Kingdom of Hereti: Difference between revisions

Kingdom of Hereti
ჰერეთის სამეფო
Kingdom of Hereti ჰერეთის სამეფო
893–1020s
	situation in the Caucasus in 850s
Status	Kingdom
Capital	Shaki
Common languages	Georgian ; Caucasian Albanian
Religion	Georgian Orthodox Church ; Monophysite Christianity
King
Historical era	Early Middle Ages
• Established	893
• Disestablished	1020s
	Succeeded by
Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
Today part of	Countries today Georgia; Azerbaijan; Russia;

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The Kingdom of Hereti (Georgian: ჰერეთის სამეფო), was a medieval monarchy which emerged in Caucasus on the Iberian-Albanian frontier. Nowadays it roughly corresponds to the southeastern corner of Georgia's Kakheti region and a portion of Azerbaijan's northwestern districts.

According to traditional accounts, the name of the province originated from the legendary patriarch "Heros", the son of Thargamos, who founded the city of Hereti (later known as Khoranta) at the Alazani River.

Background

From the earliest times, Hereti came under the rule of the Caucasian Albania.^[1] With decline of Caucasian Albania, the area was gradually incorporated into the Iberian kingdom forming one of its duchies (saeristavo) in the 5th century and its peoples were eventually assimilated into the Georgians proper. It was when the name Hereti first appeared in the Georgian sources. Hereti was populated by Caucasian Albanians, Dagestani, Armenians, Persians and Georgians. It had flourishing towns that traded with Persia and Armenia.^[1]

As a reward for the contribution in struggle against the Arab occupation, the Iberian ruler (erismtavari) Archil gave Hereti to the noble family of Bagrationi in the 740s–750s. After the death of the last Iberian princes John and Juansher, the Heretian lords extended their fiefdoms and, in 787, established an independent principality (samtavro) with the capital in Shaki.

History

Its first recorded ruler, Sahl Smbatean, slaughtered the Caucasian Albanian (Mihranids) royal family in 822 and declared himself "Shah of Arran", currying favour with the Caliphate by betraying the Zoroastrian Babak Khorramdin he was recognized as the ruler of Arran. Sahl later incurred Arab distrust, was arrested and sent to Baghdad; he was succeeded by his son Adarnase I and grandson, Grigol Hamam. The principality gained significant strength and prestige by 893, allowing Prince Grigol Hamam to be crowned as the king.^[2]

Alarmed by the increasing power of the Heretian kingdom, Kvirike I, the ruler of the neighbouring Kakhetian principality, allied himself with King Constantine III of Abkhazia and, in 915, campaigned against King Adarnase II Patrikios. The allies occupied and divided the country but for a short time as Adarnase Patrikios soon reconquered what had been lost. The kingdom survived Kakhetian attacks, but lost Caucasian Albania to its Sallarid (Iranian Azerbaijan) neighbour. Adarnase married Queen Dinar, a daughter of Adarnase III of Tao, with whom he had son Ishkhanik.

Ishkhanik, a son and successor of Adarnase Patrikios, ruled together with his mother Queen regnant Dinar. Under them, Hereti was forced to recognize the supremacy of the stronger neighbour, Principality of Daylam, ruled by the Salarid dynasty. According to The Georgian Chronicles Queen Dinar, along with her son Ishkhani converted Hereti to the Orthodox faith and delivered its people from the Monophysite heresy in the tenth century. In 950, Ishkhanik took advantage of the bitter power struggle in the Sallarid state, and ceased to pay tribute effectively restoring his independence.

The next Heretian ruler, John (Ioane Senekerim, 951–959), during his reign kingdom of Hereti reached a climax of power and prestige, mainly after annexation of right bank of Caucasian Albania. Armenian historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi calls him "restorer of the Kingdom of Albania". Later he annexed parts of Kakheti and adopted the title of "King of the Tsanars". John had a good relations towards the representatives of the Sallaried Dynasty and with David III Kuropalates of Tao. Like his father and his grandmother Queen Dinar, he contributed a lot to the conversion of his kingdom. He died in 959 without heir.

After his death, a local dynasty seems to have ceased to exist, and the kingdom fell under Kvirike II, Chorepiscopus of Kakheti (c. 929–976). The area then was contested between his successor, David (c. 976–1010), and the Georgian king Bagrat III who sought to bring all Georgian lands into a single monarchy. The next Kakhetian ruler, already titled as the king, Kvirike III the Great (1010–1037) finally absorbed Hereti into his Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti in the 1020s. When the Georgian king David the Builder brought the kingdom under his control in 1104, Hereti became a saeristavo (i.e. a duchy) within the Georgian realm. Georgian rule of Hereti was interrupted by Atabegs of Azerbaijan, Khwarezmid Empire and Ilkhanid rule. After the final disintegration of the unified Georgian monarchy in 1466, Hereti came under the Kakhetian crown. Afterwards the name of the province itself has gradually disappeared from the historic records and public usage due to successively Kara Koyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman rules.

