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|related-c=[[Laz people]]
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'''[[Georgians]] in Turkey''' ({{lang-ka|ქართველები თურქეთში}}) refers to citizens and denizens of [[Turkey]] who are, or descend from, ethnic Georgians who originate in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
'''Georgians in Turkey''' ({{lang-ka|ქართველები თურქეთში}}) refers to citizens and denizens of [[Turkey]] who are, or descend from, ethnic [[Georgians]].

== History ==
[[File:Muhajir-refugees.jpg|150px|thumb|Adjarian Muslim refugees after Ottoman-Russian War.|left]]

Chveneburi had arrived in [[Turkey]] basically in three waves of migration due to [[pogrom]]s and what is now termed [[ethnic cleansing]] of Caucasians by the [[Russian Empire]]. The first wave was during and after the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829]] when the [[Sublime Porte]] consigned its sovereignty over several parts of Georgia to the [[Russian Empire]]. Minor immigrations had also followed until the end of [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878]] when [[Ottoman Empire]] allowed Chveneburi to immigrate, the major wave of immigration involved at least 500,000 people from historic Georgian regions that had considerable Muslim populations such as [[Batumi]] and [[Kars]].<ref name=cveneburi1>{{cite web|title=Muhacir Gürcüler yada Çveneburiler - მუჰაჯირი ქართველები ან ჩვენებურები|url=http://www.chveneburi.net/tr/default.asp?bpgpid=115&pg=1|work=Çveneburi|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref> This wave of being ''[[muhajir (Caucasus)|muhajir]]s'', known as ''muhajiroba'' (მუჰაჯირობა) had left many Muslim-majority regions of Georgia virtually depopulated. The last sizable wave of immigration was in 1921 when Turkey finally gave up its claims on [[Adjara]] in the [[Treaty of Kars]] with the [[Soviet Union|Soviet republics]]. This last wave also involved [[Turkish language|Turkish]]-speaking Muslims from Upper Adjara. [[Adjarians]] were also known by their places of origin, such as ''Batumlular'' for people from [[Batumi]], ''Çürüksulular'' for people from [[Kobuleti]].


== Numbers and distribution ==
== Numbers and distribution ==
[[File:Map-etno-kutais-Okrug Artvin.jpg|170px|left|thumb|Ethnographic map of [[Artvin Province|Artvin]]. Autochthonous Georgians are dark yellow.]]
[[File:Çürüksulu Ali Paşa (Tavdgiridze).JPG|250px|thumb|Ali Pasha of Çürüksu (front row, middle) and Ottoman Georgians during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)]]. At the end of the war, the re-settlement of Ottoman Georgians in Fatsa was supervised by Ali Pasha.<ref name="Beratyildiz">BERAT YILDIZ, EMIGRATIONS FROM THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: AN ANALYSIS IN THE LIGHT OF THE NEW ARCHIVAL MATERIALS, BILKENT UNIVERSITY</ref>]]

In the census of 1965, 34,330 Turkish citizens spoke Georgian as mother language. Proportionally, they were most numerous in [[Artvin Province|Artvin]] (3.7%), [[Ordu Province|Ordu]] (0.9%) and [[Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]] (0.8%). 4,042 of these could only speak Georgian. Another 44,934 spoke Georgian as second best language.
In the census of 1965, 34,330 Turkish citizens spoke Georgian as mother language. Proportionally, they were most numerous in [[Artvin Province|Artvin]] (3.7%), [[Ordu Province|Ordu]] (0.9%) and [[Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]] (0.8%). 4,042 of these could only speak Georgian. Another 44,934 spoke Georgian as second best language.


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Magnarella estimated the number of Georgians in Turkey to have been over 60,000 in 1979.<ref>Peter A. Andrews & Rüdiger Benninghaus (1989), ''Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Vol. 1'', p. 174. Reichert, {{ISBN|3-88226-418-7}}.</ref>
Magnarella estimated the number of Georgians in Turkey to have been over 60,000 in 1979.<ref>Peter A. Andrews & Rüdiger Benninghaus (1989), ''Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Vol. 1'', p. 174. Reichert, {{ISBN|3-88226-418-7}}.</ref>

== Imerkhevians ==
[[File:Georgian_dialects.svg|alt=|thumb|{{legend|#D5FFF6|Distribution of the [[Georgian dialects#Southwest dialects|Imerkhevian dialect]]}}]]
[[Imerkhevians|Imerkhevians (Shavshetians)]] are an ethnographic subgroup of [[Georgians]] who speak [[Georgian dialects#Southwest dialects|Imerkhevian dialect]] (''imerkheuli'') of [[Georgian language]], which shares many common features with the neighboring [[Adjaran dialect|Adjarian]].<ref name="tuite">[[Kevin Tuite|Tuite, Kevin]] (1998), [http://mapageweb.umontreal.ca/tuitekj/publications/TuiteThesis.pdf ''Kartvelian morphosyntax: number agreement and morphosyntactic oritntation in the South Caucasian languages''], p. 178. Lincom Europa.</ref> Imerkhevians are indigenous population of [[Artvin Province]].

