 |dead-url=no }}</ref> and took three days to film.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=240}}<!-- https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/49264/cinema/Kollywood/rajini-and-jaishankar-in-murattu-kaalai-movie.htm --> |
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== Soundtrack == |
== Soundtrack == |
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The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and the lyrics were written by Panchu Arunachalam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mio.to/album/Murattu+Kaalai+%281980%29 |title=Murattu Kaalai (1980) |website=Music India Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114003211/http://mio.to/album/Murattu+Kaalai+(1980) |archive-date=14 November 2017 |dead-url=no |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/IlayarajaRareSongs/photos/a.380771902045929/1434062856716823/?type=3&theater |title=Murattu Kaalai |last=Ilaiyaraaja |type=[[liner notes]] |language=ta |publisher=[[EMI Records]] |year=1980 |author-link=Ilaiyaraaja}}</ref> The song "Entha Poovilum" was inspired by [[Georges Bizet]]'s L'Arlésienne Suite Number one, 4th Movement, called "Carillon".<ref>{{Cite web |
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and the lyrics were written by Panchu Arunachalam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mio.to/album/Murattu+Kaalai+%281980%29 |title=Murattu Kaalai (1980) |website=Music India Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114003211/http://mio.to/album/Murattu+Kaalai+(1980) |archive-date=14 November 2017 |dead-url=no |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/IlayarajaRareSongs/photos/a.380771902045929/1434062856716823/?type=3&theater |title=Murattu Kaalai |last=Ilaiyaraaja |type=[[liner notes]] |language=ta |publisher=[[EMI Records]] |year=1980 |author-link=Ilaiyaraaja}}</ref> The song "Entha Poovilum" was inspired by [[Georges Bizet]]'s L'Arlésienne Suite Number one, 4th Movement, called "Carillon".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/vikatanweb/posts/911507338908057/|title=Tamil Copycat Songs|last=Vikatan TV|first=|authorlink=Ananda Vikatan|date=21 April 2015|website=Facebook|at=From 1:34 to 1:56|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> The song "Pothuvaaga En Manasu Thangam" became immensely popular among fans of Rajinikanth,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/aug/13/hero-worship-1594.html |title=Hero worship |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=13 August 2017 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423034935/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/aug/13/hero-worship-1594.html |archive-date=23 April 2019 |dead-url=no}}</ref> and featured prominently in the election campaign of 1996.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=447}} |
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{{Track listing |
{{Track listing |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist|refs= |
{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/71995-48.html |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48: ரஜினி விக் வைத்து நடித்த ஒரே படம்! |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்பி. |date=2 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu (Tamil)|The Hindu Tamil]] |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816093702/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/71995-48.html |archive-date=16 August 2019 |dead-url=no |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |
<ref name="சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/71995-48.html |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48: ரஜினி விக் வைத்து நடித்த ஒரே படம்! |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்பி. |date=2 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu (Tamil)|The Hindu Tamil]] |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816093702/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/71995-48.html |archive-date=16 August 2019 |dead-url=no |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman}}</ref> |
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}} |
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== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
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* {{Cite book |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |editor-last=Rajadhyaksha |editor-first=Ashish |ref=harv |orig-year=1994 |editor-last2=Willemen |editor-first2=Paul}} |
* {{Cite book |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |editor-last=Rajadhyaksha |editor-first=Ashish |ref=harv |orig-year=1994 |editor-last2=Willemen |editor-first2=Paul}} |
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* {{Cite book |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |pages=|ref=harv |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-year=2012}} |
* {{Cite book |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |pages=|ref=harv |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-year=2012}} |
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Revision as of 10:33, 16 August 2019
 | A request that this article title be changed to Murattu Kaalai is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. |
| Murattu Kaalai | |
|---|---|
 Poster | |
| Directed by | S. P. Muthuraman |
| Written by | Panchu Arunachalam |
| Produced by | M. Kumaran M. Saravanan M. Balasubramaniam |
| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Babu |
| Edited by | R. Vittal |
| Music by | Ilaiyaraaja |
Production company | |
Release date |
|
Running time | 144 minutes[1] |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |
Murattu Kaalai (transl. Raging Bull) is a 1980 Tamil-language Indian action film directed by S. P. Muthuraman, and written by Panchu Arunachalam. The film stars Rajinikanth, Rati Agnihotri, Sumalatha and Jaishankar. It revolves around Kaalaiyan (Rajinikanth), an honorable villager who, despite being wealthy, chooses to live modestly while Sundaravelu (Jaishankar), a less honorable man from the neighbouring village, tries to grab Kaalaiyan's land.
