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== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
⚫
''Kalyana Parisu'' created a major impact in Tamil cinema, and was the breakthrough for Saroja Devi and A. M. Rajah.<ref name="Upperstall" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2024%20No%2013/the-stars-in-gandhi-nagar.html |title=The stars in Gandhi Nagar |last=Paul |first=Bharati |date=16-31 October 2014 |work=[[Madras Musings]] |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809100324/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2024%20No%2013/the-stars-in-gandhi-nagar.html |archive-date=9 August 2018 |dead-url=no}}</ref> With the success of ''Kalyana Parisu'', Sridhar launched his own production company, Chitralaya Pictures.<ref name="Upperstall" /> The film also set the pattern for Sridhar's later works in which he repeated the motif of the eternal triangle and unrequited love.{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=126}} According to French film historian Yves Thoraval, it also established Sridhar's reputation as a director of melodramatic films focusing on "star-crossed love affairs involving three persons".{{sfn|Thoraval|2000|p=328}} The comedy subplot gained popularity, and was sold separately on audio cassettes and [[Phonograph record|vinyl records]].{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=127}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.discogs.com/KA-Thangavelu-Party-Kalyana-Parisu/release/9291815 |title=K.A. Thangavelu & Party*&nbsp;– Kalyana Parisu |type=[[Phonograph record|Vinyl record]] |publisher=Mockel Records |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811134539/https://www.discogs.com/KA-Thangavelu-Party-Kalyana-Parisu/release/9291815 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |dead-url=no}}</ref> The dialogue "Bhairavan Sevai Naatuku Thevai" (The service of Bhairavan [is] the need of the nation) attained popularity.<ref name="Bhairavan">{{Cite web |url=https://sangam.org/articles/view2/?uid=448 |title=Dissecting the April 2004 General Election Voting in Jaffna District |last=Kantha |first=Sachi Sri |authorlink=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=7 July 2004 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]] |archive-url=http://archive.fo/OcZpI |archive-date=15 August 2018 |dead-url=no |access-date=19 June 2019}}</ref> The term "Mannar and Company" later entered Tamil lexicon, with it meaning a hoax job.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/article23323938.ece |title=சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 10: மாயமானது தங்கவேலுவின் மோதிரம்! |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி.ஏ. |date=23 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu (Tamil)]] |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180815095803/https://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/article23323938.ece |archive-date=15 August 2018 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
<!-- Bhairavan sevai Naatuku Thevai: http://sangam.org/articles/view2/?uid=448 -->
⚫
''Kalyana Parisu'' created a major impact in Tamil cinema, and was the breakthrough for Saroja Devi and A. M. Rajah.<ref name="Upperstall" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2024%20No%2013/the-stars-in-gandhi-nagar.html |title=The stars in Gandhi Nagar |last=Paul |first=Bharati |date=16-31 October 2014 |work=[[Madras Musings]] |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809100324/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2024%20No%2013/the-stars-in-gandhi-nagar.html |archive-date=9 August 2018 |dead-url=no}}</ref> With the success of ''Kalyana Parisu'', Sridhar launched his own production company, Chitralaya Pictures.<ref name="Upperstall" /> The film also set the pattern for Sridhar's later works in which he repeated the motif of the eternal triangle and unrequited love.{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=126}} According to French film historian Yves Thoraval, it also established Sridhar's reputation as a director of melodramatic films focusing on "star-crossed love affairs involving three persons".{{sfn|Thoraval|2000|p=328}} The comedy subplot gained popularity, and was sold separately on audio cassettes and [[Phonograph record|vinyl records]].{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=127}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/KA-Thangavelu-Party-Kalyana-Parisu/release/9291815 |title=K.A. Thangavelu & Party*&nbsp;– Kalyana Parisu |publisher=Mockel Records |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811134539/https://www.discogs.com/KA-Thangavelu-Party-Kalyana-Parisu/release/9291815 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |dead-url=no |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref> The term "Mannar and Company" later entered Tamil lexicon, with it meaning a hoax job.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/article23323938.ece |title=சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 10: மாயமானது தங்கவேலுவின் மோதிரம்! |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி.ஏ. |date=23 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu (Tamil)]] |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180815095803/https://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/article23323938.ece |archive-date=15 August 2018 |dead-url=no}}</ref>


