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|empire = [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]], then of the [[Mongols]]
|empire = [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]], then of the [[Mongols]]
|country =
|country =
|government_type = Monarchy
|government_type = [[Principality]]
|
|
|event_start = Control was taken over [[Ani]]
|event_start = Control was taken over [[Ani]]
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|image_flag =
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_coat =
|capital = [[Ani]]
|capital =
|national_motto =
|national_motto =
|common_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]] (native language)<br/>[[Georgian language|Georgian]]
|common_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]] (native language)<br/>[[Georgian language|Georgian]]
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|leader2 =
|leader2 =
|year_leader2 =
|year_leader2 =
|title_leader = [[Zakarids]]
|title_leader = [[Atabeg]]
|footnotes =
|footnotes =
}}
}}
{{History of Armenia|expanded=age3}}
{{History of Armenia|expanded=age3}}


⚫
'''Zakarid Armenia'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Chahin|first=Mack|title=The Kingdom of Armenia: A History|year=2001|publisher=Curzon|location=Richmond|isbn=0700714529|page=235|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OR_PHoKZ6ycC|edition=2. rev.}}</ref> ({{lang-hy|Զաքարյան Հայաստան}} ''Zakaryan Hayastan''), is a common name for an Armenian [[Principality|princedoms]] that existed between 1201 and 1360, ruled by the different members of [[Mkhargrdzeli]] dynasty. The Mkhargrdzelis were subject of the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] until 1236 when they briefly became direct vassals to the [[Mongol Empire]], and later [[Lists of Georgian monarchs|Georgian monarchs]] again. Their descendants continued to hold Ani until the 1330s, when they lost it to a succession of [[Turkish people|Turkish dynasties]], including the [[Kara Koyunlu]], who made Ani their capital.
{{See also | Kingdom of Artsakh}}

⚫
'''Zakarid Armenia'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Chahin|first=Mack|title=The Kingdom of Armenia: A History|year=2001|publisher=Curzon|location=Richmond|isbn=0700714529|page=235|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OR_PHoKZ6ycC|edition=2. rev.}}</ref> ({{lang-hy|Զաքարյան Հայաստան}} ''Zakaryan Hayastan''), was an Armenian principality between 1201 and 1360, ruled by the different members of [[Mkhargrdzeli]] dynasty. The city of [[Ani]] was the capital of the princedom. The Zakarids were vassals to the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] until 1236 when they became vassals to the [[Mongol Empire]]. Their descendants continued to hold Ani until the 1330s, when they lost it to a succession of [[Turkish people|Turkish dynasties]], including the [[Kara Koyunlu]], who made Ani their capital.


==History==
==History==
⚫
Following the collapse of the [[Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia|Bagratuni Dynasty]] of Armenia in 1045, Armenia was successively occupied by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] and, following the [[Battle of Manzikert]] in 1071, by the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]].<ref name="sims"/> Khosrov, the first historically traceable member of the [[Mkhargrdzeli]] family, moved from Armenia to southern Georgia during the [[Great Turkish Invasion|Seljuk invasions]] in the early 11th century. Over the next hundred years, the Zakarids gradually gained prominence at the Georgian court, where they became known as Mkhargrdzeli (Long-shoulder) and became vassals of the Bagrationi kings.
[[File:Geor tamro aandersen.png|thumb|300px|left|[[Kingdom of Georgia]] at the peak of its power under [[Tamar of Georgia]] and [[George IV of Georgia]] (1184-1223).]]

⚫
Following the collapse of the [[Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia|Bagratuni Dynasty]] of Armenia in 1045, Armenia was successively occupied by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] and, following the [[Battle of Manzikert]] in 1071, by the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]].<ref name="sims"/> Khosrov, the first historically traceable member of the [[Mkhargrdzeli]] family, moved from Armenia to southern Georgia during the Seljuk invasions in the early 11th century. Over the next hundred years, the Zakarids gradually gained prominence at the Georgian court, where they became known as Mkhargrdzeli (Long-shoulder) and became vassals of the Bagrationi kings.


