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The original text of this chapter, as with the rest of the [[Book of Jeremiah]], was written in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew language]]. Since the division of the Bible into [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|chapters and verses]] in the late medieval period, this chapter is divided into 32 verses. Some scholars see a literary parallel with {{bibleverse|2 Kings|22|KJV}}, contrasting the reactions of Josiah (tearing his clothes when hearing the reading of the scroll of God's word) and Jehoiakim (tearing Jeremiah's scroll, as an "act of defiance" against God).<ref name=newoxford/>
The original text of this chapter, as with the rest of the [[Book of Jeremiah]], was written in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew language]]. Since the division of the Bible into [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|chapters and verses]] in the late medieval period, this chapter is divided into 32 verses. Some scholars see a literary parallel with {{bibleverse|2 Kings|22|KJV}}, contrasting the reactions of Josiah (tearing his clothes when hearing the reading of the scroll of God's word) and Jehoiakim (tearing Jeremiah's scroll, as an "act of defiance" against God).<ref name=newoxford/>


== Textual version ==
==Textual versions==
[[Hebrew language]] [[Masoretic Text|Masoretic]] manuscripts which contain this chapter include the [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century) and the [[Leningrad Codex]] (1008).<ref>{{cite book
Some ancient witnesses for the text of this chapter in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] are of the [[Masoretic Text]], which includes the [[Codex Cairensis]] (895), [[Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus|the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets]] (916), [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century), [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}}

| last = Würthwein
There is also a translation into [[Greek language|Greek]] known as the [[Septuagint]], made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the [[Septuagint]] version include [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Sinaiticus]] ('''S'''; [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|BHK]]: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century) and [[Codex Marchalianus]] ('''Q'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>Q</sup>; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}
| first = Ernst
| authorlink = Ernst Würthwein
| title = The Text of the Old Testament
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year= 1995
| pages = 36–37
| isbn = 978-0-8028-0788-5
}}
</ref>


==Verse 1==
==Verse 1==

Revision as of 04:16, 17 March 2019

For Jeremiah 36 in Septuagint, see Jeremiah 29.
Jeremiah 36
Book of Jeremiah in Hebrew Bible, MS. Sassoon 1053, images 283-315.
BookBook of Jeremiah
Hebrew Bible partNevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part6
CategoryLatter Prophets
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part24

Jeremiah 36 is the thirty-sixth chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. It is numbered as Jeremiah 43 in the Septuagint. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter records the burning of a scroll of Jeremiah's prophecy by Jehoiakim and the remaking of another scroll by Jeremiah with the help of Baruch the scribe.[1]

Text

The original text of this chapter, as with the rest of the Book of Jeremiah, was written in Hebrew language. Since the division of the Bible into chapters and verses in the late medieval period, this chapter is divided into 32 verses. Some scholars see a literary parallel with 2 Kings 22, contrasting the reactions of Josiah (tearing his clothes when hearing the reading of the scroll of God's word) and Jehoiakim (tearing Jeremiah's scroll, as an "act of defiance" against God).[1]

Textual versions

Some ancient witnesses for the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[2]

There is also a translation into Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[3]

Verse 1

And it came to pass in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, that this word came unto Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, (KJV)[4]
  • Cross reference: Jeremiah 25:1
  • This chapter (as well as chapter 35) is out of the chronological order of chapter 32-34 and 37-44, as it records the events during the fourth year of king Jehoiakim's reign (605/604 SM).[5]

Verse 2

[The Lord says to Jeremiah:] Take thee a roll of a book, and write therein all the words that I have spoken unto thee against Israel, and against Judah, and against all the nations, from the day I spake unto thee, from the days of Josiah, even unto this day. (KJV)[6]
  • "Roll of a book" (Hebrew: מְגִלַּת־סֵפֶר, megillat-sefer): the dimension and content of this "roll of book" or "scroll" has "received repeated attention", resulting in some efforts to reconstruct it, but according to Hicks, "each of these efforts suffers by reason of its subjective approach."[7]