In a scene from ''[[Avvai Shanmughi]]'' (1996), when Viswanatha Iyer (Gemini Ganesan) is shocked to hear that Shanmugi ([[Kamal Haasan]]) is married, the song "Kadhalile Tholvi" will be seen as background song for the scene.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Avvai Shanmugi |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sree Mahalakshmi Combines |year=1996}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'', in her review of ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (2003) mentioned that comedy track performed by [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] in the film "has touches of the Thangavelu-M. Saroja track in Sridhar's ''Kalyana Parisu''".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320200.htm |title=Parthiban Kanavu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 May 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119184043/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320200.htm |archive-date=19 November 2004 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
In a scene from ''[[Avvai Shanmughi]]'' (1996), when Viswanatha Iyer (Gemini Ganesan) is shocked to hear that Shanmugi ([[Kamal Haasan]]) is married, the song "Kadhalile Tholvi" will be seen as background song for the scene.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Avvai Shanmugi |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sree Mahalakshmi Combines |year=1996}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'', in her review of ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (2003) mentioned that comedy track performed by [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] in the film "has touches of the Thangavelu-M. Saroja track in Sridhar's ''Kalyana Parisu''".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320200.htm |title=Parthiban Kanavu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 May 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119184043/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320200.htm |archive-date=19 November 2004 |dead-url=no}}</ref>

Revision as of 08:55, 19 June 2019

For the TV series, see Kalyana Parisu (TV series).

Kalyana Parisu
Theatrical release poster
Directed byC. V. Sridhar
Written byC. V. Sridhar
Produced byS. Krishnamurthi
T. Govindarajan
C. V. Sridhar
StarringGemini Ganesan
B. Saroja Devi
CinematographyA. Vincent
Edited byN. M. Shankar
Music byA. M. Rajah
Production
company
Venus Pictures
Release date
  • 9 April 1959 (1959-04-09)
Running time
194 minutes[1]
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil
Budget₹1 lakh

Kalyana Parisu (lit. 'Wedding Gift') is a 1959 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written and directed by C. V. Sridhar. The film stars Gemini Ganesan and B. Saroja Devi in the lead roles while K. A. Thangavelu, C. R. Vijayakumari, M. Saroja, Akkineni Nageswara Rao and M. N. Nambiar play supporting roles. A triangular love story, the film is about Baskar (Ganesan), a young man who rents a house near his girlfriend Vasanthi (Saroja Devi), but Vasanthi's elder sister Geetha (Vijayakumari) is not aware of their romance. She subsequently falls in love with Baskar and wishes to marry him, so her younger sister decides to sacrifice her love, unknown to the former.

Kalyana Parisu was the directorial debut of Sridhar, who co-produced it with his partners S. Krishnamurthi and T. Govindarajan under Venus Pictures. It also marked the cinematic debut of Chitralaya Gopu, who worked as associate writer, and the debut of A. M. Rajah as a music composer in Tamil. The film was released in theatres on 9 April 1959. It was critically acclaimed and commercially successful, running for over 25 weeks in theatres and thereby becoming a silver jubilee film. It also won the Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Tamil at the 7th National Film Awards.

Kalyana Parisu set the pattern for Sridhar's later works in which he repeated the motif of the eternal triangle and unrequited love. Its comedy subplot written by Gopu involving Thangavelu and M. Saroja gained popularity, and was sold separately on audio cassettes and vinyl records. The film was later remade by Sridhar in Telugu as Pelli Kanuka (1960) and in Hindi as Nazrana (1961). A second Telugu remake, Devata, was released in 1982 and a second Hindi remake, Tohfa, in 1984. Both were directed by K. Raghavendra Rao.

Plot

Baskar and Vasanthi are college-mates. Due to a misunderstanding, Vasanthi complains to the dean, who dismisses Baskar from college. Baskar later manages to obtain employment at a tea company with the help from his friend Sampath, who also gives him shelter since Baskar is homeless. Vasanthi approaches Baskar and apologises for her earlier act. Baskar forgives her, and they both fall in love. Vasanthi lives with her mother and her elder sister Geetha who is unmarried. Baskar rents the vacant portion of their house.