Rulers of Hereti

Ruler	Reign	title	Notes
1. Sahl Eṙanshahik	815–840	Prince
2. Adarnase (I)	840–865	Prince
3. Grigol Hamam	865–897	King	(since 893)
4. Adarnase (II)	897–943	King
5. Ishkhanik	943–951	King	co-ruler: Queen regnant Dinar
6. John Senekerim	951–959	King	became "King of the Tsanars"
	995–997		briefly occupied by David of Kakheti
–	997–1020s	–	interregnum
	1020s		annexed by Kvirike III of Kakheti

References

^ ^a ^b Rayfield, Donald. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. p. 60.
^ Каганкатваци, кн. III, гл. XXII

External links

ყველაფერი ჰერეთის შესახებ Template:Ka icon

Literature

Papuashvili, T. Problems of Heretian history. Tbilisi, 1970. Template:Ka icon
Papuashvili, T. Kingdom of the Rans and Kakhs. Tbilisi, 1982. Template:Ka icon

This Georgian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[ray-1] Rayfield, Donald. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. p. 60.

[2] Каганкатваци, кн. III, гл. XXII

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 |today                  = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Countries today|{{flagu|Georgia}}|{{flagu|Azerbaijan}}|{{flagu|Russia}}|}}}}
 {{History of Georgia (country)}}
 The '''Kingdom of Hereti''' ({{lang-ka|ჰერეთის სამეფო}}), was a medieval [[monarchy]] which emerged in [[Caucasus]] on the [[Kingdom of Iberia|Iberian]]-[[Caucasian Albania|Albanian]] frontier. Nowadays it roughly corresponds to the southeastern corner of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]'s [[Kakheti]] region and a portion of [[Azerbaijan]]'s northwestern districts.
+According to traditional accounts, the name of the province originated from the legendary patriarch "Heros", the son of [[Togarmah|Thargamos]], who founded the city of Hereti (later known as Khoranta) at the [[Alazani|Alazani River]].
-== Origins ==
-The area was inhabited in earliest times by [[Ingiloy people|Hers]] (referred to as [[Èrs people|Èrs]] as well), Sujs, Tchilbs, and Lbins. Collectively called Hers (Heretians), these tribes came under the rule of the [[Caucasian Albania]].<ref name="ray">{{cite book|title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia|last1=Rayfield|first1=Donald|page=60}}</ref> Hereti was populated by Caucasian Albanians, Dagestani, Armenians, Persians and [[Georgians]]. It had flourishing towns that traded with Persia and [[Armenia]].<ref name="ray" />
+== Background ==
-With decline of Caucasian Albania, the area was gradually incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Iberia|Iberian kingdom]] forming one of its duchies ([[saeristavo]]) in the 5th century and its peoples were eventually assimilated into the [[Georgians]] proper. It was when the name ''Hereti'' first appeared in the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] sources. According to traditional accounts, the name of the province originated from the legendary patriarch "Heros", the son of [[Togarmah|Thargamos]], who founded the city of Hereti (later known as Khoranta) at the [[Alazani|Alazani River]].
+From the earliest times, Hereti came under the rule of the [[Caucasian Albania]].<ref name="ray">{{cite book|title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia|last1=Rayfield|first1=Donald|page=60}}</ref> With decline of Caucasian Albania, the area was gradually incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Iberia|Iberian kingdom]] forming one of its duchies ([[saeristavo]]) in the 5th century and its peoples were eventually assimilated into the [[Georgians]] proper. It was when the name Hereti first appeared in the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] sources. Hereti was populated by Caucasian Albanians, Dagestani, Armenians, Persians and [[Georgians]]. It had flourishing towns that traded with Persia and [[Bagratid Armenia|Armenia]].<ref name="ray" />
+As a reward for the contribution in struggle against the [[Arab rule in Georgia|Arab occupation]], the [[Principality|Iberian]] ruler (''[[Eristavi|erismtavari]]'') [[Archil of Kakheti|Archil]] gave Hereti to the noble family of [[Bagrationi dynasty|Bagrationi]] in the 740s–750s. After the death of the last Iberian princes [[John of Kakheti|John]] and [[Juansher of Kakheti|Juansher]], the Heretian lords extended their fiefdoms and, in 787, established an independent principality (''samtavro'') with the capital in [[Shaki, Azerbaijan|Shaki]].
-==History==