Murattu Kaalai was the first film for Rajinikanth with AVM Productions, and the company's re-entry into Tamil cinema after a long sabbatical. It was released on 20 December 1980 and became a major commercial success. It was also instrumental in establishing Rajinikanth as both an action hero and superstar. The film was remade again in Tamil under the same title and released in 2012.
Plot
Kaalaiyan, a well-to-do and honorable landlord, lives modestly with his four brothers in a village. Sundaravelu is an equally rich man with a contrasting character in the neighbouring village. He has an eye on Kaalaiyan's property and sends his assistant Samipillai to him with an offer to buy his property. Samipillai's family was burnt to death by Sundaravelu's father; Samipillai had joined Sundaravelu's service without revealing his background, planning to destroy Sundaravelu at the appropriate time. When Kaalaiyan refuses to sell his property, Samipillai, knowing well that Kaalaiyan is the best jallikattu player around, advises to Sundaravelu to organise a jallikattu game in the village festival and announce the reward as his sister Soundaryam's hand in marriage. Kaalaiyan wins, but deliberately refuses to marry Soundaryam as he is aware of Sundaravelu's devious plan, thus disappointing Soundaryam, who loved him, and also insulting Sundaravelu.
Sundaravelu falls in love with Kannamma, a girl of his village and proposes to her. When she refuses, he tries to molest her and she comes to Kaalaiyan seeking protection. Kaalaiyan allows her to stay at his house. She takes care of all the domestic work and impresses Kaalaiyan's brothers. When the villagers talk ill of Kannamma, Kaalaiyan's brothers decide to get Kannamma and Kaalaiyan married. To stop the wedding, Sundaravelu (instigated by Samipillai) sends his henchman Sangili to fight Kaalaiyan. Kaalaiyan subdues Sangili and spares him. Sundaravelu kills Sangili and frames Kaalaiyan. The police arrive at Kaalaiyan's marriage venue to arrest him. He escapes and hides in a forest. Soundaryam, coming to know about the misdeeds of her brother and his plans to destroy Kaalaiyan, argues with her brother and goes to the forest in search of Kaalaiyan. She finds him and reveals the truth to him. Sundaravelu, who follows Soundaryam to the forest, fights Kaalaiyan and takes his knife to kill him, but ends up killing Soundaryam, who came between the two.
Kaalaiyan is again framed for murder by Sundaravelu, the police intensify their search and a team of officers reach the forest. One of them is Sundaravelu's man and he attacks an officer. The corrupt officer assumes he is dead and leaves the place, but Kaalaiyan finds and saves him. Sundaravelu learns that the attacked officer survived and sends a group of thugs to attack Kaalaiyan when he is travelling in a train. Kaalaiyan fights the thugs and subdues them all; he forces one of them to inform Sundaravelu that Kaalaiyan and the policeman are dead.
During Sundaravelu's birthday party celebrations, Kaalaiyan and Kannamma come there disguised as dancers. When Sundaravelu gifts them money, Kaalaiyan removes his disguise. A fight ensues, until a team of police officers arrives to arrest Sundaravelu for his crimes. When he demands witnesses and proof for his crimes, Samipillai comes forward and agrees to give all the evidence, revealing his identity. Sundaravelu realises that he does not have any support and shoots himself dead to avoid arrest.