The majority of the Imerkhevians today live in an area they call [[Imerkhevi]], the name of the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Imerkhevian. The population of Imerkhevi is largely composed of ethnic Georgians, who inhabit 14 hamlets around [[Meydancık, Şavşat|Meydancık]], formerly known as Diobani. These settlements have both official Turkish and unofficial Georgian names. Reflecting some internal differentiation persisting in Turkey's Georgian community, the Imerkhevians claim a different origin from the Georgians in the [[Borçka]] area, who have adopted an inclusive [[Adjarians|Adjar]] identity. The Imerkhevians are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]], closely integrated with the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] society. Almost all are bilingual in [[Georgian language|Georgian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].


== Chveneburi ==
== Chveneburi ==
Chveneburi had arrived in Turkey basically in three waves of migration due to [[pogrom]]s and what is now termed [[ethnic cleansing]] of Caucasians by the [[Russian Empire]]. The first wave was during and after the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)|Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829]] when the [[Sublime Porte]] consigned its sovereignty over several parts of Georgia to the Russian Empire.
Chveneburi ({{Lang-ka|ჩვენებური}}, {{lang|ka-Latn|çveneburi}}), meaning "of us" in [[Georgian language|Georgian]], is an [[endonym|autonym]] of Muslim immigrants of [[Georgian people|Georgian]] descent who had settled in non-Georgian majority regions of [[Turkey]], thus, "of us" signifies a triple distinction from [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Georgia (country)|Georgians]], Muslim [[Turkish people|Turks]], and autonomous Muslim Georgians. As with most Turkish citizens, most Chveneburi subscribe to the [[Hanafi]] ''[[madh'hab]]'' of [[Sunni Islam]].

Minor immigrations had also followed until the end of [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878]] when [[Ottoman Empire]] allowed Chveneburis to immigrate, the major wave of immigration involved at least 500,000 people from historic Georgian regions that had considerable Muslim populations such as [[Batumi]] and [[Kars]].<ref name="cveneburi1">{{cite web|url=http://www.chveneburi.net/tr/default.asp?bpgpid=115&pg=1|title=Muhacir Gürcüler yada Çveneburiler - მუჰაჯირი ქართველები ან ჩვენებურები|work=Çveneburi|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref> This wave of being ''[[muhajir (Caucasus)|muhajir]]s'', known as ''muhajiroba'' (მუჰაჯირობა) had left many Muslim-majority regions of Georgia virtually depopulated.

The last sizable wave of immigration was in 1921 when Turkey finally gave up its claims on [[Adjara]] in the [[Treaty of Kars]] with the [[Soviet Union|Soviet republics]]. This last wave also involved [[Turkish language|Turkish]]-speaking Muslims from Upper Adjara. [[Adjarians]] were also known by their places of origin, such as ''Batumlular'' for people from [[Batumi]], ''Çürüksulular'' for people from [[Kobuleti]].[[File:Çürüksulu Ali Paşa (Tavdgiridze).JPG|206x206px|thumb|Ali Pasha of Çürüksu (front row, middle) and Ottoman Georgians during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)]]. At the end of the war, the re-settlement of Ottoman Georgians in Fatsa was supervised by Ali Pasha.<ref name="Beratyildiz">BERAT YILDIZ, EMIGRATIONS FROM THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: AN ANALYSIS IN THE LIGHT OF THE NEW ARCHIVAL MATERIALS, BILKENT UNIVERSITY</ref>]]Chveneburi ({{Lang-ka|ჩვენებური}}, {{lang|ka-Latn|çveneburi}}), meaning "of us" in [[Georgian language|Georgian]], is an [[endonym|autonym]] of Muslim immigrants of [[Georgian people|Georgian]] descent who had settled in non-Georgian majority regions of [[Turkey]], thus, "of us" signifies a triple distinction from [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Georgia (country)|Georgians]], Muslim [[Turkish people|Turks]], and autochthonous Muslim Georgians from [[Artvin]]. As with most Turkish citizens, most Chveneburi subscribe to the [[Hanafi]] ''[[Madhhab|madh'hab]]'' of [[Sunni Islam]].