During the 12th century the [[Bagrationi dynasty|Bagrations of Georgia]] enjoyed a resurgence in power, and managed to expand into Muslim occupied Armenia.<ref name=minorsky>{{cite book
During the 12th century the [[Bagrationi dynasty|Bagrations of Georgia]] enjoyed a resurgence in power, and managed to expand into Muslim occupied Armenia.<ref name=minorsky>{{cite book
Line 63: Line 59:
| location =New York
| location =New York
| pages = 102–103
| pages = 102–103
| isbn = 0-521-05735-3}}</ref> The former Armenian capital [[Ani]] would be captured five times between 1124 and 1209.<ref name=eb11>{{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Ani |volume=2 |page=47 }}</ref> Under King [[George III of Georgia]], Sargis Zakarid was appointed as governor of Ani in 1161. In 1177, the Zakarids supported the monarchy against the insurgents during the rebellion of Prince [[Demna of Georgia|Demna]] and the [[House of Orbeli|Orbeli family]]. The [[House of Orbeli#Rise of Orbeli|uprising]] was suppressed, and George III persecuted his opponents and elevated the Mkhargrdzelis.
| isbn = 0-521-05735-3}}</ref> The former Armenian capital [[Ani]] would be captured five times between 1124 and 1209.<ref name=eb11>{{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Ani |volume=2 |page=47 }}</ref> Under King [[George III of Georgia]], Sargis Mkhargrdzeli was appointed as governor of Ani in 1161. In 1177, the Mkhargrdzelis supported the monarchy against the insurgents during the rebellion of Prince [[Demna of Georgia|Demna]] and the [[House of Orbeli|Orbeli family]]. The [[House of Orbeli#Rise of Orbeli|uprising]] was suppressed, and George III persecuted his opponents and elevated the Mkhargrdzelis.


Despite some complications in the reign of George III, the successes continued in the reign of the [[Tamar of Georgia|Queen Tamar]].<ref name="minorsky"/> This was chiefly due to the [[Armenians|Armenian]] generals [[Zakaria II Mkhargrdzeli|Zakaria]] and [[Ivane Mkhargrdzeli|Ivane]].<ref>http://www.aina.org/reports/tykaaog.pdf</ref><ref name="Suny-39">Suny (1994), p. 39.</ref> The question of [[Georgian military campaigns over Armenian lands|liberation of Armenia]] remained of prime importance in Georgia's foreign policy. Around the year 1199, they retook the city of Ani, and in 1201, Tamar gave Ani to them as a fief.<ref name="minorsky"/> Eventually, their territories came to resemble those of Bagratid Armenia.<ref name=sims>{{cite web
Despite some complications in the reign of George III, the successes continued in the reign of the [[Tamar of Georgia|Queen Tamar]].<ref name="minorsky"/> This was chiefly due to the [[Armenians|Armenian]] generals [[Zakaria II Mkhargrdzeli|Zakare]] and [[Ivane Mkhargrdzeli|Ivane]].<ref>http://www.aina.org/reports/tykaaog.pdf</ref><ref name="Suny-39">Suny (1994), p. 39.</ref> The question of liberation of Armenia remained of prime importance in Georgia's foreign policy. Around the year 1199, they retook the city of Ani, and in 1201, Tamar gave Ani to them as a fief.<ref name="minorsky"/> Eventually, their territories came to resemble those of Bagratid Armenia.<ref name=sims>{{cite web
| last =Sim
| last =Sim
| first =Steven
| first =Steven
Line 73: Line 69:
| accessdate = 2007-07-15 }}</ref> Zakare and Ivane commanded the Georgian-Armenian armies for almost three decades, achieving major victories at [[Battle of Shamkor|Shamkor]] in 1195 and [[Battle of Basian|Basian]] in 1203 and leading [[Georgian expedition to Iran|raids into northern Persia]] in 1210.
| accessdate = 2007-07-15 }}</ref> Zakare and Ivane commanded the Georgian-Armenian armies for almost three decades, achieving major victories at [[Battle of Shamkor|Shamkor]] in 1195 and [[Battle of Basian|Basian]] in 1203 and leading [[Georgian expedition to Iran|raids into northern Persia]] in 1210.