Cast
- Rajinikanth as Kaalaiyan[2]
- Rati Agnihotri as Kannamma[1]
- Sumalatha as Soundaryam[1]
- Suruli Rajan as Samipillai[2]
- Y. G. Mahendra as Kaalaiyan's first brother[3]
- Rajappa as Kaalaiyan's second brother[3]
- Master Ramu as Kaalaiyan's third brother[3]
- S. A. Ashokan (Guest appearance)[1]
- Thengai Srinivasan (Guest appearance)[1]
- Jaishankar as Sundaravelu[2]
Production
Development
AVM Productions founder A. V. Meiyappan wanted director S. P. Muthuraman to make a film for AVM featuring Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan, and Muthuraman agreed. However, a month later, Meiyappan died and Muthuraman became upset at not fulfilling Meiyappan's wish. Soon after, Meiyappan's son M. Saravanan reminded Muthuraman about his father's wish and said he, along with his brothers, would produce the prospective film, restoring Muthuraman's confidence. Rajinikanth, who had a long-time desire to appear in an AVM film, readily agreed when approached by Muthuraman. However, when Haasan was approached by Muthuraman, he was reluctant as he and Rajinikanth did not intend to act together in anymore films, and instead told Muthuraman to make two individual films starring each actor. Saravanan decided that work on the Rajinikanth film begin first.[3]
Panchu Arunachalam developed the script for the film, which was titled Murattu Kaalai.[3] Thus, it marked the fourth collaboration between Muthuraman and Rajinikanth, and Rajinikanth's first with AVM.[4] The film marked the comeback of AVM to films after a long sabbatical.[5] It was co-produced by Saravanan's brothers M. Kumaran and M. Balasubramaniam, photographed by Babu and edited by R. Vittal.[6]
Casting and filming
Rajinikanth was cast as the male lead Kaalaiyan.[2] He wore a wig throughout the shoot to portray his character.[3] This was the first film where Jaishankar, who was generally known for playing heroic roles, played an antagonist.[7] According to Muthuraman, the producers were initially hesitant to approach Jaishankar, given his image, but Jaishankar agreed without any reservations. Rajinikanth wanted Jaishankar to get equal prominence in all the film's promotional material, and it happened that way.[8][9] The climax fight sequence at the top of a train was choreographed by Judo. K. K. Rathnam,[5] and took three days to film.[10]
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja and the lyrics were written by Panchu Arunachalam.[11][12] The song "Entha Poovilum" was inspired by Georges Bizet's L'Arlésienne Suite Number one, 4th Movement, called "Carillon".[13] The song "Pothuvaaga En Manasu Thangam" became immensely popular among fans of Rajinikanth,[14] and featured prominently in the election campaign of 1996.[1]
| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Entha Poovilum" | S. Janaki | |
| 2. | "Puthu Vannangal" | S. Janaki | |
| 3. | "Pothuvaaga En Manasu Thangam" | Malaysia Vasudevan | |
| 4. | "Maane Machchan" | S. P. Sailaja |
Release and reception
Murattu Kaalai was released on 20 December 1980.[15] The review board of the magazine Ananda Vikatan gave the film a B rating (equal to 40 or 45 marks out of 100), calling it a mass commercial entertainer.[16] The film was a major commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.[17]
Legacy
Murattu Kaalai introduced the trend of introduction songs which went on to become a trademark in Rajinikanth's films.[18][19] The film also confirmed Rajinikanth's status as a superstar.[20] As film historian G. Dhananjayan noted, "With [Murattu Kaalai], Rajinikanth went from being an acting hero to an action hero. He became a larger-than-life hero and superstar after this film."[21] The climax fight sequence and the jallikattu scene remain as landmark fight sequences in Tamil cinema.[22][23] "Seeviduven" (transl. I'll chop off your head) became one of the popular catchphrases from the film.[24]
Murattu Kaalai was remade again in Tamil under the same title by K. Selva Bharathy. This remake featured a remix of "Pothuvaaga En Manasu Thangam".[25] The remake was released in 2012,[26] and failed to repeat the success of the original.[27] R. S. Prakash of Bangalore Mirror compared Veeram (2014) to Murattu Kaalai because of how it depicted the male lead's relationship with his four younger brothers.[28]
In popular culture
In Muthu (1995), the title character (Rajinikanth) is seen performing the song "Podhuvaga En Manasu" on the stage.[29] In Subramaniapuram (2008), Azhagar (Jai) and Paraman (Sasikumar) are seen watching Murattu Kaalai at a theatre.[30][31] In Enthiran (2010), Pachaimuthu (Kalabhavan Mani) utters the dialogue "Seeviduven" while threatening Vaseegaran (Rajinikanth).[32] The 2017 film Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam was named after the song from Murattu Kaalai.[33]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 447.