=== Press ===
=== Press ===
The most important Georgian cultural magazine in Turkey also bears the name ''Çveneburi''. It was founded in 1977 in Stockholm, Sweden by Shalva Tevzadze. It is distributed in Turkey by Ahmet Özkan Melashvili, who also wrote the book ''Gürcüstan'' (Georgia) in 1968. In 1980, Özkan was assassinated in [[Bursa]] by the [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]].<ref>[http://www.chveneburi.net/sp/bpg/publication_view.asp?InfoID=157007&iabspos=3&vjob=vsub,270].</ref> Since then, [[Fahrettin Çiloğlu]] has been in charge of the magazine (1993). Between 1997 and 2006, Osman Nuri Mercan was the editor of the magazine. The magazine's content is almost completely in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and presents articles on Chveneburi as well as the present situation and the [[History of Georgia (country)|history of Georgia]] and Georgians worldwide. Another journal, [[Pirosmani(journal)|Pirosmani]], bilingual in Georgian and Turkish, is published in [[Istanbul]], sponsored by the Georgian Catholic Simon Zazadze.
The most important Georgian cultural magazine in Turkey also bears the name ''Çveneburi''. It was founded in 1977 in Stockholm, Sweden by Shalva Tevzadze. It is distributed in Turkey by Ahmet Özkan Melashvili, who also wrote the book ''Gürcüstan'' (Georgia) in 1968. In 1980, Özkan was assassinated in [[Bursa]] by the [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]].<ref>[http://www.chveneburi.net/sp/bpg/publication_view.asp?InfoID=157007&iabspos=3&vjob=vsub,270].</ref> Since then, [[Fahrettin Çiloğlu]] has been in charge of the magazine (1993). Between 1997 and 2006, Osman Nuri Mercan was the editor of the magazine. The magazine's content is almost completely in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and presents articles on Chveneburi as well as the present situation and the [[History of Georgia (country)|history of Georgia]] and Georgians worldwide. Another journal, [[Pirosmani(journal)|Pirosmani]], bilingual in Georgian and Turkish, is published in [[Istanbul]], sponsored by theGeorgian Catholic Simon Zazadze.


=== Group identity ===
=== Group identity ===
Line 41: Line 43:


== Laz people ==
== Laz people ==
[[Laz people]] are an indigenous [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]]-speaking [[ethnic group]]<ref name="ethno2">{{cite book|title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires|author=[[James S. Olson]]|publisher=Greenwood|year=1994|editors=Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas|page=436}}</ref> inhabiting the [[Black Sea]] coastal regions of [[Black Sea Region|Turkey]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>1 Minorsky, V. "Laz." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E . Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010.</ref> Estimates of the total population of the Laz people today vary drastically, with numbers as low as 45,000 to as high as 1.6 million people, with the majority living in northeast Turkey. The Laz speak the [[Laz language]], a member of the same Kartvelian [[language family]] as [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Svan language|Svan]], and [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Language in Danger; The Loss of Linguistic Diversity and the Threat to Our Future|last=Dalby|first=A.|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2002|page=38}}</ref><ref>BRAUND, D., Georgia in antiquity: a history of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC – AD 562, Oxford University Press, p. 93</ref>
[[File:Laz and georgian people.jpg|250px|thumb|Location of Laz and Georgian people today|right]]
The '''Laz''' or '''Lazi''' ({{lang-lzz|ლაზი|translit=lazi}}; {{lang-ka|ლაზი / ჭანი|translit=lazi / ch'ani}}; {{lang-tr|Laz}}) are a [[Kartvelian languages|Lazuri]]-speaking [[ethnic group]]<ref name="ethno">{{cite book|author=[[James S. Olson]]|editors=Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas |year=1994|title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires |publisher=Greenwood|page=436}}</ref> native to the [[Black Sea]] coastal regions of [[Black Sea Region|Turkey]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>1 Minorsky, V. "Laz." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E . Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010.</ref>