By 1209 [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] challenged [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] rule in eastern Anatolia and led liberational war for southern Armenia. However during the siege, Georgian general [[Ivane Mkhargrdzeli]] accidentally fell into the hands of the [[Al-Awhad Ayyub|al-Awhad]] on the outskirts of [[Ahlat|Akhlat]], the latter demanded for his release a thirty-year truce. This brought the struggle for the Armenian lands to a stall,<ref name="Lordkipanidze-1542">{{harvnb|Lordkipanidze|Hewitt|1987|p=154}}.{{Full citation needed|date={{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}}}</ref> leaving the [[Lake Van]] region in a relatively secure possession of its new masters – the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] of [[Damascus]].<ref>{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|pp=130–131}}.{{Full citation needed|date={{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}}}</ref>
By 1209 Georgia challenged [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] rule in eastern Anatolia and led liberational war for southern Armenia. However during the siege, Georgian general Ivane Mkhargrdzeli accidentally fell into the hands of the [[Al-Awhad Ayyub|al-Awhad]] on the outskirts of [[Ahlat]], the latter demanded for his release a thirty-year truce. This brought the struggle for the Armenian lands to a stall,<ref name="Lordkipanidze-1542">{{harvnb|Lordkipanidze|Hewitt|1987|p=154}}.{{Full citation needed|date={{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}}}</ref> leaving the [[Lake Van]] region in a relatively secure possession of its new masters – the Ayyubids of [[Damascus]].<ref>{{harvnb|Humphreys|1977|pp=130–131}}.{{Full citation needed|date={{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}}}</ref>


Mkhargrdzelis amassed a great fortune, governing all of northern Armenia; Zakare and his descendants ruled in northwestern Armenia with Ani as their capital, while Ivane and his offspring ruled eastern Armenia, including the city of Dvin.
Mkhargrdzelis amassed a great fortune, governing all of northern Armenia; Zakare and his descendants ruled in northwestern Armenia with Ani as their capital, while Ivane and his offspring ruled eastern Armenia, including the city of Dvin.


When the [[Khwarezm]]s invaded the region, [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] was ruled by the aging Ivanē, who had given Ani to his nephew Shanshe, son of Zakare. Georgian army under command of Ivane saw bitter defeat at the [[battle of Garni]], the results of the battle was that a quarter of the Georgian army was annihilated, leaving the country poorly steeled against an upcoming [[Mongol invasions of Georgia|Mongol invasion]]. Dvin was lost, but [[Kars]] and [[Ani]] did not surrender.<ref name="minorsky" />
When the [[Khwarezm]]s invaded the region, [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] was ruled by the aging Ivane, who had given Ani to his nephew Shanshe, son of Zakare. Georgian army under command of Ivane saw bitter defeat at the [[battle of Garni]], the results of the battle was that a quarter of the Georgian army was annihilated, leaving the country poorly steeled against an upcoming [[Mongol invasions of Georgia|Mongol invasion]]. Dvin was lost, but [[Kars]] and [[Ani]] did not surrender.<ref name="minorsky" />
[[File:Geor mong aa.GIF|left|thumb|250x250px|Georgia in the aftermath of the [[Mongol invasions of Georgia|Mongol invasion]] (1220–1245).]]
Queen [[Rusudan of Georgia|Rusudan]] had to evacuate [[Tbilisi]] for [[Kutaisi]], leaving eastern Georgia in the hands of [[atabeg]] [[Avag Mkhargrdzeli]], son of Ivane and Kakhetian lord, Egarslan Bakurtsikheli, who made peace with the Mongols and agreed to pay them tribute.<ref name="sims" /> [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] had a friendly attitude towards the Mkhargrdzelis.<ref name="minorsky" /> They confirmed Shanshe in his fief, and even added to it the fief of [[Avag Mkhargrdzeli|Avag]]. Further, in 1243, they gave [[Ahlat]] to the princess Tamta, daughter of Ivane.<ref name="minorsky" />

Avag Mkhargrdzeli, who was raised by Queen Rusudan from the rank of [[Ispahsalar|spasalar]] to [[amirspasalar]] (Lord High Constable), and then to that of [[atabeg]] (tutor) arranged the submission of Queen Rusudan to the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] in 1243, and Georgia officially acknowledged the [[Khagan|Great Khan]] as its overlord. During this period of [[interregnum]] (1245–1250), with the two Davids absent at the court of the Great Khan in [[Karakorum]], the Mongols divided the Kingdom of Georgia into eight districts ([[Tumen (unit)|''tumen'']]), one of them commanded by Avag Mkhargrdzeli. Exploiting the complicated issue of succession on Georgian throne, the Mongols had the Georgian nobles divided into two rival parties, each of which advocated their own candidate to the crown, where Avag was supporting candidacy of [[David VI of Georgia|David Narin]].