-As a reward for the contribution in struggle against the [[Arab rule in Georgia|Arab occupation]], the [[Principality|Iberian]] ruler (''[[Eristavi|erismtavari]]'') [[Archil of Kakheti|Archil]] gave Hereti to the noble family of [[Bagrationi dynasty|Bagrationi]] in the 740s–750s. After the death of the last Iberian princes [[John of Kakheti|John]] and [[Juansher of Kakheti|Juansher]], the Heretian lords extended their fiefdoms and, in 787, established an independent principality (''samtavro'') with the capital in [[Shaki, Azerbaijan|Shaki]]. The principality gained significant strength and prestige by 893 allowing Prince [[Grigol of Hereti|Grigol Hamam]] to be crowned the king. Alarmed by the increasing power of the Heretian kingdom, [[Kvirike I of Kakheti|Kvirike I]] ({{Circa}} 892–918), the ruler of the neighbouring [[Kakheti]]an principality, allied himself with King [[Constantine III of Abkhazia]] and, in 915, campaigned against King [[Adarnase of Hereti|Adarnase Patrikios]] ({{Circa}} 897–943). The allies occupied and divided the country but for a short time as Adarnase Patrikios soon reconquered what had been lost.
-[[File:Saint Queen Dinar.jpg|thumb|[[Queen regnant]] [[Dinar of Hereti|Dinar]].]]
-[[Ishkhanik of Hereti|Ishkhanik]] ({{Circa}} 943–951), a son and successor of Adarnase Patrikios, ruled together with his mother [[Queen regnant]] [[Dinar of Hereti|Dinar]], sister of Grand [[Magister officiorum#Byzantine Empire|Magister]] [[Gurgen of Klarjeti|Gurgen IV]], Prince of [[Klarjeti]] ({{Circa}} 918–941). Under them, Hereti was forced to recognize the supremacy of the stronger neighbour, [[Daylamites|Principality of Daylam]], ruled by the [[Sallarid dynasty|Salarid dynasty]] ([[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]]). According to [[The Georgian Chronicles]] Queen Dinar, along with her son Ishkhani converted Hereti to the [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox faith]] and delivered its people from the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]] [[heresy]] in the tenth century. In 950, Ishkhanik took advantage of the bitter power struggle in the Salarid state, and ceased to pay tribute effectively restoring his independence. According to the Armenian historian [[Movses Kaghankatvatsi]], [[Kievan Rus'|Rus' tribes]] that carried out raids in the southernmost Caucasus often [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|traveled through the Transcaucasus]], and it was with these tribes that the story of Queen Dinar made its way to Russia.
+== History ==
-The next Heretian ruler, [[John of Hereti|John]] (Ioane Senekerim, 951–959) added to his kingdom part of the former [[Caucasian Albania|Albanian kingdom]] and the eastern Georgian mountainous area [[Tsanareti|Tzanaria]]. After his death, a local dynasty seems to have ceased to exist, and the kingdom fell under [[Kvirike II of Kakheti|Kvirike II]], [[Chorbishop|Chorepiscopus]] of [[Kakheti]] ({{Circa}} 929–976). The area then was contested between his successor, [[David of Kakheti|David]] ({{Circa}} 976–1010), and the [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgian]] king [[Bagrat III of Georgia|Bagrat III]] who sought to bring all Georgian lands into a [[Kingdom of Georgia#Unification of the Georgian State|single monarchy]]. The next Kakhetian ruler, already titled as the king, [[Kvirike III of Kakheti|Kvirike III the Great]] (1010–1037) finally absorbed Hereti into his [[Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti]] in the 1020s. When the Georgian king [[David the Builder]] brought the kingdom under his control in 1104, Hereti became a ''saeristavo'' (i.e. a duchy) within the Georgian realm. Georgian rule of Hereti was interrupted by [[Eldiguzids|Atabegs of Azerbaijan]], [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarezmid Empire]] and [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] rule. After the final disintegration of the unified Georgian monarchy in 1466, Hereti came under the [[Kingdom of Kakheti|Kakhetian]] crown. Afterwards the name of the province itself has gradually disappeared from the historic records and public usage due to successively [[Kara Koyunlu]], [[Aq Qoyunlu]], [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]], [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]], and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rules.
+Its first recorded ruler, [[Sahl Smbatean]], slaughtered the [[Caucasian Albania|Caucasian Albanian]] ([[Mihranids]]) royal family in 822 and declared himself "[[Shah]] of [[Arran (Caucasus)|Arran]]", currying favour with the [[Caliphate]] by betraying the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] [[Babak Khorramdin]] he was recognized as the ruler of Arran. Sahl later incurred Arab distrust, was arrested and sent to Baghdad; he was succeeded by his son [[Artnerseh|Adarnase I]] and grandson, [[Grigol of Hereti|Grigol Hamam]]. The principality gained significant strength and prestige by 893, allowing Prince Grigol Hamam to be crowned as the king.<ref>Каганкатваци, кн. III, гл. XXII</ref>