The Laz are ethnically a branch of the Colchian people, estimates of the total population of Laz people today ranges drastically, with numbers as low as 45,000 to as high as 1.6 million people, with the majority living in northeast Turkey. The Laz speak the [[Laz language]], a member of the same South Caucasian [[language family]] as [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Svan language|Svan]], and [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dalby |first=A. |year=2002 |title=Language in Danger; The Loss of Linguistic Diversity and the Threat to Our Future |publisher=Columbia University Press|page=38}}</ref><ref>BRAUND, D., Georgia in antiquity: a history of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC – AD 562, Oxford University Press, p. 93</ref> The Laz language is classified as endangered by [[UNESCO]], with an estimated 130,000 to 150,000 speakers in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1056.html |title=World Language Atlas |publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=31 January 2015}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Georgia-Turkey relations]]
*[[Georgia–Turkey relations]]
*[[Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey]]
*[[Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey]]
*[[Islam in Georgia]]
*[[Islam in Georgia (country)|Islam in Georgia]]
*[[Adjarians]]
*[[Adjarians]]
*[[Pontic Greeks]]
*[[Pontic Greeks]]
*[[Hamshenis]]
*[[Hemshin peoples|Hamshenis]]
*[[Laz people]]
*[[Iranian Georgians]]
*[[Iranian Georgians]]
*[[Pirosmani]]
*[[List of Georgians]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|}}
{{Reflist|}}

== Bibliography ==

* [[Black Sea]]: Encyclopedic Dictionary ([[Özhan Öztürk]]. Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2. Cilt. Heyamola Publishing. Istanbul. 2005. {{ISBN|975-6121-00-9}}.)
* [[Black Sea]]: Encyclopedic Dictionary ([[Özhan Öztürk]]. Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2. Cilt. Heyamola Publishing. Istanbul. 2005. {{ISBN|975-6121-00-9}}.)
* Paul J. Magnarella, The Peasant Venture: Tradition, Migration and Change among Georgian Peasants in Turkey. (Schenkman Publishing Company: Cambridge, MA, 1979) {{ISBN|0-8161-8271-X}}
* Paul J. Magnarella, The Peasant Venture: Tradition, Migration and Change among Georgian Peasants in Turkey. (Schenkman Publishing Company: Cambridge, MA, 1979) {{ISBN|0-8161-8271-X}}

Revision as of 19:25, 22 December 2018

Georgians in Turkey
Türkiye'deki Gürcüler
Map of ethnic Georgians significant distribution in Turkey
Total population
100,000[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
Black Sea Region, Marmara Region, Eastern Anatolia Region
Languages
Georgian, Turkish
Religion
Predominantly Sunni Islam, minority Orthodox Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Laz people

Georgians in Turkey (Georgian: ქართველები თურქეთში) refers to citizens and denizens of Turkey who are, or descend from, ethnic Georgians.

Numbers and distribution

In the census of 1965, 34,330 Turkish citizens spoke Georgian as mother language. Proportionally, they were most numerous in Artvin (3.7%), Ordu (0.9%) and Kocaeli (0.8%). 4,042 of these could only speak Georgian. Another 44,934 spoke Georgian as second best language.

Georgians live scattered throughout Turkey, although they are concentrated on two major regions of residence:[3]

Magnarella estimated the number of Georgians in Turkey to have been over 60,000 in 1979.[4]

Imerkhevians

  Distribution of the Imerkhevian dialect

Imerkhevians (Shavshetians) are an ethnographic subgroup of Georgians who speak Imerkhevian dialect (imerkheuli) of Georgian language, which shares many common features with the neighboring Adjarian.[5] Imerkhevians are indigenous population of Artvin Province.

The majority of the Imerkhevians today live in an area they call Imerkhevi, the name of the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Imerkhevian. The population of Imerkhevi is largely composed of ethnic Georgians, who inhabit 14 hamlets around Meydancık, formerly known as Diobani. These settlements have both official Turkish and unofficial Georgian names. Reflecting some internal differentiation persisting in Turkey's Georgian community, the Imerkhevians claim a different origin from the Georgians in the Borçka area, who have adopted an inclusive Adjar identity. The Imerkhevians are Sunni Muslims, closely integrated with the Turkish society. Almost all are bilingual in Georgian and Turkish.

Chveneburi

Chveneburi had arrived in Turkey basically in three waves of migration due to pogroms and what is now termed ethnic cleansing of Caucasians by the Russian Empire. The first wave was during and after the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 when the Sublime Porte consigned its sovereignty over several parts of Georgia to the Russian Empire.

Minor immigrations had also followed until the end of Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878 when Ottoman Empire allowed Chveneburis to immigrate, the major wave of immigration involved at least 500,000 people from historic Georgian regions that had considerable Muslim populations such as Batumi and Kars.[6] This wave of being muhajirs, known as muhajiroba (მუჰაჯირობა) had left many Muslim-majority regions of Georgia virtually depopulated.

