Sunda Kelapa: Difference between revisions
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==The VOC== |
==The VOC== |
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[[Image:fort sunda kelapa.jpg|thumb|right|Old warehouses near Sunda Kelapa port, now the ([[Maritime Museum (Indonesia)|Maritime Museum]]).]] |
[[Image:fort sunda kelapa.jpg|thumb|right|Old warehouses near Sunda Kelapa port, now the ([[Maritime Museum (Indonesia)|Maritime Museum]]).]] |
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In 1619, [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]], an official working for the [[Dutch East India Company]], seized the port of Jayakarta from the Sultanate of Banten and founded [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]. During the early period of VOC, the port was mainly used by small ships which were able to sail into the canal and toward the [[Kali Besar]], where goods were loaded and ships were repaired in shipyards i.e. the VOC and the Chinese shipyards located opposite of the [[Batavia Castle]]. Larger |
In 1619, [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]], an official working for the [[Dutch East India Company]], seized the port of Jayakarta from the Sultanate of Banten and founded [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]. During the early period of VOC, the port was mainly used by small ships which were able to sail into the canal and toward the [[Kali Besar]], where goods were loaded and ships were repaired in shipyards i.e. the VOC and the Chinese shipyards located opposite of the [[Batavia Castle]]. Larger ships were difficult to enter the port due to its narrow width as well as the shallow water, so these had to anchor out at sea.{{sfn|Merrillees|2001|p=19}} |
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By the late 17th-century maintenance of the port already prove to be very difficult. Sandbanks continuously building up at its mouth and around the area.{{sfn|Merrillees|2001|p=19}} |
By the late 17th-century maintenance of the port already prove to be very difficult. Sandbanks continuously building up at its mouth and around the area. In the 18th-century, for a short time the VOC made use of slaves and horses to tow dredges along the canal from its eastern bank. The strategy proved to be inefficient and caused loss of life, partly also because of the unsanitary condition and the heat of the tropical climate.{{sfn|Merrillees|2001|p=19}} |
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==Modern colonialism== |
==Modern colonialism== |
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Revision as of 17:29, 19 July 2018
6°07′26″S 106°48′31″E / 6.123871°S 106.80861°E Sunda Kelapa (Sundanese: ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮜᮕ, Sunda Kalapa) is the old port of Jakarta located on the estuarine of Ciliwung River. "Sunda Kalapa" (Sundanese: "Coconut of Sunda") is the original name, and it was the main port of Hindu Sunda Kingdom of Pajajaran. The port is situated in Penjaringan sub-district, of North Jakarta, Indonesia. Today the old port only accommodate pinisi, a traditional two masted wooden sailing ship serving inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Although it is now only a minor port, Jakarta has its origins in Sunda Kelapa and it played a significant role in the city's development.
History
Hindu-Buddhist period
The Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1200, Chou Ju-kua identified the two most powerful and richest kingdoms in the Indonesian archipelago as Sriwijaya and Java (Kediri). According to this source, in the early 13th Century, Sriwijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java (Sunda). The source identifies the port as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden poles (rumah panggung). However, robbers and thieves plagued the country.[1] However it was uncertain which port of Sunda was referred to by Chou Ju-kua, it probably referred to the port of Banten, and not Kalapa.
From the 13th to 16th century Sunda Kelapa was the main port of Sunda Kingdom. The port served the capital, Pakuan Pajajaran, located about 60 km inland south, along the Ciliwung river hinterland, now the site of modern Bogor. The port thrived on the international spice trade especially pepper, the main spice produce of the Sunda kingdom. Sunda Kelapa, together with Aceh and Makassar, were one of the few Indonesian ports that maintained ties with Europe.
The Portuguese
By 1511, the Portuguese had conquered Malacca and established the earliest European colony in Southeast Asia. According to Suma Oriental, written in 1512–1515, Tomé Pires, a Portuguese explorer reported about the importance of the port of Calapa which corresponds to the port of Sunda Kalapa.
"The port of Calapa is a magnificent port. It is the most important and best of all. This is where the trade is greatest and whither they all sail from Sumatra, and Palembang, Laue, Tamjompura, Malacca, Macassar, Java and Madura and many other places. … This port is two days’ journey from the city of Dayo where the king is always in residence, so that this is the one to be considered the most important."
Suma Oriental.[2]
In 1522, the Portuguese secured a politics and economic agreement with the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda, the authority of the port. In exchange for military assistance against the threat of the rising Islamic Javan Sultanate of Demak, Prabu Surawisesa, king of Sunda at that time, granted them free access to the pepper trade. Portuguese who were in the service of the sovereign, made their homes in Sunda Kelapa.
However, in 1527, Fatahillah, on behalf of the Demak attacked the Portuguese in Sunda Kelapa and succeeded in conquering the harbour on June 22, 1527, after which Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta.[3] Later, the port became a part of the Banten Sultanate.
The VOC
In 1619, Jan Pieterszoon Coen, an official working for the Dutch East India Company, seized the port of Jayakarta from the Sultanate of Banten and founded Batavia. During the early period of VOC, the port was mainly used by small ships which were able to sail into the canal and toward the Kali Besar, where goods were loaded and ships were repaired in shipyards i.e. the VOC and the Chinese shipyards located opposite of the Batavia Castle. Larger ships were difficult to enter the port due to its narrow width as well as the shallow water, so these had to anchor out at sea.[4]
By the late 17th-century maintenance of the port already prove to be very difficult. Sandbanks continuously building up at its mouth and around the area. In the 18th-century, for a short time the VOC made use of slaves and horses to tow dredges along the canal from its eastern bank. The strategy proved to be inefficient and caused loss of life, partly also because of the unsanitary condition and the heat of the tropical climate.[4]
Modern colonialism
During the 19th-century, the port was still the only main entry point for the city of Batavia. Despite the important use of the port, the condition is deteriorated, similar with the condition of the Old Town. The port was known as the Haven Kanaal ("Harbor Canal"), the "Roads of Batavia" or "Batavia's Roadstead".[4]
The old port served as the main port of Batavia until 1885, when the Netherlands East Indies government decided to build a new Tanjung Priok port to accommodate the increasing traffic as a result of the opening of the Suez Canal.[5] The new port is located 9 kilometers to the east from the old port. After the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, the Batavia old port was renamed back to its original name, Sunda Kelapa, as a tribute to the long history of the port as the cradle of Jakarta.
See also
Notes
- ^ Drs. R. Soekmono, (1973). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 60.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Pires, Tome (1990) [1512–1515]. "The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from Red Sea to China". Armando Cortesão. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 166. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
- ^ "History of Jakarta". BeritaJakarta. Archived from the original on 2011-08-20.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Merrillees 2001, p. 19.
- ^ Cobban, James L. 1985. The ephemeral historic district in Jakarta. Geographical Review 75(3):300-318.
Works cited
- Adolf Heuken SJ dan Grace Pamungkas, 2000, Galangan Kapal Batavia selama tiga ratus tahun. Jakarta:Cipta Loka Caraka/Sunda Kelapa Lestari Template:Id icon
- Jan Gonda, 1951, Sanskrit in Indonesia. Template:En icon
- Merrillees, Scott (2001). Batavia in Nineteenth Century Photographs. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789813018778.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Supratikno Rahardjo et al., 1996, Sunda Kelapa sebagai Bandar di Jalur Sutra. Laporan Penelitian. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI Template:Id icon
- Thomas B. Ataladjar dan Sudiyono, 1991, 'Sunda Kelapa' di Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonesia. Jakarta: Cipta Adi Pustaka Template:Id icon
External links