One day when Baskar falls ill, Geetha nurses him and in the process, falls in love with him. She confides her love to Vasanthi who is heartbroken, but decides to sacrifice her love for the sake of her sister. Since Geetha was responsible for raising Vasanthi, she is granted her wish, and Vasanthi convinces Baskar to marry Geetha. After Baskar and Geetha get married, they shift to Coimbatore where Baskar has been transferred. Meanwhile, Vasanthi has obtained employment as a typist. Her manager Raghu falls in love with her and expresses his desire to marry her, but she is unable to respond to his feelings.

Baskar is unable to lead a happy life as he often thinks about his disappointment in love. He receives a letter from Vasanthi advising him to forget about the past and lead a happy life with Geetha, and he relents. Shortly thereafter, Geetha becomes pregnant and returns to her original home where she delivers a son named Babu. Raghu again meets Vasanthi and proposes to her, but she tells him her past history and expresses her inability to respond to his love. Heartbroken, Raghu leaves her and resigns from his job. Vasanthi's mother dies and Vasanthi joins Geetha at their Coimbatore house. When Geetha falls ill, Vasanthi attends to all the household work. Baskar spends more time with Vasanthi than his own wife, who suspects them of being in a relation, and berates them both. Due to this, Vasanthi leaves them.

Geetha, having realised that Baskar and Vasanthi loved each other, dies in guilt, leaving Baskar alone to bring up Babu, making him promise that he will find Vasanthi and make her the child's mother. He searches for Vasanthi all over the city, to no avail. Meanwhile, Vasanthi meets with an accident, but is saved by a wealthy old man who allows her to stay in his house. The man's son arrives and is revealed to be Raghu, who Vasanthi agrees to marry. Through Sampath, Baskar learns about Vasanthi's impending marriage, and rushes to the marriage hall with Babu. However, by the time they arrive, Vasanthi is already married. Baskar then leaves Babu to her as a wedding gift, and walks away.

Cast

Production

Development

After the success of the Venus Pictures production Uthama Puthiran (1958), its screenwriter C. V. Sridhar was keen on creating the story for his next film. He thought of various stories, eventually finalising on a love triangle where two sisters fall in love the same man, with one sister sacrificing her love for the other's sake; he believed this sacrifice would be a strength. This story would eventually evolve into the film Kalyana Parisu,[6] Sridhar's directorial debut.[7][8] It was produced by Sridhar and his Venus partners S. Krishnamurthi and T. Govindarajan.[9][10]

Film historian Film News Anandan said the other producers did not have much faith in Sridhar's directing skills. He also claimed to have been the only person who Sridhar narrated the climax to.[11] Chitralaya Gopu, a childhood friend of Sridhar, joined as an associate writer for the film, thereby making his cinematic debut.[12] Gopu recalled that Sridhar turned up at his office and said, "Quit this job now and come with me. I will be directing a film soon," and Gopu readily agreed.[13] He was chosen to write the film's comedy subplot.[14] A. Vincent handled the film's cinematography, while N. M. Shankar was the editor.[9]

Casting and filming

The sisters Geetha and Vasanthi were played by C. R. Vijayakumari and B. Saroja Devi respectively, while Gemini Ganesan played the male lead Baskar.[2] K. A. Thangavelu and M. Saroja were signed for the comedy sequences, playing husband and wife.[9][15] Although Ganesan had contracted typhoid fever, Sridhar felt that only he could do "justice to the role" and had to wait for him to get better before casting him.[16] Akkineni Nageswara Rao was cast as Vasanthi's boss Raghu.[1]

Thangavelu's scene with M. Saroja where he lies about his profession to her was filmed in a single take.[15] Sridhar, despite providing the required dialogues, asked Thangavelu to improvise on them so as to make the humour more spontaneous.[17] Gopu has stated that Thangavelu's character was inspired by his school friend Venkatesh, "a compulsive liar."[18] He described himself as the inspiration behind Mannar and Co, a faux company invented by Thangavelu's character. Gopu said that since he came from an orthodox family, he could not tell his in-laws that he was working in films; he would lie to them that he was working at a shipping firm named "Mannar and Co".[14] The final length of the film was 17,493 feet (5,332 m),[10] and its budget was ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹92 lakh or US$110,000 in 2023).[a][20]

Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by A. M. Rajah (in his Tamil debut as music composer),[21] while the lyrics were written by Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram.[22][23] The Diwali-themed song "Unnaikkandu Naanada" is set in the Carnatic raga known as Bilahari.[24][25] The song "Tea Tea Tea", sung by Sirkazhi Govindarajan, is picturised on Thangavelu's character, a tea seller, and deviated from the divine, philosophical songs Govindarajan was generally known for.[26] While the film has nine songs,[27] a version of the soundtrack released by Odeon Records in 1983 includes only four: "Thullatha Manamum", P. Susheela's version of "Unnaikkandu Naanada" (listed as "Unnaikandu"), "Vaadikkai Maranthathum" and "Mangayar Mugathil" (listed as "Akkalukku Valaikappu").[28] A version released by EMI in 1995 includes all songs except "Tea Tea Tea", and "Mangayar Mugathil" is listed as "Mangayar Mugathil (Akkalukku)".[22]

The soundtrack received positive response. Tamil film historian S. Theodore Baskaran said, "Its songs were stupendous hits. It owed its phenomenal success in large part to its music composed by A.M. Raja, who was at his peak as a playback singer. The filmic convention of singing the same song twice, once in joy and once in sorrow, is followed. In fact, there are two such happy-sad songs."[29] The success of Kalyana Parisu's songs made Susheela a leading female playback singer of Tamil cinema.[30]

Tracklist[27]
No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length
1."Aasaiyinaale Manam"Pattukkottai KalyanasundaramA. M. Rajah, P. Susheela3:28
2."Unnaikkandu Naanada"Pattukkottai KalyanasundaramP. Susheela3:20
3."Kaathalile Tholviyutraal"Pattukkottai KalyanasundaramP. Susheela1:46
4."Tea Tea Tea"Pattukkottai KalyanasundaramSirkazhi Govindarajan3:11
5."Vaadikkai Maranthathum"Pattukkottai KalyanasundaramA. M. Rajah, P. Susheela4:24
6."Unnaikkandu Naanada" (Pathos)Pattukkottai KalyanasundaramA. M. Rajah4:13
7."Thullatha Manamum"Pattukkottai KalyanasundaramJikki3:57
8."Mangayar Mugathil"Pattukkottai KalyanasundaramP. Susheela, Jamuna Rani, Chorus5:05
9."Kathalile Tholviyutraan"Pattukkottai KalyanasundaramP. Susheela3:27

Release and reception

Kalyana Parisu was released on 9 April 1959.[21][31] When it was released in the Casino theatre in Madras (now Chennai), it was publicised with 100 ft by 30 ft banners of the film's important scenes.[32] Despite facing competition from another Gemini Ganesan film Nalla Theerpu, released on the same day,[33] Kalyana Parisu became very profitable at the box office,[29] running for over 25 weeks in theatres,[10] thereby becoming a silver jubilee film,[34][b] and one of Sridhar's biggest box-office hits.[36][37] Ganesan visited the theatre Thirumalai Talkies for the film's 75-day celebrations.[38] On the film's 100th day celebrations, Thangavelu and M. Saroja were married at the Murugan Temple in Madurai.[15][39] At the 7th National Film Awards, it won the Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Tamil.[3]

Kalyana Parisu received critical acclaim.[40] On 10 April 1959, The Indian Express said, "The picture has powerful story value [...] Gemini Ganesan, B. Saroja Devi, C. R. Vijayakumari and A. Nageswara Rao have all given sensitive performances."[41] Sekar of the Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan, in its 26 April 1959 issue, appreciated the fact that the film had no villain, and everyone had a good heart. He praised the performances of Ganesan and Saroja Devi, writing that the latter showed the three emotions - love, sacrifice and duty - excellently. Sekar concluded that in totality, the film deserved a prize for its story, a prize for its acting and a prize for its dialogues.[5] In contrast, S. Krishnaswamy of the magazine Film Word, in 1970, called it "an otherwise imperfect and aesthetically crude film".[42] Theodore Baskaran said the comedy subplot did not fit into the main storyline and was not cinematic.[43]

Legacy

Kalyana Parisu created a major impact in Tamil cinema, and was the breakthrough for Saroja Devi and A. M. Rajah.[30][44] With the success of Kalyana Parisu, Sridhar launched his own production company, Chitralaya Pictures.[30] The film also set the pattern for Sridhar's later works in which he repeated the motif of the eternal triangle and unrequited love.[45] According to French film historian Yves Thoraval, it also established Sridhar's reputation as a director of melodramatic films focusing on "star-crossed love affairs involving three persons".[46] The comedy subplot gained popularity, and was sold separately on audio cassettes and vinyl records.[43][47] The dialogue "Bhairavan Sevai Naatuku Thevai" (The service of Bhairavan [is] the need of the nation) attained popularity.[48] The term "Mannar and Company" later entered Tamil lexicon, with it meaning a hoax job.[49]