The last sizable wave of immigration was in 1921 when Turkey finally gave up its claims on Adjara in the Treaty of Kars with the Soviet republics. This last wave also involved Turkish-speaking Muslims from Upper Adjara. Adjarians were also known by their places of origin, such as Batumlular for people from Batumi, Çürüksulular for people from Kobuleti.

Ali Pasha of Çürüksu (front row, middle) and Ottoman Georgians during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). At the end of the war, the re-settlement of Ottoman Georgians in Fatsa was supervised by Ali Pasha.[7]

Chveneburi (Georgian: ჩვენებური, çveneburi), meaning "of us" in Georgian, is an autonym of Muslim immigrants of Georgian descent who had settled in non-Georgian majority regions of Turkey, thus, "of us" signifies a triple distinction from Christian Georgians, Muslim Turks, and autochthonous Muslim Georgians from Artvin. As with most Turkish citizens, most Chveneburi subscribe to the Hanafi madh'hab of Sunni Islam.

Press

The most important Georgian cultural magazine in Turkey also bears the name Çveneburi. It was founded in 1977 in Stockholm, Sweden by Shalva Tevzadze. It is distributed in Turkey by Ahmet Özkan Melashvili, who also wrote the book Gürcüstan (Georgia) in 1968. In 1980, Özkan was assassinated in Bursa by the Grey Wolves.[8] Since then, Fahrettin Çiloğlu has been in charge of the magazine (1993). Between 1997 and 2006, Osman Nuri Mercan was the editor of the magazine. The magazine's content is almost completely in Turkish and presents articles on Chveneburi as well as the present situation and the history of Georgia and Georgians worldwide. Another journal, Pirosmani, bilingual in Georgian and Turkish, is published in Istanbul, sponsored by theGeorgian Catholic Simon Zazadze.

Group identity

Group identity is shaped basically by the schism with Christian Georgians. Chveneburi usually restrain from using the word Kartveli (ქართველი) as a self-designation because they think it indicates being a Christian.[9] They prefer to use Gurji (Gürcü) (გურჯი) when referring to their more precise ethnic background.

Intermarriage with other Sunni groups is common. In some regions, specifically Ünye for instance, Chveneburi women are sought-after brides, seen by the local rural Turkish population as beautiful and hard-working wives. This phenomenon further accelerates cultural and linguistic assimilation of the community.

Laz people

Laz people are an indigenous Kartvelian-speaking ethnic group[10] inhabiting the Black Sea coastal regions of Turkey and Georgia.[11] Estimates of the total population of the Laz people today vary drastically, with numbers as low as 45,000 to as high as 1.6 million people, with the majority living in northeast Turkey. The Laz speak the Laz language, a member of the same Kartvelian language family as Georgian, Svan, and Mingrelian.[12][13]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives, p. 420, at Google Books
  2. ^ Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, p. 291, at Google Books
  3. ^ "Türkiye'deki Gürcü Köylerinde Alan Çalışmasının Sonuçları". Çveneburi. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  4. ^ Peter A. Andrews & Rüdiger Benninghaus (1989), Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Vol. 1, p. 174. Reichert, ISBN 3-88226-418-7.
  5. ^ Tuite, Kevin (1998), Kartvelian morphosyntax: number agreement and morphosyntactic oritntation in the South Caucasian languages, p. 178. Lincom Europa.
  6. ^ "Muhacir Gürcüler yada Çveneburiler - მუჰაჯირი ქართველები ან ჩვენებურები". Çveneburi. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  7. ^ BERAT YILDIZ, EMIGRATIONS FROM THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: AN ANALYSIS IN THE LIGHT OF THE NEW ARCHIVAL MATERIALS, BILKENT UNIVERSITY
  8. ^ [1].
  9. ^ [2]
  10. ^ James S. Olson (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood. p. 436. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ 1 Minorsky, V. "Laz." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E . Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010.
  12. ^ Dalby, A. (2002). Language in Danger; The Loss of Linguistic Diversity and the Threat to Our Future. Columbia University Press. p. 38.
  13. ^ BRAUND, D., Georgia in antiquity: a history of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC – AD 562, Oxford University Press, p. 93

Bibliography

  • Black Sea: Encyclopedic Dictionary (Özhan Öztürk. Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2. Cilt. Heyamola Publishing. Istanbul. 2005. ISBN 975-6121-00-9.)
  • Paul J. Magnarella, The Peasant Venture: Tradition, Migration and Change among Georgian Peasants in Turkey. (Schenkman Publishing Company: Cambridge, MA, 1979) ISBN 0-8161-8271-X
  • Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed., 2007). Özkan, Ahmet. Dictionary of Georgian National Biography.
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