Verse 9

And it came to pass in the fifth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, in the ninth month, that they proclaimed a fast before the LORD to all the people in Jerusalem, and to all the people that came from the cities of Judah unto Jerusalem. (KJV)[8]
  • "The fifth year...the ninth month": December 604 BC.[9] The fast is related to the fall of Ashkelon on the Philistine territory by the Babylonia army (probably in November 604 BC),[1] as recorded in the Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle,[10] which must cause terror in Judah, because they have allied themselves with Egypt since the death of Josiah in 609 BC.[9]

Verse 10

Then read Baruch in the book the words of Jeremiah in the house of the LORD, in the chamber of Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe, in the higher court, at the entry of the new gate of the LORD's house, in the ears of all the people. (KJV)[11]
  • "Baruch" (ben Neriah): a scribe closely related to Jeremiah and the one transcribed Jeremiah's prophecies in the scrolls (Jeremiah 36:2). His brother, Seriah, is a minister of king Zedekiah (Jeremiah 32:12; 51:19 NKJV). Bullae or seals belonging to Baruch and Seriah have been discovered.[1][12][13][14]
  • "Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe": Shaphan the scribe (here and in Jeremiah 29:3) is assumed the same person reading to king Josiah the Book of Law discovered by Hilkiah the priest (2 Kings 22:10 NKJV). This Gemariah is then the brother of Ahikam, who protected Jeremiah (Jeremiah 26:24 NKJV) and the uncle of Gedaliah (Jeremiah 40:5 NKJV), who treated Jeremiah favorably, therefore it is not peculiar that Gemariah allowed Baruch to use his room.[9] In 1983 a bulla was discovered in the ruins of the City of David with the inscription "belonging to Gemariah, son of Saphan", presumably the same person as in this verse.[15][16]

Verse 23

And it came to pass, that when Jehudi had read three or four leaves, he cut it with the penknife, and cast it into the fire that was on the hearth, until all the roll was consumed in the fire that was on the hearth. (KJV)[17]
  • "Leaves" (KJV) or "columns of scroll" (NIV) or "column" (most other English Bibles): translated from Hebrew word delet which has the "sense of a column of writing."[18] This Hebrew word is a hapax legomenon in the Masoretic text.[18] Holladay notices from this verse that the scroll containing Jeremiah's prophecies is thus "a fairly extensive collection, containing several multiples of three or four columns of writing."[19] Hicks noted that many ancient Hebrew manuscripts found in Qumran Caves have 3 to 4 columns per sheet. For example, the Great Isaiah Scroll, 1QIsa, consists of 17 sheets, 10 have 3 columns per sheet and 5 have 4 columns, whereas 1QIsb has 4 columns per sheet uniformly, as well as some other manuscripts.[20] As all ancient Hebrew manuscript sheets found to date are made of leather/vellum, instead of papyrus, it would be difficult to cut them - Sabda.org through with penknife.[20] Therefore, Hicks concluded that the scroll was cut "sheet by sheet at the sutures", and that some sheets have 4 columns and the others 3, just like 1QIsa.[21] Additionally, Hicks studied the average number of lines per column and the average number of words per line in ancient Hebrew biblical manuscripts to estimate that the text in one of the columns of writing described in this verse would contain "a little bit more than one Masoretic chapter of Jeremiah," as his examples show variations between 1.25 to 1.75 chapter per column.[22] Furthermore, with the data of the height-to-width ratio of a column (i.e, 2:1 in his study) and the interpretation of the grammar of the verbal sequence in the same verse, Hicks comes to an estimate that the scroll destroyed in the presence of king Jehoiakim "would have contained between 18-24 chapters of our Masoretic book of Jeremiah," which may form the major parts of the first 25 chapters in the current Masoretic version of the book.[23]

Verse 26

But the king commanded Jerahmeel the son of Hammelech, and Seraiah the son of Azriel, and Shelemiah the son of Abdeel, to take Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet: but the LORD hid them. (KJV)[24]
  • "Jerahmeel the son of Hammelech" (KJV) or "Jerahmeel the king's son" (NKJV): an old bulla with the inscription "Jerahmeel the king's son" has been found and considered authentic.[25]

Verse 32

Then took Jeremiah another roll, and gave it to Baruch the scribe, the son of Neriah; who wrote therein from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the book which Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire: and there were added besides unto them many like words. (KJV)[26]