- ^ a b c d Ramachandran 2014, p. 117.
- ^ a b c d e f முத்துராமன், எஸ்பி. (2 March 2016). "சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 48: ரஜினி விக் வைத்து நடித்த ஒரே படம்!". The Hindu Tamil. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ramachandran 2014, pp. 116–118.
- ^ a b Subramanian, Anupama (29 August 2017). "Action heroes are in demand worldwide: Rajinikanth". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Murattu Kaalai". Prime Video. Amazon. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ Sreekanth, Gayathri (2008). The Name Is Rajinikanth. Om Books International. p. 352. ISBN 978-81-87108-44-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Govardan, D. (10 December 2006). "Only Rajini can". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Rangarajan, Malathi (13 July 2013). "James Bond of Tamil cinema". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Saravanan 2013, p. 240.
- ^ "Murattu Kaalai (1980)". Music India Online. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ilaiyaraaja (1980). Murattu Kaalai (liner notes) (in Tamil). EMI Records.
- ^ Vikatan TV (21 April 2015). "Tamil Copycat Songs". Facebook. From 1:34 to 1:56. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ Narayanan, Sujatha (13 August 2017). "Hero worship". Cinema Express. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Saravanan 2013, p. 237.
- ^ "முரட்டுக் காளை : சினிமா விமர்சனம்". Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). 18 January 1981. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ^ Saravanan 2013, p. 241.
- ^ Muthuraman, S. P. (22 December 1999). "Rajini acts in front of the camera, never behind it". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Surendran, Anusha (5 May 2016). "When a Superstar enters". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 48.
- ^ "Who's the Boss?". The Indian Express. 13 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Jallikattu matters: It's a symbol of self-assertion, people power in Tamil Nadu". Hindustan Times. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "All aboard the Kollywood express". The New Indian Express. 26 September 2016. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Rajinikanth's punchnama". The Hindu. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Suganth, M. (16 June 2012). "Murattu Kaalai Movie Review". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Murattu Kaalai". Sify. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Suganth, M (20 July 2019). "Movie Milestone: 30 Years Of Raja Chinna Roja". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Prakash, R. S. (11 January 2014). "Movie review: Veeram". Bangalore Mirror. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Muthu (motion picture) (in Tamil). Kavithalayaa Productions. From 27:31 to 28:10.
- ^ Kavitha, S. S. (29 September 2011). "Flashbacks of a film-crazed town". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Subramaniapuram (motion picture) (in Tamil). Company Productions. 2008. From 47:12 to 51:54.
- ^ Enthiran (motion picture) (in Tamil). Sun Pictures. 2010. From 1:48:57 to 1:49:00.
- ^ "Udhayanidhi Stalin starrer Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam to release on August 11". The Indian Express. 5 August 2017. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
Bibliography
- Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul, eds. (1998) [1994]. Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema (PDF). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-563579-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Ramachandran, Naman (2014) [2012]. Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-81-8475-796-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Saravanan, M. (2013) [2005]. AVM 60 Cinema (in Tamil). Rajarajan Pathippagam.
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