Gnome sort

Gnome sort

Visualisation of Gnome sort.
Class	Sorting algorithm
Data structure	Array
Worst-case performance	$O(n^{2})$
Best-case performance	$\Omega (n)$
Average performance	$O(n^{2})$
Worst-case space complexity	$O(1)$ auxiliary
Optimal	No

Gnome sort (dubbed Stupid sort) is a sorting algorithm originally proposed by an Iranian computer scientist Hamid Sarbazi-Azad (Professor of Computer Engineering at Sharif University of Technology) in 2000. The sort was first called "stupid sort" (not to be confused with bogosort), and then later on described by Dick Grune and named "gnome sort".

The gnome sort is a sorting algorithm which is similar to insertion sort, except that moving an element to its proper place is accomplished by a series of swaps, similar to a bubble sort. It is conceptually simple, requiring no nested loops. The average, or expected, running time is O(n²) but tends towards O(n) if the list is initially almost sorted.

The algorithm always finds the first place where two adjacent elements are in the wrong order and swaps them. It takes advantage of the fact that performing a swap can introduce a new out-of-order adjacent pair next to the previously swapped elements. It does not assume that elements forward of the current position are sorted, so it only needs to check the position directly previous to the swapped elements.

Description

Dick Grune described the sorting method with the following story:

Gnome Sort is based on the technique used by the standard Dutch Garden Gnome (Du.: tuinkabouter).
Here is how a garden gnome sorts a line of flower pots.
Basically, he looks at the flower pot next to him and the previous one; if they are in the right order he steps one pot forward, otherwise, he swaps them and steps one pot backward.
Boundary conditions: if there is no previous pot, he steps forwards; if there is no pot next to him, he is done.

— "Gnome Sort - The Simplest Sort Algorithm". Dickgrune.com

Code

C#

An implementation in C#:

	public static void gnomeSort(int[] anArray)
	{
		int first = 1;

		while (first < anArray.Length)
		{
			if (anArray[first - 1] <= anArray[first]) 
			{
				first ++;
			} 
			else
			{
				int tmp = anArray[first - 1];
				anArray[first - 1] = anArray[first];
				anArray[first] = tmp;
				if (-- first == 0)
				{
					first = 1;
				}
			}

		}
	}

Here is pseudocode for the gnome sort using a zero-based array:

procedure gnomeSort(a[]):
    pos := 0
    while pos < length(a):
        if (pos == 0 or a[pos] >= a[pos-1]):
            pos := pos + 1
        else:
            swap a[pos] and a[pos-1]
            pos := pos - 1

Example

Given an unsorted array, a = [5, 3, 2, 4], the gnome sort would take the following steps during the while loop. The "current position" is highlighted in bold:

Current array	pos	Condition in effect	Action to take
[5, 3, 2, 4]	0	pos == 0	increment pos
[5, 3, 2, 4]	1	a[pos] < a[pos-1]	swap, decrement pos
[3, 5, 2, 4]	0	pos == 0	increment pos
[3, 5, 2, 4]	1	a[pos] ≥ a[pos-1]	increment pos
[3, 5, 2, 4]	2	a[pos] < a[pos-1]	swap, decrement pos
[3, 2, 5, 4]	1	a[pos] < a[pos-1]	swap, decrement pos
[2, 3, 5, 4]	0	pos == 0	increment pos
[2, 3, 5, 4]	1	a[pos] ≥ a[pos-1]	increment pos
[2, 3, 5, 4]	2	a[pos] ≥ a[pos-1]	increment pos:
[2, 3, 5, 4]	3	a[pos] < a[pos-1]	swap, decrement pos
[2, 3, 4, 5]	2	a[pos] ≥ a[pos-1]	increment pos
[2, 3, 4, 5]	3	a[pos] ≥ a[pos-1]	increment pos
[2, 3, 4, 5]	4	pos == length(a)	finished

Optimization

The gnome sort may be optimized by introducing a variable to store the position before traversing back toward the beginning of the list. With this optimization, the gnome sort would become a variant of the insertion sort.

Here is pseudocode for an optimized gnome sort using a zero-based array:

procedure optimizedGnomeSort(a[]):
    for pos in 1 to length(a):
        gnomeSort(a, pos)

procedure gnomeSort(a[], upperBound):
    pos := upperBound
    while pos > 0 and a[pos-1] > a[pos]:
        swap a[pos-1] and a[pos]
        pos := pos - 1

External links

• Gnome sort