Jeremiah used the destruction of the first roll (scroll) as a symbol for Jehoiakim's later death (Jeremiah 22:18-19; 2 Kings 24:6-15) and asked Baruch to wrote another roll with expanded contents of the first one.[1]

Verse numbering

The order of chapters and verses of the Book of Jeremiah in the English Bibles, Masoretic Text (Hebrew), and Vulgate (Latin), in some places differs from that in the Septuagint (LXX, the Greek Bible used in the Eastern Orthodox Church and others) according to Rahlfs or Brenton. The following table is taken with minor adjustments from Brenton's Septuagint, page 971.[27]

The order of Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint/Scriptural Study (CATSS) based on Alfred Rahlfs' Septuaginta (1935), differs in some details from Joseph Ziegler's critical edition (1957) in Göttingen LXX. Swete's Introduction mostly agrees with Rahlfs' edition (=CATSS).[27]

Hebrew, Vulgate, English Rahlfs' LXX (CATSS)
36:1-32 43:1-32
29:1-15,21-32 36:1-15,21-32

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b c d e The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, Indexed. Michael D. Coogan, Marc Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, Editors. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 2007. pp. 1136-1137 Hebrew Bible. ISBN 978-0195288810
  2. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
  3. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  4. ^ Jeremiah 36:1 (King James)
  5. ^ Huey 1993, p. 312.
  6. ^ Jeremiah 36:2 (King James)
  7. ^ Hicks 1983, p. 46.
  8. ^ Jeremiah 36:9 (King James)
  9. ^ a b c Huey 1993, p. 321.
  10. ^ Lendering, Jona. "ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle)". Livius.org. Retrieved May 31, 2017., observe, lines 18-20.
  11. ^ Jeremiah 36:10 (King James)
  12. ^ Avigad, N. "Baruch the Scribe" p. 53. Also, Avigad, Hebrew Bullae from the Time of Jeremiah- Remnants of a Burnt Archive (Jerusalem- Israel Exploration Society, 1986), pp. 28–29.
  13. ^ Ward, J.M. "Baruch," in The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible (Nashville- Abingdon, 1962), vol. 1, p. 361; J. Muilenburg, "Jeremiah the Prophet," in The Interpreter’s Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 832; Avigad, N. "Baruch," in Encyclopedia Biblica (Jerusalem- Bialik, 1954) vol. 2, cols. 337–338 (in Hebrew).
  14. ^ Avigad, N. "The Seal of Seraiah, Son of Neriah," Eretz Israel 14 (1978), pp. 86–87 (in Hebrew).
  15. ^ Shiloh, Y. A Group of Hebrew Bullae from the City of David, Israel Exploration Journal (IEJ) 36:16-38. 1986.
  16. ^ Avigad, N. Hebrew Bullae from the Time of Jeremiah. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. 1986. p. 129, n. 164.
  17. ^ Jeremiah 36:23 (King James)
  18. ^ a b Hicks 1983, p. 48.
  19. ^ Holladay, William Lee (1974) Jeremiah: Spokesman Out of Time. United Church Press, Philadelphia. p. 155, as cited in Hicks, R. (1983). "Delet and megillāh: A Fresh Approach to Jeremiah XXXVI". Vetus Testamentum, 33(1), 48.
  20. ^ a b Hicks 1983, p. 61.
  21. ^ Hicks 1983, p. 62.
  22. ^ Hicks 1983, pp. 62–63.
  23. ^ Hicks 1983, pp. 65–66.
  24. ^ Jeremiah 36:26 (King James)
  25. ^ Avigad, Nachman. Baruch the Scribe and Yerahme'el the King’s Son. Israel Exploration Journal (IEJ) 28:52. 1978
  26. ^ Jeremiah 36:32 (King James)
  27. ^ a b CCEL - Brenton Jeremiah Appendix

Bibliography

  • Hicks, R. Lansing (1983). "Delet and Megillāh: A Fresh Approach to Jeremiah XXXVI". Vetus Testamentum. 33 (1): 46–66. doi:10.2307/1517993. JSTOR 1517993.
  • Huey, F. B. (1993). The New American Commentary - Jeremiah, Lamentations: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV Text. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401165.
  • Ryle, Herbert Edward (2009). The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Paperback. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 9781117708690. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

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