In a scene from Avvai Shanmughi (1996), when Viswanatha Iyer (Gemini Ganesan) is shocked to hear that Shanmugi (Kamal Haasan) is married, the song "Kadhalile Tholvi" will be seen as background song for the scene.[50] Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu, in her review of Parthiban Kanavu (2003) mentioned that comedy track performed by Vivek in the film "has touches of the Thangavelu-M. Saroja track in Sridhar's Kalyana Parisu".[51]

Remakes

Following its success, Sridhar remade Kalyana Parisu in Telugu as Pelli Kanuka (1960). Saroja Devi returned as Vasanthi, while Nageswara Rao replaced Ganesan as Baskar.[52][53] Sridhar also directed the Hindi remake Nazrana (1961), which had Ganesan in the role originally played by Nageswara Rao in Tamil.[54] A second Telugu remake, Devata, was released in 1982 and a second Hindi remake, Tohfa, in 1984. Both were directed by K. Raghavendra Rao.[55][56]

Notes

  1. ^ [19]
  2. ^ A silver jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 25 weeks.[35]

References

  1. ^ a b c Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 360.
  2. ^ a b c d "Kalyana Parisu". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b "7th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ நரசிம்மன், டி.ஏ. (16 March 2018). "சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 09: எழுத்தாய் மாறிய வாழ்க்கை!". The Hindu (Tamil). Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b Sekar; Sundar (26 April 1959). "சினிமா விமர்சனம்: கல்யாண பரிசு" [Movie Review: Kalyana Parisu]. Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "பத்திரிகையாளர் சுதாங்கனின் 'நெஞ்சம் மறப்பதில்லை!' – 19" [Journalist Sudhangan's ‘The Soul Never Forgets!’ – 19]. Dinamalar (in Tamil). Nellai. 28 January 2018. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 220.
  8. ^ "ஸ்ரீதர் டைரக்ட் செய்த முதல் படம் `கல்யாணப் பரிசு'" [Kalyana Parisu, the first film directed by Sridhar]. Maalai Malar (in Tamil). 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 20 November 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b c Guy, Randor (6 October 2012). "Kalyana Parisu 1959". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b c Film News Anandan (2004). Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru [Tamil film history and its achievements] (in Tamil). Chennai: Sivagami Publishers. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Srinivasan, Pavithra (9 November 2009). "Chronicles of Anandan". South Scope. Vol. 1, no. 2. pp. 112–113.
  12. ^ Parthasarathy, Anusha (24 November 2010). "Heaven on earth". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Rangarajan, Malathi (21 July 2016). "The director's fine cut". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b Ashok Kumar, S. R. (20 November 2005). "`Chithralaya' Gopu, proprietor of Mannar & Co, Oho Productions". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b c Rangarajan, Malathi (30 January 2009). "She remembers..." The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Ganesh 2011, p. 63.
  17. ^ Raman, Mohan V. (24 September 2016). "King of comedy". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Rangarajan, Malathi (10 July 2009). "Looking back with a smile". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar". The Economic Times. 24 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2019. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Subhakeerthana, S. (25 March 2019). "Kamal Haasan and Rajinikanth may have to lose more in future: Charuhasan". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ a b "முதன் முதலில் கெமரா மூலம் கதை சொல்லும் உத்தியை கையாண்டவர் ஸ்ரீதர்". Thinakaran (in Tamil). 3 July 2012. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b "Kalyana Parisu (1959)". EMI Records. 1995. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 116.
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  56. ^ National Film Archive of India [@NFAIOfficial] (15 March 2018). "#ThrowbackThursday: #GeminiGanesan and #Vijayakumari in #KalyanaParisu. This popular #Tamil #melodrama spawned many remakes, including Pelli Kanuka in #Telugu starring #ANR, #Nazrana in #Hindi starring #RajKapoor - #Vyjayanthimala, & #Tohfa starring #Jeetendra - #Sridevi. #TBT" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018 – via Twitter.

Bibliography

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