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** Wadi Murabba'at (MurXII): extant: verses 1‑11<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
** Wadi Murabba'at (MurXII): extant: verses 1‑11<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>


There is also a translation into [[Koine Greek]] known as the [[Septuagint]], made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the [[Septuagint]] version include [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Sinaiticus]] ('''S'''; [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|BHK]]: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century) and [[Codex Marchalianus]] ('''Q'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>Q</sup>; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}} Some fragments containing parts of this chapter (a revision of the Septuagint) were found among the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], i.e., [[Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever|Naḥal Ḥever (8ḤevXII<sup>gr</sup>; 1st century CE)]] with extant verses 1-2, 5.<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
Ancient translations in [[Koine Greek]]:
* [[Septuagint]] (3rd century BC)
* [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]: (2nd century BC)<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
** [[Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever|Naḥal Ḥever (8ḤevXII<sup>gr</sup>)]]: extant: verses 1-2, 5<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>
* [[Theodotion]] version (~AD 180)


==Verse 6==
==Verse 6==

Revision as of 16:12, 28 March 2019

Jonah 4
Micah 1 →
"Jonah being swallowed by the fish". Kennicott Bible, folio 305r (1476).
BookBook of Jonah
CategoryNevi'im
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part32

Jonah 4 is the fourth (and the last) chapter of the Book of Jonah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] This book contains the prophecies spoken by the prophet Jonah, and is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.[3][4]

Text

The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 11 verses.

Textual versions

The whole Book of Jonah in Latin as a part of Codex Gigas, made around 13th century.

Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language:

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[7] Some fragments containing parts of this chapter (a revision of the Septuagint) were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, i.e., Naḥal Ḥever (8ḤevXIIgr; 1st century CE) with extant verses 1-2, 5.[5]

Verse 6

And the Lord God prepared a gourd, and made it to come up over Jonah,
that it might be a shadow over his head, to deliver him from his grief.
So Jonah was exceeding glad of the gourd.[8]
  • "Gourd": (Hebrew kikayon) unknown exact identity,[9] only found in here in the whole Old Testament. Septuagint renders as κολοκύνθη ("pumpkin"); hedera in Vulgate; κυκεών in Aquila and Theodotion. Jerome describes it as "a shrub called elkeroa" in Syriac, that commonly grows in the sandy regions of Palestine. The scientific name is Ricinus communis; kukanitu in Assyrian; kiki in Egyptian;[10] or "cici" in Herodotus,[11] Dioscorides,[12] Strabo,[13] and Pliny;[14] The Arabians call it "alcheroa" or "alcherva", according to Samuel ben Hophni, Maimonides,[15] Bartenora, and Jerome.[16] It rises up to the height of an olive tree, with large broad leaves (similar to vines or plantain), and "springing up suddenly", as Pliny noted in Spain, and Clusius witnessed at the straits of Gibraltar as "a ricinus of the thickness of a man, and of the height of three men", and Bellonius, who travelled through Syria and Palestine, decribed one in Crete of the size of a tree.[16] The Egyptians made an oil of it,[16] as the Talmudists[17] called the oil of "kik", which Reshlakish calls as the "kikaion" of Jonah.[16] Also known as "Palma Christi", it produces "castor oil" from the seeds. The plant is used to provide shading.[18]

Verse 11

And should not I spare Nineveh, that great city,
wherein are more than sixscore thousand persons
that cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand;
and also much cattle?[19]
  • "Persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand": that is "children of tender years, who did not know which hand was the strongest and fittest for use". Metaphorically, ones who have "no knowledge between good and evil" (Deuteronomy 1:39) and, at present, incapable of moral discernment. If this is meant to include children of three or four years old, which could comprise one-fifth of the population, the total inhabitants can be estimated at 600,000 in number.[10] God who would have spared Sodom "for ten's sake," might well be thought to spare Nineveh for the 120,000's sake.[20]
  • "And also much cattle": God preserves human and animals (Psalm 36:6; Psalm 145:9).[10] God cares for the creatures far above the shrub which Jonah is so concerned about.[21]

The book ends abruptly, but its object is accomplished. Jonah is silenced; he can make no reply; he can only confess that he is entirely wrong, and that God is righteous. He learns the lesson that God would have all men saved, not limited to a narrow-mindedness which would exclude heathen from His kingdom.[10]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Collins 2014.
  2. ^ Hayes 2015.
  3. ^ Metzger, Bruce M., et al. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  4. ^ Keck, Leander E. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume: VII. Nashville: Abingdon.
  5. ^ a b c d Dead sea scrolls - Jonah
  6. ^ Timothy A. J. Jull; Douglas J. Donahue; Magen Broshi; Emanuel Tov (1995). "Radiocarbon Dating of Scrolls and Linen Fragments from the Judean Desert". Radiocarbon. 38 (1): 14. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  7. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  8. ^ Jonah 4:6 KJV
  9. ^ Notes in NKJV
  10. ^ a b c d Joseph S. Exell; Henry Donald Maurice Spence-Jones (Editors). The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. "Jonah 4". Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ Herodotus. Euterpe, sive l. 2. c. 94.
  12. ^ Dioscorides. L. 4. c. 164.
  13. ^ Strabo. Geograph. l. 17. p. 566.
  14. ^ Pliny. Nat. Hist. l. 15. c. 7.
  15. ^ In Misna Sabbat, c. 2. sect. 1.
  16. ^ a b c d John Gill. John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible. Exposition of the Old and New Testament. Published in 1746-1763.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. ^ Misa. Sabbat, c. 2. sect. 1. T. Bab. Sabbat, fol. 21. 2.
  18. ^ Tristram. Land of Israel, p. 37 apud Joseph S. Exell; Henry Donald Maurice Spence-Jones (Editors). The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. "Jonah 4".
  19. ^ Jonah 4:11 KJV
  20. ^ Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Old Testament. London, Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  21. ^ Robert Jamieson, Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible. 1871.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Bibliography

Jewish

Christian

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