In 1250, Avag died, leaving no son behind, but only a daughter by the name of Khuashak. [[David VII of Georgia]] came to the funeral in [[Bjni Fortress|Bjni]] and installed Avag's daughter to govern her estate, entrusting her to the supervision of Sadun of Mankaberdi.
However, when Mongols took Ani in 1236, they had a friendly attitude towards the Zakarids.<ref name="minorsky" /> They confirmed Shanshe in his fief, and even added to it the fief of Avag, son of Ivanē. Further, in 1243, they gave [[Ahlat|Akhlat]] to the princess T’amt’a, daughter of Ivanē.<ref name="minorsky" />


After the Mongols captured Ani in 1236, the Zakarids ruled not as vassals of the Georgians, but rather the [[Mongols]].<ref name="sims" /> The Mkhargrdzelis continued their control over Ani until the 1360, when they lost to the Kara Koyunlu Turkoman tribes, who made Ani their capital.<ref name="sims" />
The Mkhargrdzelis continued their control over Ani until the 1360, when they lost to the [[Kara Koyunlu]] Turkoman tribes, who made Ani their capital.<ref name="sims" />


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 22:54, 7 August 2018

Zakarid Armenia
Զաքարյան Հայաստան
1201–1360
Zakarid territories in the early 13th century[1]
Zakarid territories in the early 13th century[1]
StatusFief of Georgia, then of the Mongols
Common languagesArmenian (native language)
Georgian
Religion
Armenian Apostolic (predominantly)
Georgian Orthodox
GovernmentPrincipality
Atabeg 
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Control was taken over Ani
1201
• Conquered by Kara Koyunlu
1360
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Seljuq Armenia
Mongol Armenia
Principality of Khachen
Part of a series on the
History of Armenia
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Antiquity
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Modern age
Timeline • Origins • Etymology

Zakarid Armenia[2] (Template:Lang-hy Zakaryan Hayastan), is a common name for an Armenian princedoms that existed between 1201 and 1360, ruled by the different members of Mkhargrdzeli dynasty. The Mkhargrdzelis were subject of the Kingdom of Georgia until 1236 when they briefly became direct vassals to the Mongol Empire, and later Georgian monarchs again. Their descendants continued to hold Ani until the 1330s, when they lost it to a succession of Turkish dynasties, including the Kara Koyunlu, who made Ani their capital.

History

Following the collapse of the Bagratuni Dynasty of Armenia in 1045, Armenia was successively occupied by Byzantines and, following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, by the Seljuks.[3] Khosrov, the first historically traceable member of the Mkhargrdzeli family, moved from Armenia to southern Georgia during the Seljuk invasions in the early 11th century. Over the next hundred years, the Zakarids gradually gained prominence at the Georgian court, where they became known as Mkhargrdzeli (Long-shoulder) and became vassals of the Bagrationi kings.

During the 12th century the Bagrations of Georgia enjoyed a resurgence in power, and managed to expand into Muslim occupied Armenia.[4] The former Armenian capital Ani would be captured five times between 1124 and 1209.[5] Under King George III of Georgia, Sargis Mkhargrdzeli was appointed as governor of Ani in 1161. In 1177, the Mkhargrdzelis supported the monarchy against the insurgents during the rebellion of Prince Demna and the Orbeli family. The uprising was suppressed, and George III persecuted his opponents and elevated the Mkhargrdzelis.