+Alarmed by the increasing power of the Heretian kingdom, [[Kvirike I of Kakheti|Kvirike I]], the ruler of the neighbouring [[First Kingdom of Kakheti|Kakhetian]] principality, allied himself with King [[Constantine III of Abkhazia]] and, in 915, campaigned against King [[Adarnase of Hereti|Adarnase II Patrikios]]. The allies occupied and divided the country but for a short time as Adarnase Patrikios soon reconquered what had been lost. The kingdom survived Kakhetian attacks, but lost Caucasian Albania to its [[Sallarid dynasty|Sallarid]] ([[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]]) neighbour. Adarnase married [[Dinar of Hereti|Queen Dinar]], a daughter of [[Adarnase III of Tao]], with whom he had son [[Ishkhanik of Hereti|Ishkhanik]]. [[File:Saint Queen Dinar.jpg|thumb|[[Queen regnant]] [[Dinar of Hereti|Dinar]].]]
+Ishkhanik, a son and successor of Adarnase Patrikios, ruled together with his mother [[Queen regnant]] Dinar. Under them, Hereti was forced to recognize the supremacy of the stronger neighbour, [[Daylamites|Principality of Daylam]], ruled by the Salarid dynasty. According to [[The Georgian Chronicles]] Queen Dinar, along with her son Ishkhani converted Hereti to the [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox faith]] and delivered its people from the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]] [[heresy]] in the tenth century. In 950, Ishkhanik took advantage of the bitter power struggle in the Sallarid state, and ceased to pay tribute effectively restoring his independence.
+The next Heretian ruler, [[John of Hereti|John]] (Ioane Senekerim, 951–959), during his reign kingdom of Hereti reached a climax of power and prestige, mainly after annexation of right bank of Caucasian Albania. Armenian historian [[Movses Kaghankatvatsi]] calls him "restorer of the Kingdom of Albania". Later he annexed parts of Kakheti and adopted the title of "King of the [[Tsanareti|Tsanars]]". John had a good relations towards the representatives of the Sallaried Dynasty and with [[David III of Tao|David III Kuropalates]] of [[Tao (historical region)|Tao]]. Like his father and his grandmother Queen Dinar, he contributed a lot to the conversion of his kingdom. He died in 959 without heir.
+After his death, a local dynasty seems to have ceased to exist, and the kingdom fell under [[Kvirike II of Kakheti|Kvirike II]], [[Chorbishop|Chorepiscopus]] of Kakheti ({{Circa}} 929–976). The area then was contested between his successor, [[David of Kakheti|David]] ({{Circa}} 976–1010), and the Georgian king [[Bagrat III of Georgia|Bagrat III]] who sought to bring all Georgian lands into a [[Kingdom of Georgia#Unification of the Georgian State|single monarchy]]. The next Kakhetian ruler, already titled as the king, [[Kvirike III of Kakheti|Kvirike III the Great]] (1010–1037) finally absorbed Hereti into his [[Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti]] in the 1020s. When the Georgian king [[David IV of Georgia|David the Builder]] brought the kingdom under his control in 1104, Hereti became a ''saeristavo'' (i.e. a duchy) within the Georgian realm. Georgian rule of Hereti was interrupted by [[Eldiguzids|Atabegs of Azerbaijan]], [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarezmid Empire]] and [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] rule. After the final disintegration of the unified Georgian monarchy in 1466, Hereti came under the [[Kingdom of Kakheti|Kakhetian]] crown. Afterwards the name of the province itself has gradually disappeared from the historic records and public usage due to successively [[Kara Koyunlu]], [[Aq Qoyunlu]], [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]], [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]], and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rules.
 ==Rulers of Hereti==

v t e Historical regions of Georgia
Abkhazia	Abkhazeti Abzhua Tsebelda Samurzakano
Adjara	Machakhela Chaneti
Guria	Lazika Surebi
Imereti	Argveti Vake Mukhurisi Okriba Sachino Sajavakho
Kakheti	Garekakheti Gagmamkhari Gujareti Kiziki Hereti Saingilo Tusheti
Kvemo Kartli	Borchalo Gardabani Gachiani Dmaniskhevi
Mtskheta-Mtianeti	Mtiuleti Mukhrani Pshavi Pkhovi Tskhavati Ksniskhevi Tskhradzmiskhevi Tsanareti Tsilkani Tsobeni Tchartali Khada Khandro Khevi Khevsureti Kherki Khorkhi
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti	Takveri Lechkhumi Racha Kvemo Svaneti
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti	Egrisi Odishi Sabediano Samegrelo Svaneti
Shida Kartli	Bazaleti Dvaleti Maghrandvaleti Samachablo Zena Sopeli
Tao-Klarjeti	Tao Klarjeti Speri Kola Shavsheti Ardahan Nigali Basiani Sokhoista Zemo Kartli Tori Trialeti Samtskhe Javakheti