Despite some complications in the reign of George III, the successes continued in the reign of the Queen Tamar.[4] This was chiefly due to the Armenian generals Zakare and Ivane.[6][7] The question of liberation of Armenia remained of prime importance in Georgia's foreign policy. Around the year 1199, they retook the city of Ani, and in 1201, Tamar gave Ani to them as a fief.[4] Eventually, their territories came to resemble those of Bagratid Armenia.[3] Zakare and Ivane commanded the Georgian-Armenian armies for almost three decades, achieving major victories at Shamkor in 1195 and Basian in 1203 and leading raids into northern Persia in 1210.

By 1209 Georgia challenged Ayyubid rule in eastern Anatolia and led liberational war for southern Armenia. However during the siege, Georgian general Ivane Mkhargrdzeli accidentally fell into the hands of the al-Awhad on the outskirts of Ahlat, the latter demanded for his release a thirty-year truce. This brought the struggle for the Armenian lands to a stall,[8] leaving the Lake Van region in a relatively secure possession of its new masters – the Ayyubids of Damascus.[9]

Mkhargrdzelis amassed a great fortune, governing all of northern Armenia; Zakare and his descendants ruled in northwestern Armenia with Ani as their capital, while Ivane and his offspring ruled eastern Armenia, including the city of Dvin.

When the Khwarezms invaded the region, Dvin was ruled by the aging Ivane, who had given Ani to his nephew Shanshe, son of Zakare. Georgian army under command of Ivane saw bitter defeat at the battle of Garni, the results of the battle was that a quarter of the Georgian army was annihilated, leaving the country poorly steeled against an upcoming Mongol invasion. Dvin was lost, but Kars and Ani did not surrender.[4]

Georgia in the aftermath of the Mongol invasion (1220–1245).

Queen Rusudan had to evacuate Tbilisi for Kutaisi, leaving eastern Georgia in the hands of atabeg Avag Mkhargrdzeli, son of Ivane and Kakhetian lord, Egarslan Bakurtsikheli, who made peace with the Mongols and agreed to pay them tribute.[3] Mongols had a friendly attitude towards the Mkhargrdzelis.[4] They confirmed Shanshe in his fief, and even added to it the fief of Avag. Further, in 1243, they gave Ahlat to the princess Tamta, daughter of Ivane.[4]

Avag Mkhargrdzeli, who was raised by Queen Rusudan from the rank of spasalar to amirspasalar (Lord High Constable), and then to that of atabeg (tutor) arranged the submission of Queen Rusudan to the Mongols in 1243, and Georgia officially acknowledged the Great Khan as its overlord. During this period of interregnum (1245–1250), with the two Davids absent at the court of the Great Khan in Karakorum, the Mongols divided the Kingdom of Georgia into eight districts (tumen), one of them commanded by Avag Mkhargrdzeli. Exploiting the complicated issue of succession on Georgian throne, the Mongols had the Georgian nobles divided into two rival parties, each of which advocated their own candidate to the crown, where Avag was supporting candidacy of David Narin.

In 1250, Avag died, leaving no son behind, but only a daughter by the name of Khuashak. David VII of Georgia came to the funeral in Bjni and installed Avag's daughter to govern her estate, entrusting her to the supervision of Sadun of Mankaberdi.

The Mkhargrdzelis continued their control over Ani until the 1360, when they lost to the Kara Koyunlu Turkoman tribes, who made Ani their capital.[3]

References

  1. ^ George A. Bournoutian «A Concise History of the Armenian People», map 19. Mazda Publishers, Inc. Costa Mesa California 2006
  2. ^ Chahin, Mack (2001). The Kingdom of Armenia: A History (2. rev. ed.). Richmond: Curzon. p. 235. ISBN 0700714529.
  3. ^ a b c d Sim, Steven. "The City of Ani: A Very Brief History". VirtualANI. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Minorsky, Vladimir (1953). Studies in Caucasian History. New York: Taylor’s Foreign Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.
  5. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Ani" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 47
  6. ^ http://www.aina.org/reports/tykaaog.pdf
  7. ^ Suny (1994), p. 39.
  8. ^ Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987, p. 154.[[Category:Articles with incomplete citations from {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}]][full citation needed]
  9. ^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 130–131.[[Category:Articles with incomplete citations from {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}]][full citation needed]

40°30′27″N 43°34′22″E / 40.5075°N 43.5728°E / 40.5075; 43.5728

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